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Eggermont M, Cornillie P, Dierick M, Adriaens D, Nevejan N, Bossier P, Van den Broeck W, Sorgeloos P, Defoirdt T, Declercq AM. The blue mussel inside: 3D visualization and description of the vascular-related anatomy of Mytilus edulis to unravel hemolymph extraction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6773. [PMID: 32317671 PMCID: PMC7174403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62933-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The blue mussel Mytilus edulis is an intensely studied bivalve in biomonitoring programs worldwide. The lack of detailed descriptions of hemolymph-withdrawal protocols, particularly with regard to the place from where hemolymph could be perfused from, raises questions regarding the exact composition of aspirated hemolymph and does not exclude the possibility of contamination with other body-fluids. This study demonstrates the use of high resolution X-ray computed tomography and histology combined with 3D-reconstruction using AMIRA-software to visualize some important vascular-related anatomic structures of Mytilus edulis. Based on these images, different hemolymph extraction sites used in bivalve research were visualized and described, leading to new insights into hemolymph collection. Results show that hemolymph withdrawn from the posterior adductor muscle could be extracted from small spaces and fissures between the muscle fibers that are connected to at least one hemolymph supplying artery, more specifically the left posterior gastro-intestinal artery. Furthermore, 3D-reconstructions indicate that puncturing hemolymph from the pericard, anterior aorta, atria and ventricle in a non-invasive way should be possible. Hemolymph withdrawal from the heart is less straightforward and more prone to contamination from the pallial cavity. This study resulted simultaneously in a detailed description and visualization of the vascular-related anatomy of Mytilus edulis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Eggermont
- Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Cornillie
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Manuel Dierick
- Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT), Department Physics and Astronomy, Proeftuinstraat 86/N12, 9000, Gent, Belgium
- XRE nv. Bollebergen 2B box 1, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominique Adriaens
- Research Group Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nancy Nevejan
- Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Van den Broeck
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Patrick Sorgeloos
- Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Defoirdt
- Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annelies Maria Declercq
- Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Queiroga FR, Marques-Santos LF, Hégaret H, Sassi R, Farias ND, Santana LN, da Silva PM. Effects of cyanobacteria Synechocystis spp. in the host-parasite model Crassostrea gasar-Perkinsus marinus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 187:100-107. [PMID: 28407513 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Perkinsosis is a disease caused by protozoan parasites from the Perkinsus genus. In Brazil, two species, P. beihaiensis and P. marinus, are frequently found infecting native oysters (Crassostrea gasar and C. rhizophorae) from cultured and wild populations in several states of the Northeast region. The impacts of this disease in bivalves from Brazil, as well as the interactions with environmental factors, are poorly studied. In the present work, we evaluated the in vitro effects of the cyanobacteria Synechocystis spp. on trophozoites of P. marinus and haemocytes of C. gasar. Four cyanobacteria strains isolated from the Northeast Brazilian coast were used as whole cultures (WCs) and extracellular products (ECPs). Trophozoites of P. marinus were exposed for short (4h) and long (48h and 7days, the latter only for ECPs) periods, while haemocytes were exposed for a short period (4h). Cellular and immune parameters, i.e. cell viability, cell count, reactive oxygen species production (ROS) and phagocytosis of inert (latex beads) and biological particles (zymosan and trophozoites of P. marinus) were measured by flow cytometry. The viability of P. marinus trophozoites was improved in response to WCs of Synechocystis spp., which could be a beneficial effect of the cyanobacteria providing nutrients and reducing reactive oxygen species. Long-term exposure of trophozoites to ECPs of cyanobacteria did not modify in vitro cell proliferation nor viability. In contrast, C. gasar haemocytes showed a reduction in cell viability when exposed to WCs, but not to ECPs. However, ROS production was not altered. Haemocyte ability to engulf latex particles was reduced when exposed mainly to ECPs of cyanobacteria; while neither the WCs nor the ECPs modified phagocytosis of the biological particles, zymosan and P. marinus. Our results suggest a negative effect of cyanobacteria from the Synechocystis genus on host immune cells, in contrast to a more beneficial effect on the parasite cell, which could together disrupt the balance of the host-parasite interaction and make oysters more susceptible to P. marinus as well as opportunistic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Ramos Queiroga
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Invertebrados (LABIPI), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando Marques-Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento (LABID), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Roberto Sassi
- Laboratório de Ambientes Recifais e Biotecnologia de Microalgas (LARBIM), Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Natanael Dantas Farias
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Invertebrados (LABIPI), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Lucas Nunes Santana
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Invertebrados (LABIPI), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Patricia Mirella da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Invertebrados (LABIPI), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.
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Matozzo V, Pagano M, Spinelli A, Caicci F, Faggio C. Pinna nobilis: A big bivalve with big haemocytes? FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:529-34. [PMID: 27346153 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The fan mussel Pinna nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758) is one of the biggest bivalves worldwide. Currently, no updated information is available in the literature concerning the morpho-functional aspects of haemocytes from this bivalve species. Consequently, in this study, we characterised P. nobilis haemocytes from both a morphological and functional point of view. The mean number of haemocytes was about 5 (×10(5)) cells mL haemolymph(-1), and the cell viability was about 92-100%. Two haemocyte types were distinguished under the light microscope: granulocytes (51.6%), with evident cytoplasmic granules, and hyalinocytes (48.4%), with a few granules. The granules of the granulocytes were mainly lysosomes, as indicated by the in vivo staining with Neutral Red. Haemocytes were further distinguished in basophils (83.75%), acidophils (14.75%) and neutrophils (1.5%). After adhesion to slides and fixation, the cell diameter was approximately 10 μm for granulocytes and 7 μm for hyalinocytes. The granulocytes and hyalinocytes were both positive to the Periodic Acid-Schiff reaction for carbohydrates. Only granulocytes were able to phagocytise yeast cells. The phagocytic index (6%) increased significantly up to twofold after preincubation of yeast in cell-free haemolymph, suggesting that haemolymph has opsonising properties. In addition, haemocytes produce superoxide anion and acid and alkaline phosphatases. Summarising, this preliminary study indicates that both the granulocytes and hyalinocytes circulate in the haemolymph of P. nobilis and that they are active immunocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Matozzo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - M Pagano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166, S. Agata-Messina, Italy
| | - A Spinelli
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166, S. Agata-Messina, Italy
| | - F Caicci
- Department of Biology, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - C Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166, S. Agata-Messina, Italy.
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Browne MA, Brooks PR, Clough R, Fisher AS, Mayer Pinto M, Crowe TP. Simulating regimes of chemical disturbance and testing impacts in the ecosystem using a novel programmable dosing system. Methods Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Anthony Browne
- School of Biology & Environmental Science Science Centre West University College Dublin Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
- Centre for Research on the Ecological Impacts of Coastal Cities School of Biological Sciences University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis University of California, Santa Barbara 735 State Street, Suite 300 Santa Barbara CA 93101‐3351 USA
| | - Paul R. Brooks
- School of Biology & Environmental Science Science Centre West University College Dublin Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Robert Clough
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences Plymouth University Portland Square Plymouth PL4 8AA UK
| | - Andrew S. Fisher
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences Plymouth University Portland Square Plymouth PL4 8AA UK
| | - Mariana Mayer Pinto
- Centre for Research on the Ecological Impacts of Coastal Cities School of Biological Sciences University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Tasman P. Crowe
- School of Biology & Environmental Science Science Centre West University College Dublin Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
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