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Lu Y, Zhang M, Zhang J, Jiang M, Bai G. Psoralen prevents the inactivation of estradiol and treats osteoporosis via covalently targeting HSD17B2. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 311:116426. [PMID: 36997132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Psoralea corylifolia L. seeds (P. corylifolia), popularly known as Buguzhi in traditional Chinese medicine, are often used to treat osteoporosis in China. Psoralen (Pso) is the key anti-osteoporosis constituent in P. corylifolia, however, its targets and mechanism of action are still unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study was to explore the interaction between Pso and 17-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD17B2), an estrogen synthesis-related protein that inhibits the inactivation of estradiol (E2) to treat osteoporosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tissue distribution of Pso was analyzed by in-gel imaging after oral administration of an alkynyl-modified Pso probe (aPso) in mice. The target of Pso in the liver was identified and analyzed using chemical proteomics. Co-localization and cellular thermal shift assays (CETSA) were used to verify the key action targets. To detect the key pharmacophore of Pso, the interaction of Pso and its structural analogs with HSD17B2 was investigated by CETSA, HSD17B2 activity assay, and in-gel imaging determination. Target competitive test, virtual docking, mutated HSD17B2 activity, and CETSA assay were used to identify the binding site of Pso with HSD17B2. A mouse model of osteoporosis was established by ovariectomies, and the efficacy of Pso in vivo was confirmed by micro-CT, H&E staining, HSD17B2 activity, and bone-related biochemical assays. RESULTS Pso regulated estrogen metabolism by targeting HSD17B2 in the liver, with the α, β-unsaturated ester in Pso being the key pharmacophore. Pso significantly suppressed HSD17B2 activity by irreversibly binding to Lys236 of HSD17B2 and preventing NAD+ from entering the binding pocket. In vivo studies in ovariectomized mice revealed that Pso could inhibit HSD17B2 activity, prevent the inactivation of E2, increase levels of endogenous estrogen, improve bone metabolism-related indices, and play a role in anti-osteoporosis. CONCLUSIONS Pso covalently binds to Lys236 of HSD17B2 in hepatocytes to prevent the inactivation of E2, thereby aiding in the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300353, China
| | - Man Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300353, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300353, China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300353, China.
| | - Gang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300353, China.
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2
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Sinreih M, Gjorgoska M, Möller G, Adamski J, Rižner TL. 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases types 1 and 2: Enzymatic assays based on radiometric and mass-spectrometric detection. Methods Enzymol 2023; 689:201-234. [PMID: 37802571 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD17B1) has a key role in estrogen biosynthesis as it catalyzes the reduction of estrone to the most potent estrogen, estradiol. Estradiol has a high affinity for estrogen receptors and thus stimulates their transactivation, which leads to cell proliferation and numerous other effects. HSD17B2 catalyzes the oxidation of estradiol to the less potent estrone, thereby decreasing estrogen receptor activation, which results in reduction of estrogen-associated effects. HSD17B1 and HSD17B2 overexpressing E.coli homogenates or recombinant enzymes can be used for screening and development of drugs against various pathologies such as cancer, endometriosis or osteoporosis. Here we describe the preparation of HSD17B1 and HSD17B2 bacterial homogenates and purified recombinant HSD17B1 protein as enzyme sources as well as enzymatic assays based on radiometric and mass-spectrometric detection for enzyme characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Sinreih
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Ljubljana, Ljublijana, Slovenia
| | - Marija Gjorgoska
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Ljubljana, Ljublijana, Slovenia
| | - Gabriele Möller
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Ljubljana, Ljublijana, Slovenia; Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute for Experimental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tea Lanišnik Rižner
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Ljubljana, Ljublijana, Slovenia.
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3
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C-Ring Oxidized Estrone Acetate Derivatives: Assessment of Antiproliferative Activities and Docking Studies. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12073579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
C-Ring oxidized estrone acetate derivatives as antiproliferative agents were prepared and tested against five cancer cell lines by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Flow cytometry assays to evaluate cell viability and modifications in cell cycle phases and molecular docking research against estrogen receptor α, steroid sulfatase, and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 were performed. 9α-Hydroxy,11β-nitrooxyestrone acetate was the most cytotoxic molecule against hormone-dependent cancer cells. Furthermore, flow cytometry experiments revealed that this 9α-hydroxy,11β-nitrooxy derivative markedly reduced HepaRG cells viability (~92%) after 24 h of treatment. However, 9α-hydroxyestrone acetate led to selective inhibition of HepaRG cells growth, inducing a G0/G1 cycle arrest, and did not originate a proliferation effect on T47-D cancer cells. Docking studies estimated a generally lower affinity of these compounds to estrogen receptor α than predicted for estrone and 17β-estradiol. Therefore, this structural modification can be of interest to develop new anticancer estrane derivatives devoid of estrogenic action.
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4
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Salah M, Abdelsamie AS, Frotscher M. Inhibitors of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, 2 and 14: Structures, biological activities and future challenges. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 489:66-81. [PMID: 30336189 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During the past 25 years, the modulation of estrogen action by inhibition of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 1 and 2 (17β-HSD1 and 17β-HSD2), respectively, has been pursued intensively. In the search for novel treatment options for estrogen-dependent diseases (EDD) and in order to explore estrogenic signaling pathways, a large number of steroidal and nonsteroidal inhibitors of these enzymes has been described in the literature. The present review gives a survey on the development of inhibitor classes as well as the structural formulas and biological properties of their most interesting representatives. In addition, rationally designed dual inhibitors of both 17β-HSD1 and steroid sulfatase (STS) as well as the first inhibitors of 17β-HSD14 are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salah
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C23, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ahmed S Abdelsamie
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus E81, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany; Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Martin Frotscher
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C23, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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5
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Zhang Y, Xu YY, Yao CB, Li JT, Zhao XN, Yang HB, Zhang M, Yin M, Chen J, Lei QY. Acetylation targets HSD17B4 for degradation via the CMA pathway in response to estrone. Autophagy 2017; 13:538-553. [PMID: 28296597 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1268302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of hormone metabolism is implicated in human breast cancer. 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 4 (HSD17B4) catalyzes the conversion of estradiol (E2) to estrone (E1), and is associated with the pathogenesis and development of various cancers. Here we show that E1 upregulates HSD17B4 acetylation at lysine 669 (K669) and thereby promotes HSD17B4 degradation via chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), while a single mutation at K669 reverses the degradation and confers migratory and invasive properties to MCF7 cells upon E1 treatment. CREBBP and SIRT3 dynamically control K669 acetylation level of HSD17B4 in response to E1. More importantly, K669 acetylation is inversely correlated with HSD17B4 in human breast cancer tissues. Our study reveals a crosstalk between acetylation and CMA degradation in HSD17B4 regulation, and a critical role of the regulation in the malignant progression of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Ying-Ying Xu
- a Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Chuan-Bo Yao
- a Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Jin-Tao Li
- a Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Xiang-Ning Zhao
- a Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Hong-Bin Yang
- a Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Min Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Miao Yin
- a Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Jing Chen
- b Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Qun-Ying Lei
- a Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
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6
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Type 2 17-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase as a novel target for the treatment of osteoporosis. Future Med Chem 2016; 7:1431-56. [PMID: 26230882 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Low estradiol level in postmenopausal women is implicated in osteoporosis, which occurs because of the high bone resorption rate. Estrogen formation is controlled by 17-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 17-β HSD enzymes, where 17-β HSD type 1 contributes in the formation of estradiol, while type 2 catalyzes its catabolism. Inhibiting 17-β HSD2 can help in increasing estradiol concentration. Several promising 17-β HSD2 inhibitors that can act at low nanomolar range have been identified. However, there are some specific challenges associated with the application of these compounds. Our review provides an up-to-date summary of the current status and recent progress in the production of 17-β HSD2 inhibitors as well as the future challenges in their clinical application.
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7
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Mernyák E, Kovács I, Minorics R, Sere P, Czégány D, Sinka I, Wölfling J, Schneider G, Újfaludi Z, Boros I, Ocsovszki I, Varga M, Zupkó I. Synthesis of trans-16-triazolyl-13α-methyl-17-estradiol diastereomers and the effects of structural modifications on their in vitro antiproliferative activities. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 150:123-34. [PMID: 25845933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Novel 16-triazoles in the 13α-estrone series were synthesized via Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition of the two diastereomeric (on C-16 and on C-17) 16-azido-13α-estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-ol 3-benzyl ethers with substituted phenylacetylenes. The new heterocyclic derivatives were evaluated in vitro by means of MTT assays for antiproliferative activity against a panel of human adherent cancer cell lines (HeLa, MCF-7, A431, A2780, T47D, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-361). The inversion of the configurations at C-16 and C-17 selectively affected the growth-inhibitory properties of the tested compounds. The 16β,17α isomers generally proved to be potent on all cell lines, with IC50 values comparable to those of the reference agent cisplatin. Change of the substitution pattern of the phenyl group of the acetylene led to great differences in antiproliferative properties. Exclusively the p-phenyl-substituted triazoles exerted high cytostatic effects. One of the most potent compounds activated caspase-3 and caspase-9 without influencing caspase-8, confirming the induction of apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erzsébet Mernyák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Ida Kovács
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Renáta Minorics
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Sere
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dóra Czégány
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Izabella Sinka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - János Wölfling
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gyula Schneider
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Újfaludi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imre Boros
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imre Ocsovszki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mónika Varga
- Cereal Research Non-Profit Ltd., P.O. Box 391, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Zupkó
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
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8
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Gupta A, Kumar BS, Negi AS. Current status on development of steroids as anticancer agents. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 137:242-70. [PMID: 23727548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Steroids are important biodynamic agents. Their affinities for various nuclear receptors have been an interesting feature to utilize them for drug development particularly for receptor mediated diseases. Steroid biochemistry and its crucial role in human physiology, has attained importance among the researchers. Recent years have seen an extensive focus on modification of steroids. The rational modifications of perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus of steroids have yielded several important anticancer lead molecules. Exemestane, SR16157, fulvestrant and 2-methoxyestradiol are some of the successful leads emerged on steroidal pharmacophores. The present review is an update on some of the steroidal leads obtained during past 25 years. Various steroid based enzyme inhibitors, antiestrogens, cytotoxic conjugates and steroidal cytotoxic molecules of natural as well as synthetic origin have been highlighted. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Synthesis and biological testing of steroid derivatives as inhibitors".
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Gupta
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, Lucknow 226015, U.P., India
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9
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Wetzel M, Marchais-Oberwinkler S, Perspicace E, Möller G, Adamski J, Hartmann RW. Introduction of an Electron Withdrawing Group on the Hydroxyphenylnaphthol Scaffold Improves the Potency of 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 (17β-HSD2) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2011; 54:7547-57. [PMID: 21972996 DOI: 10.1021/jm2008453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gabriele Möller
- Genome Analysis Center, Institute
of Experimental Genetic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Genome Analysis Center, Institute
of Experimental Genetic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle
Genetik, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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10
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Schuster D, Kowalik D, Kirchmair J, Laggner C, Markt P, Aebischer-Gumy C, Ströhle F, Möller G, Wolber G, Wilckens T, Langer T, Odermatt A, Adamski J. Identification of chemically diverse, novel inhibitors of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 and 5 by pharmacophore-based virtual screening. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 125:148-61. [PMID: 21300150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 and 5 (17β-HSD3 and 17β-HSD5) catalyze testosterone biosynthesis and thereby constitute therapeutic targets for androgen-related diseases or endocrine-disrupting chemicals. As a fast and efficient tool to identify potential ligands for 17βHSD3/5, ligand- and structure-based pharmacophore models for both enzymes were developed. The models were evaluated first by in silico screening of commercial compound databases and further experimentally validated by enzymatic efficacy tests of selected virtual hits. Among the 35 tested compounds, 11 novel inhibitors with distinct chemical scaffolds, e.g. sulfonamides and triazoles, and with different selectivity properties were discovered. Thereby, we provide several potential starting points for further 17β-HSD3 and 17β-HSD5 inhibitor development. Article from the Special issue on Targeted Inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Schuster
- Computer-Aided Molecular Design Group and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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11
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12
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Möller G, Husen B, Kowalik D, Hirvelä L, Plewczynski D, Rychlewski L, Messinger J, Thole H, Adamski J. Species used for drug testing reveal different inhibition susceptibility for 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10969. [PMID: 20544026 PMCID: PMC2882332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid-related cancers can be treated by inhibitors of steroid metabolism. In searching for new inhibitors of human 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17β-HSD 1) for the treatment of breast cancer or endometriosis, novel substances based on 15-substituted estrone were validated. We checked the specificity for different 17β-HSD types and species. Compounds were tested for specificity in vitro not only towards recombinant human 17β-HSD types 1, 2, 4, 5 and 7 but also against 17β-HSD 1 of several other species including marmoset, pig, mouse, and rat. The latter are used in the processes of pharmacophore screening. We present the quantification of inhibitor preferences between human and animal models. Profound differences in the susceptibility to inhibition of steroid conversion among all 17β-HSDs analyzed were observed. Especially, the rodent 17β-HSDs 1 were significantly less sensitive to inhibition compared to the human ortholog, while the most similar inhibition pattern to the human 17β-HSD 1 was obtained with the marmoset enzyme. Molecular docking experiments predicted estrone as the most potent inhibitor. The best performing compound in enzymatic assays was also highly ranked by docking scoring for the human enzyme. However, species-specific prediction of inhibitor performance by molecular docking was not possible. We show that experiments with good candidate compounds would out-select them in the rodent model during preclinical optimization steps. Potentially active human-relevant drugs, therefore, would no longer be further developed. Activity and efficacy screens in heterologous species systems must be evaluated with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Möller
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bettina Husen
- Solvay Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dorota Kowalik
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Dariusz Plewczynski
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Josef Messinger
- Solvay Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hubert Thole
- Solvay Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- * E-mail:
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13
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Möller G, Deluca D, Gege C, Rosinus A, Kowalik D, Peters O, Droescher P, Elger W, Adamski J, Hillisch A. Structure-based design, synthesis and in vitro characterization of potent 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitors based on 2-substitutions of estrone and D-homo-estrone. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6740-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.09.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 09/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Kowalik D, Haller F, Adamski J, Moeller G. In search for function of two human orphan SDR enzymes: hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase like 2 (HSDL2) and short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase-orphan (SDR-O). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 117:117-24. [PMID: 19703561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The protein superfamily of short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDRs) today comprises over 20,000 members found in pro- and eukaryotes. Despite low amino acid sequence identity (only 15-30%), they share several similar characteristics in conformational structures, the N-terminal cofactor (NAD(P)/NAD(P)H) binding region being the most conserved. The enzymes catalyze oxido-reductive reactions and have a broad spectrum of substrates. Not all recently identified SDRs have been analyzed in detail yet, and we therefore characterized two rudimentarily annotated human SDR candidates: an orphan SDR (SDR-O) and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase like 2 (HSDL2). We analyzed the amino acid sequence for cofactor preference, performed subcellular localization studies, and a screening for substrates of the enzymes, including steroid hormones and retinoids. None of both tested proteins showed a significant conversion of steroid hormones. However, the peroxisomal localization of human HSDL2 may suggest an involvement in fatty acid metabolism. For SDR-O a weak conversion of retinal into retinol was detectable in the presence of the cofactor NADH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kowalik
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany
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15
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Michiels PJA, Ludwig C, Stephan M, Fischer C, Möller G, Messinger J, van Dongen M, Thole H, Adamski J, Günther UL. Ligand-based NMR spectra demonstrate an additional phytoestrogen binding site for 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 117:93-8. [PMID: 19631742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17beta-HSD1) has become an important drug target for breast cancer because it catalyzes the interconversion of estrone to the biologically more potent estradiol which also plays a crucial role in the etiology of breast cancer. Patients with an increased expression of the 17beta-HSD1 gene have a significantly worse outcome than patients without. Inhibitors for 17beta-HSD1 are therefore included in therapy development. Here we have studied binding of 17beta-HSD1 to substrates and a number of inhibitors using NMR spectroscopy. Ligand observed NMR spectra show a strong pH dependence for the phytoestrogens luteolin and apigenin but not for the natural ligands estradiol and estrone. Moreover, NMR competition experiments show that the phytoestrogens do not replace the estrogens despite their similar inhibition levels in the in vitro assay. These results strongly support an additional 17beta-HSD1 binding site for phytoestrogens which is neither the substrate nor the co-factor binding site. Docking experiments suggest the dimer interface as a possible location. An additional binding site for the phytoestrogens may open new opportunities for the design of inhibitors, not only for 17beta-HSD1, but also for other family members of the short chain dehydrogenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J A Michiels
- HWB-NMR, CR UK Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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16
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Marchais-Oberwinkler S, Frotscher M, Ziegler E, Werth R, Kruchten P, Messinger J, Thole H, Hartmann RW. Structure-activity study in the class of 6-(3'-hydroxyphenyl)naphthalenes leading to an optimization of a pharmacophore model for 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17beta-HSD1) inhibitors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 301:205-11. [PMID: 18950679 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
17beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17beta-HSD1) catalyzes the transformation of estrone (E1) into the most potent estrogen, estradiol (E2), which stimulates cell proliferation and decreases apoptosis. 17beta-HSD1 is often strongly overexpressed in estrogen-dependent diseases (like breast cancer and endometriosis). Thus, this over expressed enzyme is a promising novel target for the development of selective inhibitors, which could be used as drugs for the treatment of these diseases. Using a structure- and ligand-based approach, a pharmacophore model was proposed and a new class of non-steroidal inhibitors of 17beta-HSD1 was designed. Enzyme inhibition was evaluated in vitro using the human enzyme. After identification of the 6-(3'-hydroxyphenyl)-2-naphthol scaffold 1, the potency of this class of inhibitors was further improved by substitution of the 1-position of the naphthalene ring by a phenyl group (compound 18, IC(50)=20nM). Compound 18 also showed a good selectivity toward 17beta-HSD2 and the estrogen receptors alpha and beta.
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17
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Abstract
The metabolism of steroids at position 17 is catalysed by a growing number of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17beta-HSDs). Several human diseases like breast or prostate cancer, endometriosis,metabolic syndrome and mental diseases were associated with dysfunctions of 17beta-HSDs, which consequently became drug targets. This review will focus on identities of 17beta-HSDs and recent advances in analyses of their physiological roles in steroid and lipid metabolism. It will also address the potential of metabolomics in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Prehn
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany
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18
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Meier M, Möller G, Adamski J. Perspectives in Understanding the Role of Human 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases in Health and Disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1155:15-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.03702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Karkola S, Lilienkampf A, Wähälä K. A 3D QSAR model of 17beta-HSD1 inhibitors based on a thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one core applying molecular dynamics simulations and ligand-protein docking. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:461-72. [PMID: 18224704 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17beta-HSD1) enzyme plays a crucial role in female hormonal regulation by catalysing the NADPH-dependent reduction of the less potent estrone E1 into the biologically active estradiol E2. Because 17beta-HSD1 is a key enzyme in E2 biosynthesis, it has emerged as an attractive drug target for inhibitor development. Herein we report the plausible binding modes and a 3D QSAR model of 17beta-HSD1 inhibitors based on a (di)cycloalkenothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one core. Two generated enzyme complexes with potent inhibitors were subjected to molecular dynamics simulation to mimic the dynamic process of inhibitor binding. A set of 17beta-HSD1 inhibitors based on the thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one core were docked into the resulting active site, and a CoMFA model employing the most extensive training set to date was generated. The model was validated with an external test set. Active site residues involved in inhibitor binding and CoMFA fields for steric and electrostatic interactions were identified. The model will be used to guide structural modifications of 17beta-HSD1 inhibitors based on a thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one core in order to improve the biological activity as well as in the design of novel 17beta-HSD1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampo Karkola
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, PO Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Schuster D, Nashev LG, Kirchmair J, Laggner C, Wolber G, Langer T, Odermatt A. Discovery of Nonsteroidal 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 1 Inhibitors by Pharmacophore-Based Screening of Virtual Compound Libraries. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4188-99. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800054h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Schuster
- Computer-Aided Molecular Design Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, and Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck—CMBI, Peter-Mayr-Strasse 1a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Inte:Ligand Software-Entwicklungs and Consulting GmbH, Marihilferstrasse 74B/11, A-1070 Wien, Austria
| | - Lyubomir G. Nashev
- Computer-Aided Molecular Design Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, and Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck—CMBI, Peter-Mayr-Strasse 1a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Inte:Ligand Software-Entwicklungs and Consulting GmbH, Marihilferstrasse 74B/11, A-1070 Wien, Austria
| | - Johannes Kirchmair
- Computer-Aided Molecular Design Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, and Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck—CMBI, Peter-Mayr-Strasse 1a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Inte:Ligand Software-Entwicklungs and Consulting GmbH, Marihilferstrasse 74B/11, A-1070 Wien, Austria
| | - Christian Laggner
- Computer-Aided Molecular Design Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, and Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck—CMBI, Peter-Mayr-Strasse 1a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Inte:Ligand Software-Entwicklungs and Consulting GmbH, Marihilferstrasse 74B/11, A-1070 Wien, Austria
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Computer-Aided Molecular Design Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, and Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck—CMBI, Peter-Mayr-Strasse 1a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Inte:Ligand Software-Entwicklungs and Consulting GmbH, Marihilferstrasse 74B/11, A-1070 Wien, Austria
| | - Thierry Langer
- Computer-Aided Molecular Design Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, and Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck—CMBI, Peter-Mayr-Strasse 1a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Inte:Ligand Software-Entwicklungs and Consulting GmbH, Marihilferstrasse 74B/11, A-1070 Wien, Austria
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Computer-Aided Molecular Design Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, and Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck—CMBI, Peter-Mayr-Strasse 1a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Inte:Ligand Software-Entwicklungs and Consulting GmbH, Marihilferstrasse 74B/11, A-1070 Wien, Austria
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21
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Day JM, Foster PA, Tutill HJ, Parsons MFC, Newman SP, Chander SK, Allan GM, Lawrence HR, Vicker N, Potter BVL, Reed MJ, Purohit A. 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Type 1, and not Type 12, is a target for endocrine therapy of hormone-dependent breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:1931-40. [PMID: 18183589 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oestradiol (E2) stimulates the growth of hormone-dependent breast cancer. 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17beta-HSDs) catalyse the pre-receptor activation/inactivation of hormones and other substrates. 17beta-HSD1 converts oestrone (E1) to active E2, but it has recently been suggested that another 17beta-HSD, 17beta-HSD12, may be the major enzyme that catalyses this reaction in women. Here we demonstrate that it is 17beta-HSD1 which is important for E2 production and report the inhibition of E1-stimulated breast tumor growth by STX1040, a non-oestrogenic selective inhibitor of 17beta-HSD1, using a novel murine model. 17beta-HSD1 and 17beta-HSD12 mRNA and protein expression, and E2 production, were assayed in wild type breast cancer cell lines and in cells after siRNA and cDNA transfection. Although 17beta-HSD12 was highly expressed in breast cancer cell lines, only 17beta-HSD1 efficiently catalysed E2 formation. The effect of STX1040 on the proliferation of E1-stimulated T47D breast cancer cells was determined in vitro and in vivo. Cells inoculated into ovariectomised nude mice were stimulated using 0.05 or 0.1 microg E1 (s.c.) daily, and on day 35 the mice were dosed additionally with 20 mg/kg STX1040 s.c. daily for 28 days. STX1040 inhibited E1-stimulated proliferation of T47D cells in vitro and significantly decreased tumor volumes and plasma E2 levels in vivo. In conclusion, a model was developed to study the inhibition of the major oestrogenic 17beta-HSD, 17beta-HSD1, in breast cancer. Both E2 production and tumor growth were inhibited by STX1040, suggesting that 17beta-HSD1 inhibitors such as STX1040 may provide a novel treatment for hormone-dependent breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Day
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine and Sterix Ltd., Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom.
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22
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Bydal P, Luu-The V, Labrie F, Poirier D. Steroidal lactones as inhibitors of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5: chemical synthesis, enzyme inhibitory activity, and assessment of estrogenic and androgenic activities. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 44:632-44. [PMID: 18472187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Androgens are well known to play a predominant role in prostate cancer and other androgen-dependent diseases. To decrease the level of androgen testosterone in the prostate, we are interested in developing inhibitors of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5 (17beta-HSD5). This enzyme expressed in the prostate is one of the two enzymes able to convert 4-androstene-3,17-dione into testosterone. From a screening study, it was found that a series of steroid derivatives bearing a lactone on D-ring demonstrated potent inhibition of 17beta-HSD5 over-expressed in HEK-293 cells. The results of enzymatic assays using intact cells indicated that a C18-steroid (estradiol or 3-deoxyestradiol) backbone and a spiro-delta-lactone (six-member ring) are important for a strong inhibitory activity. Moreover, the presence of a dimethyl group at the alpha-position of the lactone carbonyl increases the selectivity of the inhibitor toward 17beta-HSD5. Compound 26, a 3-deoxyestradiol derivative with a dimethylated spiro-delta-lactone at position 17, possesses the most potent inhibitory activity for 17beta-HSD5 (IC(50)=2.9 nM). It showed no binding affinity for estrogen, androgen, progestin and glucocorticoid receptors (ER, AR, PR and GR). A weak proliferative effect was, however, observed on ZR-75-1 (ER+) cells in culture at high concentration (1 microM), but not at 0.03 microM. Interestingly, no significant proliferative effect was detected on Shionogi (AR+) cells in culture in the presence of 0.1 and 1 microM of lactone 26.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Bydal
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, CHUL Research Center and University Laval, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Québec, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
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23
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Keller B, Adamski J. RDH12, a retinol dehydrogenase causing Leber's congenital amaurosis, is also involved in steroid metabolism. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 104:190-4. [PMID: 17512723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Three retinol dehydrogenases (RDHs) were tested for steroid converting abilities: human and murine RDH 12 and human RDH13. RDH12 is involved in retinal degeneration in Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA). We show that murine Rdh12 and human RDH13 do not reveal activity towards the checked steroids, but that human type 12 RDH reduces dihydrotestosterone to androstanediol, and is thus also involved in steroid metabolism. Furthermore, we analyzed both expression and subcellular localization of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Keller
- GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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24
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Sova M, Perdih A, Kotnik M, Kristan K, Rizner TL, Solmajer T, Gobec S. Flavonoids and cinnamic acid esters as inhibitors of fungal 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: A synthesis, QSAR and modelling study. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:7404-18. [PMID: 16891119 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Revised: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17beta-HSDs) modulate the biological potency of estrogens and androgens by interconversion of inactive 17-keto-steroids and their active 17beta-hydroxy- counterparts. We have shown previously that flavonoids are potentially useful lead compounds for developing inhibitors of 17beta-HSDs. In this paper, we describe the synthesis and biochemical evaluation of structurally analogous inhibitors, the trans-cinnamic acid esters and related compounds. Additionally, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) and modelling studies were performed to rationalize the results and to suggest further optimization. The results stress the importance of a hydrogen bond with Asn154 and hydrophobic interactions with the aromatic side chain of Tyr212 for optimal molecular recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Sova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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