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Varma K, Jha PK. Phosphorus distribution in the water and sediments of the Ganga and Yamuna Rivers, Uttar Pradesh, India: insights into pollution sources, bioavailability, and eutrophication implications. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:336. [PMID: 38430341 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12499-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
River nutrient enrichment is a significant issue, and researchers worldwide are concerned about phosphorus. The physicochemical characteristics and phosphorus (P) fractions of 36 sediment and water samples from the Ganga (Kanpur, Prayagraj, Varanasi) and Yamuna (Mathura, Agra, Prayagraj) rivers were examined. Among the physicochemical parameters, pH exceeded the permissible limit in Ganga and Yamuna River water and sediment samples. Electrical conductivity (EC) and alkalinity were within the permissible limits, whereas total nitrogen (TN) exceeded the limit in Yamuna water. The analysis of phosphorus fractions indicated the dominance of inorganic phosphorus (IP) (76% in Ganga and 96% in Yamuna) over organic phosphorus in both rivers, suggesting the mineralization and microbial degradation as major processes responsible for transforming OP to IP. The positive correlation of pH with IP, AP (apatite phosphorus), and NAIP (non-apatite inorganic phosphorus) explains the release of inorganic phosphorus under alkaline conditions. The correlation between total organic carbon (TOC), TN, and organic phosphorus (OP) indicated the organic load in the rivers from allochthonous and autochthonous sources. Phosphorus released from river sediments and the concentration of phosphate in overlying river water show a positive correlation, suggesting that river sediments may serve as phosphorus reservoirs. The average phosphorus pollution index (PPI) was above one in both rivers, with relatively higher PPI values observed in the Yamuna River, indicating the contamination of sediment with phosphorus, indicating the contamination of sediment with phosphorus. This study revealed variations in the P fractionation of the sediment in both rivers, primarily as a result of contributions from different P sources. This information will be useful for applying different mitigation techniques to lower the phosphorus load in both river systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Varma
- Centre of Environmental Studies, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, 211002, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Jha
- Centre of Environmental Studies, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, 211002, India.
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Hu J, Pradit S, Loh PS, Chen Z, Guo C, Le TPQ, Oeurng C, Sok T, Mohamed CAR, Lee CW, Bong CW, Lu X, Anshari GZ, Kandasamy S, Wang J. Storage and dynamics of soil organic carbon in allochthonous-dominated and nitrogen-limited natural and planted mangrove forests in southern Thailand. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 200:116064. [PMID: 38290368 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Mangrove forests can help to mitigate climate change by storing a significant amount of carbon (C) in soils. Planted mangrove forests have been established to combat anthropogenic threats posed by climate change. However, the efficiency of planted forests in terms of soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and dynamics relative to that of natural forests is unclear. We assessed SOC and nutrient storage, SOC sources and drivers in a natural and a planted forest in southern Thailand. Although the planted forest stored more C and nutrients than the natural forest, the early-stage planted forest was not a strong sink relative to mudflat. Both forests were predominated by allochthonous organic C and nitrogen limited, with total nitrogen being a major driver of SOC in both cases. SOC showed a significant decline along land-to-sea and depth gradients as a result of soil texture, nutrient availability, and pH in the natural forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Hu
- Institute of Marine Geology and Resources, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Siriporn Pradit
- Coastal Oceanography and Climate Change Research Center, Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
| | - Pei Sun Loh
- Institute of Marine Geology and Resources, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China.
| | - Zengxuan Chen
- Institute of Marine Geology and Resources, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Chuanyi Guo
- Institute of Marine Geology and Resources, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Thi Phuong Quynh Le
- Institute of Natural Product Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 11307, Viet Nam
| | - Chantha Oeurng
- Faculty of Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering, Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Phnom Penh 12156, Cambodia
| | - Ty Sok
- Faculty of Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering, Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Phnom Penh 12156, Cambodia
| | - Che Abd Rahim Mohamed
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Choon Weng Lee
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Chui Wei Bong
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Xixi Lu
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
| | - Gusti Z Anshari
- Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanjungpura University, Pontianak 78124, Indonesia
| | - Selvaraj Kandasamy
- Department of Geology, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi, Thiruvarur 610005, India
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Cao Y, Zhu J, Gao Z, Li S, Zhu Q, Wang H, Huang Q. Spatial dynamics and risk assessment of phosphorus in the river sediment continuum (Qinhuai River basin, China). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:2198-2213. [PMID: 38055174 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31241-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the concentration and fractionation of phosphorus (P) using sequential P extraction and their influencing factors by introducing the PLS-SEM model (partial least squares structural equation model) along this continuum from the Qinhuai River. The results showed that the average concentrations of inorganic P (IP) occurred in the following order: urban sediment (1499.1 mg/kg) > suburban sediment (846.1-911.9 mg/kg) > rural sediment (661.1 mg/kg) > natural sediment (179.9 mg/kg), and makes up to 53.9-87.1% of total P (TP). The same as the pattern of IP, OP nearly increased dramatically with increasing the urbanization gradient. This spatial heterogenicity of P along a river was attributed mainly to land use patterns and environmental factors (relative contribution affecting the P fractions: sediment nutrients > metals > grain size). In addition, the highest values of TP (2876.5 mg/kg), BAP (biologically active P, avg, 675.7 mg/kg), and PPI (P pollution index, ≥ 2.0) were found in urban sediments among four regions, indicating a higher environmental risk of P release, which may increase the risk of eutrophication in overlying water bodies. Collectively, this work improves the understanding of the spatial dynamics of P in the natural-rural-urban river sediment continuum, highlights the need to control P pollution in urban sediments, and provides a scientific basis for the future usage and disposal of P in sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development On Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development On Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Zhimin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development On Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Sanjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development On Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Qiuzi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development On Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development On Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Qi Huang
- College of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
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