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Yang-Jensen KC, Jørgensen SM, Chuang CY, Davies MJ. Modification of extracellular matrix proteins by oxidants and electrophiles. Biochem Soc Trans 2024:BST20230860. [PMID: 38778764 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is critical to biological architecture and determines cellular properties, function and activity. In many situations it is highly abundant, with collagens and elastin being some of the most abundant proteins in mammals. The ECM comprises of multiple different protein species and sugar polymers, with both different isoforms and post-translational modifications (PTMs) providing a large variety of microenvironments that play a key role in determining tissue structure and health. A number of the PTMs (e.g. cross-links) present in the ECM are critical to integrity and function, whereas others are deleterious to both ECM structure and associated cells. Modifications induced by reactive oxidants and electrophiles have been reported to accumulate in some ECM with increasing age. This accumulation can be exacerbated by disease, and in particular those associated with acute or chronic inflammation, obesity and diabetes. This is likely to be due to higher fluxes of modifying agents in these conditions. In this focused review, the role and effects of oxidants and other electrophiles on ECM are discussed, with a particular focus on the artery wall and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Modifications generated on ECM components are reviewed, together with the effects of these species on cellular properties including adhesion, proliferation, migration, viability, metabolic activity, gene expression and phenotype. Increasing data indicates that ECM modifications are both prevalent in human and mammalian tissues and play an important role in disease development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen C Yang-Jensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara M Jørgensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine Y Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Lau K, Reichheld S, Sharpe S, Cerruti M. Globule and fiber formation with elastin-like polypeptides: a balance of coacervation and crosslinking. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:3257-3266. [PMID: 35404375 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00049k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Elastic fiber assembly is a complex process that requires the coacervation and cross-linking of the protein building block tropoelastin. To date, the order, timing, and interplay of coacervation and crosslinking is not completely understood, despite a great number of advances into understanding the molecular structure and functions of the many proteins involved in elastic fiber assembly. With a simple in vitro model using elastin-like polypeptides and the natural chemical crosslinker genipin, we demonstrate the strong influence of the timing and kinetics of crosslinking reaction on the coacervation, crosslinking extent, and resulting morphology of elastin. We also outline a method for analyzing elastin droplet network formation as a heuristic for measuring the propensity for elastic fiber formation. From this we show that adding crosslinker during peak coacervation dramatically increases the propensity for droplet network formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirklann Lau
- Department of Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street Wong Building, 2250 Montreal, QC H3A 2B2, Canada.
| | - Sean Reichheld
- Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, 686 Bay St., Room 20.9714, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
| | - Simon Sharpe
- Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, 686 Bay St., Room 20.9714, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
| | - Marta Cerruti
- Department of Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street Wong Building, 2250 Montreal, QC H3A 2B2, Canada.
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3
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Wong H, Crowet JM, Dauchez M, Ricard-Blum S, Baud S, Belloy N. Multiscale modelling of the extracellular matrix. Matrix Biol Plus 2022; 13:100096. [PMID: 35072037 PMCID: PMC8763633 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is a complex three-dimensional network of molecules that provides cells with a complex microenvironment. The major constituents of the extracellular matrix such as collagen, elastin and associated proteins form supramolecular assemblies contributing to its physicochemical properties and organization. The structure of proteins and their supramolecular assemblies such as fibrils have been studied at the atomic level (e.g., by X-ray crystallography, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and cryo-Electron Microscopy) or at the microscopic scale. However, many protein complexes are too large to be studied at the atomic level and too small to be studied by microscopy. Most extracellular matrix components fall into this intermediate scale, so-called the mesoscopic scale, preventing their detailed characterization. Simulation and modelling are some of the few powerful and promising approaches that can deepen our understanding of mesoscale systems. We have developed a set of modelling tools to study the self-organization of the extracellular matrix and large motion of macromolecules at the mesoscale level by taking advantage of the dynamics of articulated rigid bodies as a mean to study a larger range of motions at the cost of atomic resolution.
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Key Words
- Basement membrane
- CG, coarse-grained
- Cryo-EM, cryogenic electron microscopy
- DOF, degrees of freedom
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- Extracellular matrix
- FEM, finite element method
- MD, molecular dynamics
- Mesoscopic scale
- Modelling
- NC, non-collagenous
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- Rigid bodies
- SAXS, small-angle X-ray scattering
- Simulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wong
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, CNRS, MEDyC UMR 7369, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Jean-Marc Crowet
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, CNRS, MEDyC UMR 7369, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Manuel Dauchez
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, CNRS, MEDyC UMR 7369, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- Univ. Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ICBMS, UMR 5246 CNRS, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Stéphanie Baud
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, CNRS, MEDyC UMR 7369, 51097 Reims, France
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Plateau de Modélisation Moléculaire Multi-Echelle (P3M), Maison de la Simulation de Champagne-Ardenne (MaSCA), 51097 Reims, France
| | - Nicolas Belloy
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, CNRS, MEDyC UMR 7369, 51097 Reims, France
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Plateau de Modélisation Moléculaire Multi-Echelle (P3M), Maison de la Simulation de Champagne-Ardenne (MaSCA), 51097 Reims, France
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4
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López Barreiro D, Minten IJ, Thies JC, Sagt CMJ. Structure-Property Relationships of Elastin-like Polypeptides: A Review of Experimental and Computational Studies. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021. [PMID: 34251181 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Elastin is a structural protein with outstanding mechanical properties (e.g., elasticity and resilience) and biologically relevant functions (e.g., triggering responses like cell adhesion or chemotaxis). It is formed from its precursor tropoelastin, a 60-72 kDa water-soluble and temperature-responsive protein that coacervates at physiological temperature, undergoing a phenomenon termed lower critical solution temperature (LCST). Inspired by this behavior, many scientists and engineers are developing recombinantly produced elastin-inspired biopolymers, usually termed elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs). These ELPs are generally comprised of repetitive motifs with the sequence VPGXG, which corresponds to repeats of a small part of the tropoelastin sequence, X being any amino acid except proline. ELPs display LCST and mechanical properties similar to tropoelastin, which renders them promising candidates for the development of elastic and stimuli-responsive protein-based materials. Unveiling the structure-property relationships of ELPs can aid in the development of these materials by establishing the connections between the ELP amino acid sequence and the macroscopic properties of the materials. Here we present a review of the structure-property relationships of ELPs and ELP-based materials, with a focus on LCST and mechanical properties and how experimental and computational studies have aided in their understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego López Barreiro
- DSM Biotechnology Center, DSM, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613 AX Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Inge J Minten
- DSM Materials Science Center - Applied Science Center, DSM, Urmonderbaan 22, 6160 BB, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Jens C Thies
- DSM Biomedical, DSM, Koestraat 1, 6167 RA, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Cees M J Sagt
- DSM Biotechnology Center, DSM, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613 AX Delft, The Netherlands
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5
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Ozsvar J, Wang R, Tarakanova A, Buehler MJ, Weiss AS. Fuzzy binding model of molecular interactions between tropoelastin and integrin alphaVbeta3. Biophys J 2021; 120:3138-3151. [PMID: 34197806 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropoelastin is the highly flexible monomer subunit of elastin, required for the resilience of the extracellular matrix in elastic tissues. To elicit biological signaling, multiple sites on tropoelastin bind to cell surface integrins in a poorly understood multifactorial process. We constructed a full atomistic molecular model of the interactions between tropoelastin and integrin αvβ3 using ensemble-based computational methodologies. Conformational changes of integrin αvβ3 associated with outside-in signaling were more frequently facilitated in an ensemble in which tropoelastin bound the integrin's α1 helix rather than the upstream canonical binding site. Our findings support a model of fuzzy binding, whereby many tropoelastin conformations and defined sites cooperatively interact with multiple αvβ3 regions. This model explains prior experimental binding to distinct tropoelastin regions, domains 17 and 36, and points to the cooperative participation of domain 20. Our study highlights the utility of ensemble-based approaches in helping to understand the interactive mechanisms of functionally significant flexible proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazmin Ozsvar
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard Wang
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anna Tarakanova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Markus J Buehler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Anthony S Weiss
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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6
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Ozsvar J, Yang C, Cain SA, Baldock C, Tarakanova A, Weiss AS. Tropoelastin and Elastin Assembly. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:643110. [PMID: 33718344 PMCID: PMC7947355 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.643110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastic fibers are an important component of the extracellular matrix, providing stretch, resilience, and cell interactivity to a broad range of elastic tissues. Elastin makes up the majority of elastic fibers and is formed by the hierarchical assembly of its monomer, tropoelastin. Our understanding of key aspects of the assembly process have been unclear due to the intrinsic properties of elastin and tropoelastin that render them difficult to study. This review focuses on recent developments that have shaped our current knowledge of elastin assembly through understanding the relationship between tropoelastin’s structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazmin Ozsvar
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chengeng Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Stuart A Cain
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Clair Baldock
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Tarakanova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Anthony S Weiss
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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7
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Lockhart-Cairns MP, Newandee H, Thomson J, Weiss AS, Baldock C, Tarakanova A. Transglutaminase-Mediated Cross-Linking of Tropoelastin to Fibrillin Stabilises the Elastin Precursor Prior to Elastic Fibre Assembly. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:5736-5751. [PMID: 32898582 PMCID: PMC7610145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Elastic fibres are essential components of all mammalian elastic tissues such as blood vessels, lung and skin, and are critically important for the mechanical properties they endow. The main components of elastic fibres are elastin and fibrillin, where correct formation of elastic fibres requires a fibrillin microfibril scaffold for the deposition of elastin. It has been demonstrated previously that the interaction between fibrillin and tropoelastin, the elastin precursor, increases the rate of assembly of tropoelastin. Furthermore, tropoelastin and fibrillin can be cross-linked by transglutaminase-2, but the function of cross-linking on their elastic properties is yet to be elucidated. Here we show that transglutaminase cross-linking supports formation of a 1:1 stoichiometric fibrillin-tropoelastin complex. SAXS data show that the complex retains features of the individual proteins but is elongated supporting end-to-end assembly. Elastic network models were constructed to compare the dynamics of tropoelastin and fibrillin individually as well as in the cross-linked complex. Normal mode analysis was performed to determine the structures' most energetically favourable, biologically accessible motions which show that within the complex, tropoelastin is less mobile and this molecular stabilisation extends along the length of the tropoelastin molecule to regions remote from the cross-linking site. Together, these data suggest a long-range stabilising effect of cross-linking that occurs due to the covalent linkage of fibrillin to tropoelastin. This work provides insight into the interactions of tropoelastin and fibrillin and how cross-link formation stabilises the elastin precursor so it is primed for elastic fibre assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Lockhart-Cairns
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Helena Newandee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs-Mansfield, CT 06269-3139, USA
| | - Jennifer Thomson
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Anthony S Weiss
- School of Molecular Bioscience, Bosch Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Clair Baldock
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Anna Tarakanova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs-Mansfield, CT 06269-3139, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs-Mansfield, CT 06269-3139, USA.
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8
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Chen Z, Zhang Q, Li H, Wei Q, Zhao X, Chen F. Elastin-like polypeptide modified silk fibroin porous scaffold promotes osteochondral repair. Bioact Mater 2020; 6:589-601. [PMID: 33005824 PMCID: PMC7509194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Silk fibroin (SF) is considered biocompatible and biodegradable for osteochondral repair. However, it lacks a bioactive domain for cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation, limiting its therapeutic efficacy. To revamp SF as a biomimicking and bioactive microenvironment to regulate cell behaviours, we engineered an elastin-like polypeptide (ELP, Val-Pro-Gly-Xaa-Gly) to modify SF fibers via simple and green dehydrothermal (DHT) treatment. Our results demonstrated that the ELP successfully bound to SF, and the scaffold was reinforced by the fusion of the silk fiber intersections with ELP (S-ELP-DHT) via the DHT treatment. Both bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and chondrocytes exhibited improved spreading and proliferation on the S-ELP-DHT scaffolds. The ex vivo and in vivo experiments further demonstrated enhanced mature bone and cartilage tissue formation using the S-ELP-DHT scaffolds compared to the naked SF scaffolds. These results indicated that a recombinant ELP-modified silk scaffold can mimic three-dimensional (3D) cell microenvironment, and improve bone and cartilage regeneration. We envision that our scaffolds have huge clinical potential for osteochondral repair. Elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) modified silk fibroin (SF) scaffold was developed via dehydrothermal treatment (S-ELP-DHT). The S-ELP-DHT scaffold provided a beneficial cell microenvironment for osteochondral repair. Greater mature bone and cartilage tissue formation were achieved. Improved repair efficacy for articular osteochondral defects was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyue Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Faculty of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 North TaiBai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongmin Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Faculty of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 North TaiBai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, China
| | - Qi Wei
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Faculty of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 North TaiBai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Fulin Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Faculty of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 North TaiBai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, China
- Corresponding author.
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9
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Lavrador P, Gaspar VM, Mano JF. Mechanochemical Patternable ECM-Mimetic Hydrogels for Programmed Cell Orientation. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901860. [PMID: 32323469 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Native human tissues are supported by a viscoelastic extracellular matrix (ECM) that can adapt its intricate network to dynamic mechanical stimuli. To recapitulate the unique ECM biofunctionality, hydrogel design is shifting from typical covalent crosslinks toward covalently adaptable networks. To pursue such properties, herein hybrid polysaccharide-polypeptide networks are designed based on dynamic covalent assembly inspired by natural ECM crosslinking processes. This is achieved through the synthesis of an amine-reactive oxidized-laminarin biopolymer that can readily crosslink with gelatin (oxLAM-Gelatin) and simultaneously allow cell encapsulation. Interestingly, the rational design of oxLAM-Gelatin hydrogels with varying aldehyde-to-amine ratios enables a refined control over crosslinking kinetics, viscoelastic properties, and degradability profile. The mechanochemical features of these hydrogels post-crosslinking offer an alternative route for imprinting any intended nano- or microtopography in ECM-mimetic matrices bearing inherent cell-adhesive motifs. Different patterns are easily paved in oxLAM-Gelatin under physiological conditions and complex topographical configurations are retained along time. Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells contacting mechanically sculpted oxLAM-Gelatin hydrogels sense the underlying surface nanotopography and align parallel to the anisotropic nanoridge/nanogroove intercalating array. These findings demonstrate that covalently adaptable features in ECM-mimetic networks can be leveraged to combine surface topography and cell-adhesive motifs as they appear in natural matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Lavrador
- Department of ChemistryCICECO – Aveiro Institute of MaterialsUniversity of AveiroCampus Universitário de Santiago Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
| | - Vítor M. Gaspar
- Department of ChemistryCICECO – Aveiro Institute of MaterialsUniversity of AveiroCampus Universitário de Santiago Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
| | - João F. Mano
- Department of ChemistryCICECO – Aveiro Institute of MaterialsUniversity of AveiroCampus Universitário de Santiago Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
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10
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Schmelzer CEH, Hedtke T, Heinz A. Unique molecular networks: Formation and role of elastin cross-links. IUBMB Life 2019; 72:842-854. [PMID: 31834666 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Elastic fibers are essential assemblies of vertebrates and confer elasticity and resilience to various organs including blood vessels, lungs, skin, and ligaments. Mature fibers, which comprise a dense and insoluble elastin core and a microfibrillar mantle, are extremely resistant toward intrinsic and extrinsic influences and maintain elastic function over the human lifespan in healthy conditions. The oxidative deamination of peptidyl lysine to peptidyl allysine in elastin's precursor tropoelastin is a crucial posttranslational step in their formation. The modification is catalyzed by members of the family of lysyl oxidases and the starting point for subsequent manifold condensation reactions that eventually lead to the highly cross-linked elastomer. This review summarizes the current understanding of the formation of cross-links within and between the monomer molecules, the molecular sites, and cross-link types involved and the pathological consequences of abnormalities in the cross-linking process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E H Schmelzer
- Department of Biological and Macromolecular Materials, Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tobias Hedtke
- Department of Biological and Macromolecular Materials, Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Andrea Heinz
- Department of Pharmacy, LEO Foundation Center for Cutaneous Drug Delivery, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Vindin H, Mithieux SM, Weiss AS. Elastin architecture. Matrix Biol 2019; 84:4-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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