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Ganie ZA, Mandal A, Arya L, T S, Talib M, Darbha GK. Assessment and accumulation of microplastics in the Indian riverine systems: Risk assessment and implications of translocation across the water-to-fish continuum. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 272:106944. [PMID: 38823071 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) pollution has engulfed global aquatic systems, and the concerns about microplastic translocation and bioaccumulation in fish and other aquatic organisms are now an unpleasant truth. In the past few years, MP pollution in freshwater systems, particularly rivers and subsequently in freshwater organisms, especially in fish, has caught the attention of researchers. Rivers provide livelihood to approximately 40 % of the global population through food and potable water. Hence, assessment of emerging contaminants like microplastics in rivers and the associated fauna is crucial. This study assessed microplastics (MPs) in fish, sediment and freshwater samples across the third largest riverine system of peninsular India, the Mahanadi River. The number concentrations of MPs measured in water, sediment and fish ranged from 337.5 ± 54.4-1333.3 ± 557.2 MPs/m3, 14.7 ± 3.7-69.3 ± 10.1 MPs/kg. Dry weight and 0.4-3.2 MPs/Fish, respectively. Surprisingly, MPs were found in every second fish sample, with a higher MP number in the gut than in the gills. Black and blue coloured filaments with <0.5 mm size were the dominant MPs with polypropylene and polyethylene polymers in abundance. The Polymer Hazard Index (PHI) and the Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI) studies revealed that the majority of the sampling sites fell in Risk category V (dangerous category). An irregular trend in the MP concentration was observed downstream of the river, though relatively elevated MP concentrations in water and fish samples were observed downstream of the river. t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbour Embedding (t-SNE) unveiled distinct patterns in MP distribution with a higher similarity exhibited in the MPs found in fish gill and gut samples, unlike water and sediment, which shared certain characteristics. The findings in the current study contribute to filling the knowledge gap of MP assessment and accumulation in global freshwater systems and highlight the microplastic contamination and accumulation in fish with its potential implications on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Ahmad Ganie
- Environmental Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research- Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Abhishek Mandal
- Environmental Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research- Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Lavish Arya
- Environmental Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research- Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Sangeetha T
- Environmental Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research- Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Mohmmed Talib
- Environmental Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research- Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Gopala Krishna Darbha
- Environmental Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research- Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India; Centre for Climate and Environmental Studies, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India.
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Palanivel Partha S, Bharathidasan V, Damotharan P, Selvaraj P, Murugesan P, Sivaraj S, Syed A, Elgorban AM. Assessment of ecological status of Uppanar and Vellar estuaries through multivariate pollution indices. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 203:116390. [PMID: 38701600 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Multivariate pollution degree indices were utilized to evaluate the environmental condition of the Uppanar and Vellar estuaries. The Trophic Index (TRIX) indicates a state of "moderate eutrophication" with a value of 4.92, while the Trophic State Index (TSI) ranged from 40.3 to 57.2, categorizing the trophic states from "oligotrophic" to "eutrophic". The Comprehensive Pollution Index (CPI) showed a range of 0.13 to 0.94, classifying pollution levels from "unpolluted" to "slightly polluted". The study revealed that the Uppanar and Vellar estuaries underwent seasonal variations, transitioning from an oligotrophic state during the post-monsoon and summer periods to a eutrophic state in the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons. The application of multivariate statistical tools allowed the identification of pollution indicator species to assess the estuarine systems. The insights gained from this study can be valuable for assessing other ecosystems facing similar anthropogenic activities, providing a basis for informed management and conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarathy Palanivel Partha
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Veeraiyan Bharathidasan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palani Damotharan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palanichamy Selvaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Kaliswari College (Autonomous), Sivakasi 626130, India
| | - Perumal Murugesan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sigamani Sivaraj
- Centre for Ocean Research, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, India.
| | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdallah M Elgorban
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research (CEBR), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Jain Y, Govindasamy H, Kaur G, Ajith N, Ramasamy K, R S R, Ramachandran P. Microplastic pollution in high-altitude Nainital lake, Uttarakhand, India. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 346:123598. [PMID: 38369088 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) contamination has been reported in all environmental compartments, but very limited information is available at higher-altitude lakes. Nainital Lake, located at a high altitude in the Indian Himalayas, has various ecosystem services and is the major source of water for Nainital town, but the MP abundance is still unknown. This study presents the first evidence of the abundance and distribution of MP in Nainital Lake. Surface water and sediment samples were analysed from 16 different sites in and around the catchment area of Nainital Lake. The MP were observed in all the samples, and their abundance in surface water was 8.6-56.0 particles L-1 in the lake and 2.4-88.0 particles L-1 in hotspot sites. In the surface sediment, MP abundance ranged from 0.4-10.6 particles g-1, while in the hotspot sediment, the mean abundance was 0.6 ± 0.5 particles g-1. Fibers were the dominant MP, while 0.02-1 mm were the predominant size of MP particles. The results of chemical characterization showed the presence of six polymers, among which high-density polyethylene was the most abundant. The Polymer Hazard Index assessment classified the identified polymers as low-to high-risk categories, with a higher abundance of low- (polypropylene) and medium- (polyethylene)-risk polymers. Tourist activities and run-off catchments can be considered the major sources of MP, which can affect the ecosystem. Minimal concentrations of MP were observed in the tube well and drinking water, which depicts the direct risks to humans and, thus, the need for remedial measures to prevent MP contamination in drinking water. This study improves the knowledge of MP contamination in the higher-altitude freshwater lake, which can be the major pathway for the transport of MP to the rivers, and also emphasizes the need for waste management in Nainital town.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashi Jain
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Pondicherry University. India.
| | - Hariharan Govindasamy
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chennai. India
| | - Gurjeet Kaur
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Pondicherry University. India
| | - Nithin Ajith
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chennai. India
| | - Karthik Ramasamy
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chennai. India
| | - Robin R S
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chennai. India
| | - Purvaja Ramachandran
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chennai. India
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Protyusha GB, B K, Robin RS, A N, Ineyathendral TR, Shivani SS, I A, Sivasamy S, Samuel VD, R P. Microplastics in oral healthcare products (OHPs) and their environmental health risks and mitigation measures. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123118. [PMID: 38092338 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The environmental input of microplastics from personal care products has received significant attention; however, less focus has been paid to oral healthcare products. The present study assessed the occurrence of microplastics in commercially available oral healthcare products such as toothbrushes, toothpastes, toothpowder, mouthwash, dental floss, and mouth freshener spray that have a pan-India distribution. The extracted microplastics were quantified and characterised using a microscope and ATR-FTIR. All products showed microplastic contamination, where toothbrushes showed the maximum particles (30-120 particles/brush) and mouth freshener sprays (0.2-3.5 particles/ml) had the least abundance. Fragments, fibres, beads, and films were the various shapes of microplastics observed, where fragments (60%) were dominant. Various colours such as pink, green, blue, yellow, black, and colourless were observed, where colourless (40%) particles were dominant. Microplastics were categorized into three sizes: <0.1 mm (63%), 0.1-0.3 mm (35%), and >0.3 mm (2%). Four major types of polymers, such as polyethylene (52%), polyamide (30%), polyethylene terephthalate (15%), and polybutylene terephthalate (3%), were identified. Risk assessment studies such as Daily Microplastics Emission (DME), Annual Microplastics Exposure (AME), and Polymer Hazard Index (PHI) were carried out. The DME projection for India was the highest for mouthwash (74 billion particles/day) and the least for mouth freshener sprays (0.36 billion particles/day). The AME projection for an individual was the highest in toothbrushes (48,910 particles ind.-1 yr.-1) and the least in mouth freshener sprays (111 particles ind.-1 yr.-1). PHI shows that the identified polymers fall under the low-to high-risk categories. This study forecasts the community health risks linked to microplastics in oral healthcare products and suggests mitigation strategies. It has the potential to shape environmental policy development in response.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Protyusha
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, 600095, India.
| | - Kavitha B
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, 600095, India
| | - R S Robin
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chennai, 600 025, India
| | - Nithin A
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chennai, 600 025, India
| | | | - S Shruthi Shivani
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, 600095, India
| | - Anandavelu I
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chennai, 600 025, India
| | - Shyam Sivasamy
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, 600095, India
| | - V Deepak Samuel
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chennai, 600 025, India
| | - Purvaja R
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chennai, 600 025, India
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Nithin A, Sundaramanickam A, Surya P, Kumar TTA. Chromium (IV) transfer to Amusium pleuronectes by LDPE microplastics: An experimental study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:131869. [PMID: 37336108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
An experiment was carried out to investigate the potential of virgin LDPE microplastics to transfer heavy metals. Desired shapes (fibres, fragments, and films) and sizes (< 5 mm) of virgin LDPE microplastics were immersed in a known concentration (30 µg/l) of chromium (IV). These Cr-coated microplastics were introduced into a culture tank containing edible scallops (Amusium pleuronectes). After the completion of the experiment (5 days), the sediments in the culture tank and edible tissues of A. pleuronectes were tested for the presence of Cr. In the sediments, a maximum concentration of 1.934 µg/g of Cr was accumulated at a rate of R2 = 0.979, while in the tissues, the maximum accumulation concentration was 0.733 µg/g of Cr at a rate of R2 = 0.807. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy analysis also confirmed the presence of Cr (2.61 ± 0.44 mass % and 1.80 ± 0.30 atom%) in the tissues of A. pleuronectes, which was absent in the control tissues. The study showed that when exposed to contaminants such as heavy metals, LDPE microplastics can adhere and transfer them to biotic tissues. LDPE showed the potential to transfer adhered contaminants; however, the effects caused by these transferred contaminants on biota must be studied further. Risk assessment study showed that potential ecological risk of Cr is < 40 indicating low risk however, the combined effect of Cr and LDPE can compound its toxicity which needs to be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajith Nithin
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Arumugam Sundaramanickam
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Parthasarathy Surya
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - T T Ajith Kumar
- ICAR - National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Galindo Montero AA, Costa-Redondo LC, Vasco-Echeverri O, Arana VA. Microplastic pollution in coastal areas of Colombia: Review. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 190:106027. [PMID: 37422996 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are distributed in the environment and are considered emerging pollutants because they are not regulated by legislation. This article aims to know the current state of knowledge regarding microplastic pollution in coastal areas of Colombia. Therefore, a detailed search was carried out in databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, and university repositories collecting scientific and academic information published between 2000 and March 2022. As a result of the review, the presence of microplastics in coastal areas of Colombia was identified, particularly in the water, sediments, and fish, thus evidencing the contamination in coastal ecosystems, where the Caribbean coast is the area with the highest amount of microplastics in sediments, especially Cartagena (249-1387 particles/m2) and Santa Marta (144-791 particles/m2). It was also found that of 302 species of fish, 7% contained microplastics in the Ciénaga Grande of Santa Marta. In the studies, on the other hand, it was observed that there is no standardized methodology; each researcher chooses a different approach according to the scientific literature. The studies showed that the most abundant microplastics were secondary microplastics, of which polypropylene and polyethylene are predominant due to their different applications in society. This review will serve as a baseline for future research on microplastics in coastal areas of Colombia and will identify the challenges and realities of the country in the face of these emerging pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés A Galindo Montero
- GISA Research Group, Universidad de La Guajira, Faculty of Engineering, Riohacha, La Guajira, Colombia.
| | - Liceth Carolina Costa-Redondo
- GISA Research Group, Universidad de La Guajira, Faculty of Engineering, Riohacha, La Guajira, Colombia; Electric Energy Transmission and Distribution Research Group, T&D. Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Faculty of Engineering, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Oscar Vasco-Echeverri
- Electric Energy Transmission and Distribution Research Group, T&D. Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Faculty of Engineering, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Victoria A Arana
- Science, Education, and Technology Research Group - CETIC, Universidad del Atlántico, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Puerto Colombia, Atlántico, Colombia
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Ephsy D, Raja S. Characterization of microplastics and its Pollution load index in freshwater Kumaraswamy Lake of Coimbatore, India. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023:104207. [PMID: 37385395 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are less than 5mm in diameter that enters the ecosystem through the breakdown of large plastic particles or climate and human activity. This study examined the geographical and seasonal distribution of microplastics in the surface water of Kumaraswamy Lake, Coimbatore. During seasons, including summer, pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon, samples were collected from the lake's inlet, centre, and outlet. All sampling points contained linear low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polypropylene microplastics. Water samples contained fibre, thin, fragment, and film microplastics in black, pink, blue, white, transparent, and yellow colours. Lake's microplastic pollution load index was under 10, indicating risk I. Over four seasons, microplastic content was 8.77±0.27 particles per litre. The monsoon season had the highest microplastic concentration, followed by pre-monsoon, post-monsoon, and summer. These findings imply that the spatial and seasonal distribution of microplastics may be harmful to the fauna and flora of the lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis Ephsy
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Pin-641029, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvaraju Raja
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Pin-641029, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Nithin A, Sundaramanickam A, Saha M, Hassanshahian M, Thangaraj M, Rathore C. Risk assessments of microplastics accumulated in estuarine sediments at Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu, southeast coast of India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:890. [PMID: 37365443 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11434-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the abundance of microplastics (MPs) in the Uppanar and Gadilam estuaries in Cuddalore, on the southeast coast of India, is reported. In the estuarine sediments, MP abundance ranged from 36.3 ± 3.39 to 51.6 ± 2.05 particles/Kg dw. Different types of MP shapes, such as fibers (41.7-47.9%), films (21.2-27.2%), and fragments (18.3-25.5%) were observed in the size range of 100-1000 µm. Diverse colours of MPs were observed, among which red (30.1-34.5%) was predominantly noticed in the estuarine sediments. Six polymers were identified by µ-FTIR, among which LDPE (39%) and PP (35%) were dominant. MPs pollution in these estuaries is composed of domestic, industrial, and fishing wastes. Risk assessments show that the area falls under hazard categories I to III, indicating low to high risk. This study improves knowledge on MPs contamination in Uppanar and Gadilam estuaries and provides impetus for further research to identify the actual sources and impacts of MPs on aquatic systems along the east coast of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajith Nithin
- Centre of Advance Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arumugam Sundaramanickam
- Centre of Advance Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Mahua Saha
- CSIR- National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, 403004, India
| | - Mehdi Hassanshahian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Muthusamy Thangaraj
- Centre of Advance Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chayanika Rathore
- CSIR- National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, 403004, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Zhang W, Zhang S, Qu L, Ju M, Huo C, Wang J. Seasonal distribution of microplastics in the surface waters of the Yellow Sea, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 193:115051. [PMID: 37336044 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Different studies are filling the gaps in the distribution map of global marine microplastics. However, the data on the seasonal variation is relatively limited, which may lead to overestimation or underestimation of the distribution level of microplastics. To understand baseline data and seasonal variations of the microplastics in the surface seawater of the Yellow Sea, a survey over four seasons was conducted during 2017-2018. Microplastics were collected using a 330 μm manta net. It was found that the abundance of microplastics was 0.63 ± 0.57 particles/m3. The seasonal abundance variation was spring > summer ≈ winter > autumn. The main categories were foam, line, and fragments, accounting for 32 %, 19 %, and 19 % of the total amount, respectively, and the dominant components were polypropylene, polyethylene, and polyethylene terephthalate, accounting for 38 %, 22 %, and 22 % of particles, respectively. The factors affecting the variation included wind-induced mixing, river input, and environmental topography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, China
| | | | - Ling Qu
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, China
| | - Maowei Ju
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, China
| | - Cheng Huo
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, China
| | - Juying Wang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, China.
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Raju MP, Veerasingam S, Suneel V, Saha M, Rathore C, Naik A, Suneetha P, Ramakrishna SSVS. Seasonal variation and spatial distribution of microplastic pellets and their associated contaminants along the central east coast of India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:68489-68503. [PMID: 37126173 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic pellets (MPPs) are one of the significant sources of plastic pollution on shorelines worldwide. In this study, for the first time, we have examined the occurrence of MPPs and their spatial and seasonal distributions, adsorbed contaminants, polymer composition, and ecological risks at eight renowned beaches of Andhra Pradesh, central east coast of India. A total of 3950 MPPs were collected from eight beaches along the central east coast of India during October 2020, representing pre-northeast monsoon (pNEM), and during January 2021, representing the northeast monsoon (NEM). The abundance of MPPs was higher during the NEM than those found in the pNEM. ATR-FTIR and SEM analyses were conducted to characterize the polymer types and weathering patterns of MPPs. Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) results show the MPP adsorbance of heavy metals such as Ni, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn. The degree of contamination and polymer hazard risks of MPPs were assessed using the pollution load index (PLI) and polymer hazard index (PHI). The conducive wind and currents during the NEM lead to higher MPP abundance than during the pNEM. However, the spatial variations of MPPs showed significant differences among the beaches. This study revealed that the presence of MPPs on the beaches along the central east coast of India might pose a considerable polymer hazard risk to the ecosystem. The substantial surface weathering features of MPPs would lead to more toxic nanoplastics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallela Pruthvi Raju
- Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, 530003, India
| | | | - Vasimalla Suneel
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, 403004, Dona Paula, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India.
| | - Mahua Saha
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, 403004, Dona Paula, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Chayanika Rathore
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, 403004, Dona Paula, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Akshata Naik
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, 403004, Dona Paula, India
| | - Pilli Suneetha
- Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, 530003, India
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Rakib MRJ, Al Nahian S, Madadi R, Haider SMB, De-la-Torre GE, Walker TR, Jonathan MP, Cowger W, Khandaker MU, Idris AM. Spatiotemporal trends and characteristics of microplastic contamination in a large river-dominated estuary. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:929-940. [PMID: 36939043 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00014a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) pollution is a major global issue that poses serious threats to aquatic organisms. Although research on MP pollution has been extensive, the relationship between MPs and water quality parameters in estuarine water systems is unclear. This work studied the spatiotemporal distribution and characteristics of MPs in the Karnaphuli River estuary, Bangladesh. MP abundance was calculated by towing with a plankton net (300 μm mesh size) at three river gradients (up-, mid- and downstream) and the association between physicochemical parameters of water (temperature, pH, salinity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and dissolved oxygen) and MP distribution patterns was also investigated. Mean MP abundance in water was higher during the wet season (April) (4.33 ± 2.45 items per m3) compared to the dry season (September) (3.65 ± 2.54 items per m3). In descending order, the highest MP abundance was observed downstream (6.60 items per m3) > midstream (3.15 items per m3) > upstream (2.22 items per m3). pH during the wet season (April) and temperature during the dry season (September) were key physicochemical parameters that correlated with river MP abundance (r = -0.74 and 0.74 respectively). Indicating that if the Karnaphuli River water has low pH or high temperature, there is likely to be high MPs present in the water. Most MP particles were film-shaped, white in color, and 1-5 mm in size. Of the six polymers detected, polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and cellulose were predominant, comprising roughly 17-19% each. These results can be used to model MP transport in the freshwater ecosystem of the Karnaphuli River estuary in Bangladesh to help develop future mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Refat Jahan Rakib
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh.
| | - Sultan Al Nahian
- Bangladesh Oceanographic Research Institute, Ramu, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh
| | - Reyhane Madadi
- Environmental Research Laboratory, School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Gabriel Enrique De-la-Torre
- Grupo de Investigación de Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Sociedad, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
| | - Tony R Walker
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - M P Jonathan
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo (CIIEMAD), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Calle 30 de Junio de 1520, Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, C. P. 07340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Win Cowger
- Moore Institute for Plastic Pollution Research, Long Beach, California, USA
- University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of General Educational Development, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, Daffodil International University, DIU Rd, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Abubakr M Idris
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, 61431 Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Nikhil VG, Ranjeet K, Varghese GK. Spatio-temporal evaluation and risk assessment of microplastics in nearshore surface waters post-2018 Kerala deluge along the southwest coast of India. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 192:115058. [PMID: 37210987 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal distribution of microplastics along the nearshore surface waters of Kerala after the floods of 2018 was studied. Results indicated a seven-fold increase in its mean concentration (7.14 ± 3.03 items/m3) post deluge. The average abundance was highest during pre-monsoon (8.27 ± 3.09 items/m3). Fibres were the dominant group, with blue and black being the most prevalent colours. Polyethylene and polypropylene were the most commonly found polymers, possibly gaining entry through sewage waste or land-based plastic litter. Highest abundance of microplastic was recorded off Kochi categorising it at Hazard Level I under Pollution Load Index assessment. Similarly high levels of Pollution Hazard Index and Potential Ecological Risk Index were also reported due to the presence of hazardous polymers PVC and PU that can cause concern to marine life. The differential weathering pattern and surface morphology analysis suggested microplastics to be relatively old that had undergone substantial mechanical and oxidative weathering.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Nikhil
- Faculty of Ocean Science and Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, India
| | - K Ranjeet
- Department of Aquatic Environment Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, India.
| | - George K Varghese
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kozhikode, India
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13
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Padmachandran AV, Sreethu N, Nasrin F, Muthuchamy M, Muthukumar A. Presence of microplastics in estuarine environment: a case study from Kavvayi and Kumbla backwaters of Malabar Coast, Kerala, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-26936-z. [PMID: 37060408 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26936-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are gaining global attention in recent years due to its widespread distribution and potential health impacts. The present study focuses on the distribution and characterisation of microplastics in the sediments and its transfer into the organisms living in Kavvayi and Kumbla backwaters of Northern Malabar region, Kerala, India. MP isolation procedures including density separation, organic matter digestion, and membrane filtration followed by visual and spectral analyses using optical microscope and confocal Raman spectroscopy have been utilised for the microplastic evaluation. Microplastics of size range up to 1 μm was analysed, and the presence of MPs was detected in all samples with an average abundance of 99.5 ± 69.43 particles/kg and 96.57 ± 29.96 particles/kg in Kavvayi and Kumbla backwaters respectively. Raman spectral analysis confirmed that almost 50% of MPs to be synthetic elastomers with the remaining half encompassed by polyamide, polyethylene, polyester, polyurethane, and polypropylene. Higher abundance of MPs in the edible aquatic organisms like clams, prawns, and fishes confirmed the transfer of MP from the environment into living organisms envisages the need of further investigation on toxicological impacts and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiswriya V Padmachandran
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Science Systems, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India
| | - Nhavilthodi Sreethu
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Science Systems, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India
| | - Fathima Nasrin
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Science Systems, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India
| | - Muthukumar Muthuchamy
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Science Systems, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India
| | - Anbazhagi Muthukumar
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Science Systems, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India.
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14
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Unnikrishnan V, Valsan G, Amrutha K, Sebastian JG, Rangel-Buitrago N, Khaleel R, Chandran T, Reshma SR, Warrier AK. A baseline study of microplastic pollution in a Southern Indian Estuary. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 186:114468. [PMID: 36516607 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge on the processes controlling the vertical distribution of microplastics (MPs) in estuaries is less. This research was carried out to determine the MP distribution in the surface, middle, and bottom layers of the Udyavara River Estuary in southwest India. The mean (± standard deviation) concentrations were 320.83 (± 98.30), 514.55 (± 352.16), and 755.03 (± 400.96) particles/m3, respectively. Fibres, films, and fragments dominated, and 57 % of the MPs had a size range of 0.3-1 mm, while 43 % had a size of 1-5 mm. The main polymers were high-density polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate. A positive correlation (r = 0.421, p = 0.0205, n = 30) exists between the MPs and salinity, suggesting that the MPs are held by dense saline waters. The mean pollution load index value was 2.25 indicating severe pollution. Microplastic pollution is due to harbour, fishing, industrial activities, the effects of southwest monsoon rain, and tidal currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Unnikrishnan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Gokul Valsan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - K Amrutha
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Joju George Sebastian
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Nelson Rangel-Buitrago
- Programa de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Atlántico, Puerto Colombia, Atlántico, Colombia; Programa de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Atlántico, Puerto Colombia, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Rizwan Khaleel
- Department of Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Thara Chandran
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences (ABSMIDS), Department of Public Health Dentistry, Mangalore 574199, Karnataka, India
| | - S R Reshma
- Department of Geology, Central University of Karnataka, Kadaganchi, Kalaburagi 585367, Karnataka, India
| | - Anish Kumar Warrier
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India; Centre for Climate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
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15
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Piccardo M, Provenza F, Anselmi S, Renzi M. Ecotoxicological Assessment of "Glitter" Leachates in Aquatic Ecosystems: An Integrated Approach. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10110677. [PMID: 36355968 PMCID: PMC9697108 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The most worrisome fraction within plastic pollution is that of microplastics (MP). A category of MP almost completely ignored is that of glitter. The objective of this study is to test the toxicity of nine types of glitter leachate (3 soak times: 3, 90 and 180 days) on model organisms in freshwater (Allivibrio fischeri, Raphidocelis subcapitata, Daphnia magna) and saltwater (Allivibrio fischeri, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Paracentrotus lividus). An integrated approach was applied to obtain the percentage of ecotoxicological risk. The results show that (i) photosynthesizing primary producers are the most sensitive trophic level; (ii) algae transitioned from growth inhibition to biostimulation; (iii) D. magna showed higher sensitivity after 48 h compared to 24 h; (iv) A. fischeri responded more strongly in saltwater than in freshwater. The integrated data show a greater risk associated with the marine environment, with the highest risk for glitters that are hexagonal and composed of poly-methyl-methacrylate. Our multivariate analysis shows that the toxicity of plastic leaching is a complex phenomenon that depends on the sensitivity of the species, in some cases on the soaking time and on the medium, and is not clearly linked to the polymer type, the contact area or the colors of the particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Piccardo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesca Provenza
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Serena Anselmi
- Bioscience Research Center, Via Aurelia Vecchia 32, 58015 Orbetello, Italy
| | - Monia Renzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- CoNISMa, Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Piazzale Flaminio 4, 00196 Roma, Italy
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16
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Nithin A, Sundaramanickam A, Iswarya P, Babu OG. Hazard index of microplastics contamination in various fishes collected off Parangipettai, Southeast coast of India. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:136037. [PMID: 35995186 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The authors of the present research aimed to assess microplastics (MPs) contamination in the gills and gut of selected fishes from various aquatic zones and also to bring out the risks of the identified polymers. Accordingly, about 200 fish specimens of 10 different species were collected from the landing center at Parangipettai, southeast coast of India. The fishes were dissected to investigate MPs contamination in their gills and gut. The dissected tissues were acid digested and filtered to observe its microplastic contamination using a stereozoom microscope. In gills, Cynoglossus arel had the least contamination (0.4 ± 0.01 particles/ind) and Mugil cephalus had highest microplastic contamination (1.7 ± 0.01 particles/ind). In gut, C. arel had the minimum contamination (0.7 ± 0.09 particles/ind) and Rastrelliger kanagurta had maximum contamination (2.3 ± 0.26 particles/ind). The size of microplastics isolated from the present study ranged from 100 to 1000 μm. Among microplastic shapes, fibers (97%) and pellets (3%) were observed. About eight colours of microplastics were observed in the fishes among which black was dominant. Three polymers such as LDPE, PP and PS were identified by μFTIR, among which LDPE (57%) was dominant. Polymer Hazard Index denotes that LDPE (6.27), PP (3.4) and PS (2.7) have a PHI score of 1-10 classifying them in the hazard category II which has a medium risk. These polymers may directly enter the human body when consumed and cause health implications which require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajith Nithin
- Centre of Advance Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Maine Sciences, Annamalai University Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arumugam Sundaramanickam
- Centre of Advance Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Maine Sciences, Annamalai University Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Parthasarathy Iswarya
- Centre of Advance Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Maine Sciences, Annamalai University Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - O Ganesh Babu
- Department of Civil, Anna University Regional Campus, Tirunelveli, India
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17
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Keerthika K, Padmavathy P, Rani V, Jeyashakila R, Aanand S, Kutty R. Spatial, seasonal and ecological risk assessment of microplastics in sediment and surface water along the Thoothukudi, south Tamil Nadu, south east India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:820. [PMID: 36138235 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10468-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are a widespread environmental contaminant that raises serious concern for aquatic organisms. Hence, the present study was conducted to investigate the spatial and seasonal variation of microplastics, their characteristics, polymer types and the risk assessment caused by the microplastics in six sampling sites along the Thoothukudi region. The average microplastic abundance ranged from 32 ± 26 to 232 ± 229 items/kg and 54 ± 41 to 619 ± 377 items/l in sediment and surface water, respectively, and they exhibited a significant spatial difference among the sampling sites. The microplastic abundance also showed a significant difference among the seasons with the monsoon significantly recording the highest mean microplastic abundance in sediment (160 ± 130 items/kg) and surface water (454 ± 374 items/l). In sediment and surface water, fragment (sediment: 52.72%, surface water: 40.89%), 0.5-1 mm (sediment: 43.96%, surface water: 31.11%) and blue-coloured (sediment: 52.33%, surface water: 41.85%) microplastics were dominant with no significant difference both spatially and seasonally. Polyethylene, the dominant polymer, was observed in both the sediment and surface water, accounting for about 47.58% and 49.83%, respectively, and it showed no significant difference among the selected sites. This signifies that they are homogenously distributed along the coast and further suggests that these particles persisted in the sediment and surface water for a longer period of time. The results of the polymer hazard index show that the sediment (PHI = 1181.63) and surface water (PHI = 1018.66) were severely contaminated (hazard level V) with microplastic polymers such as PE, PP, PS, PET and PA. It was also found that the degree of the microplastic contamination in sediment (PLI = 3.57) and surface water (PLI = 3.84) was lower (hazard level I). The overall risk index (RI) for sediment (253.48) and surface water (444.74) falls under the higher risk category. From the correlation analysis, a significantly positive relationship was observed between microplastics in sediment and surface water based on each classification (abundance, shape, size, colour and polymer). This suggests that microplastics rejoin the water column from the sediment through resuspension, which occurs due to the circulation, tides and sedimentation rate. This might be the reason for the higher microplastic abundance in the surface water than in the sediment. As a result, proper management measures to reduce plastic waste disposal in the marine environment should be implemented to lessen the effects of microplastics on marine biota and on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaiselvan Keerthika
- Department of Aquatic Environment Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Pandurangan Padmavathy
- Department of Aquatic Environment Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Velu Rani
- Department of Aquatic Environment Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Robinson Jeyashakila
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Samraj Aanand
- Erode Bhavanisagar Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ranjeet Kutty
- Department of Aquatic Environment Management, College of Fisheries, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, Kerala, India
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