1
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Luque FJ, Muñoz-Torrero D. Acetylcholinesterase: A Versatile Template to Coin Potent Modulators of Multiple Therapeutic Targets. Acc Chem Res 2024. [PMID: 38333993 PMCID: PMC10882973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusThe enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) at cholinergic synapses of the peripheral and central nervous system. Thus, it is a prime therapeutic target for diseases that occur with a cholinergic deficit, prominently Alzheimer's disease (AD). Working at a rate near the diffusion limit, it is considered one of nature's most efficient enzymes. This is particularly meritorious considering that its catalytic site is buried at the bottom of a 20-Å-deep cavity, which is preceded by a bottleneck with a diameter shorter than that of the trimethylammonium group of ACh, which has to transit through it. Not only the particular architecture and amino acid composition of its active site gorge enable AChE to largely overcome this potential drawback, but it also offers plenty of possibilities for the design of novel inhibitor drug candidates.In this Account, we summarize our different approaches to colonize the vast territory of the AChE gorge in the pursuit of increased occupancy and hence of inhibitors with increased affinity. We pioneered the use of molecular hybridization to design inhibitors with extended binding at the CAS, reaching affinities among the highest reported so far. Further application of molecular hybridization to grow CAS extended binders by attaching a PAS-binding moiety through suitable linkers led to multisite inhibitors that span the whole length of the gorge, reaching the PAS and even interacting with midgorge residues. We show that multisite AChE inhibitors can also be successfully designed the other way around, by starting with an optimized PAS binder and then colonizing the gorge and CAS. Molecular hybridization from a multicomponent reaction-derived PAS binder afforded a single-digit picomolar multisite AChE inhibitor with more than 1.5 million-fold increased potency relative to the initial hit. This illustrates the powerful alliance between molecular hybridization and gorge occupancy for designing potent AChE inhibitors.Beyond AChE, we show that the stereoelectronic requirements imposed by the AChE gorge for multisite binding have a templating effect that leads to compounds that are active in other key biological targets in AD and other neurological and non-neurological diseases, such as BACE-1 and the aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins (β-amyloid, tau, α-synuclein, prion protein, transthyretin, and human islet amyloid polypeptide). The use of known pharmacophores for other targets as the PAS-binding motif enables the rational design of multitarget agents with multisite binding within AChE and activity against a variety of targets or pathological events, such as oxidative stress and the neuroinflammation-modulating enzyme soluble epoxide hydrolase, among others.We hope that our results can contribute to the development of drug candidates that can modify the course of neurodegeneration and may inspire future works that exploit the power of molecular hybridization in other proteins featuring large cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Javier Luque
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, E-08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTC), University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Muñoz-Torrero
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (CSIC Associated Unit), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Preet G, Haj Hasan A, Ramlagan P, Fawdar S, Boulle F, Jaspars M. Anti-Neurodegenerating Activity: Structure-Activity Relationship Analysis of Flavonoids. Molecules 2023; 28:7188. [PMID: 37894669 PMCID: PMC10609304 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An anti-neurodegeneration activity study was carried out for 80 flavonoid compounds. The structure-activity analysis of the structures was carried out by performing three different anti-neurodegeneration screening tests, showing that in these structures, the presence of a hydroxy substituent group at position C3' as well as C5' of ring B and a methoxy substituent group at the C7 position of ring A play a vital role in neuroprotective and antioxidant as well as anti-inflammatory activity. Further, we found structure (5) was the top-performing active structure out of 80 structures. Subsequently, a molecular docking study was carried out for the 3 lead flavonoid compounds (4), (5), and (23) and 21 similar hypothetical proposed structures to estimate the binding strength between the tested compounds and proteins potentially involved in disease causation. Ligand-based pharmacophores were generated to guide future drug design studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Preet
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK; (G.P.); (A.H.H.)
| | - Ahlam Haj Hasan
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK; (G.P.); (A.H.H.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | | | - Shameem Fawdar
- Axonova Ltd., Grand Port 51405, Mauritius; (P.R.); (S.F.); (F.B.)
| | - Fabien Boulle
- Axonova Ltd., Grand Port 51405, Mauritius; (P.R.); (S.F.); (F.B.)
| | - Marcel Jaspars
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK; (G.P.); (A.H.H.)
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3
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Sierra K, de Andrade JP, R Tallini L, Osorio EH, Yañéz O, Osorio MI, Oleas NH, García-Beltrán O, de S Borges W, Bastida J, Osorio E, Cortes N. In vitro and in silico analysis of galanthine from Zephyranthes carinata as an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:113016. [PMID: 35483192 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Zephyranthes carinata Herb., a specie of the Amaryllidoideae subfamily, has been reported to have inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase. However, scientific evidence related to their bioactive alkaloids has been lacking. Thus, this study describes the isolation of the alkaloids of this plant, and their inhibition of the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (eeAChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (eqBuChE), being galanthine the main component. Additionally, haemanthamine, hamayne, lycoramine, lycorine, tazettine, trisphaeridine and vittatine/crinine were also isolated. The results showed that galanthine has significant activity at low micromolar concentrations for eeAChE (IC50 = 1.96 μg/mL). The in-silico study allowed to establish at a molecular level the high affinity and the way galanthine interacts with the active site of the TcAChE enzyme, information that corroborates the result of the experimental IC50. However, according to molecular dynamics (MD) analysis, it is also suggested that galanthine presents a different inhibition mode that the one observed for galanthamine, by presenting interaction with peripheral anionic binding site of the enzyme, which prevents the entrance and exit of molecules from the active site. Thus, in vitro screening assays plus rapid computer development play an essential role in the search for new cholinesterase inhibitors by identifying unknown bio-interactions between bioactive compounds and biological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Sierra
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquía UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jean Paulo de Andrade
- Núcleo Científico Multidisciplinario, Dirección de Investigación, Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, CP 3460000, Talca, Chile
| | - Luciana R Tallini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, 90610-0000 Porto Alegre, Brazil; Grup de Productes Naturals, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edison H Osorio
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad de Ibagué, Carrera 22 calle 67, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Osvaldo Yañéz
- Center of New Drugs for Hypertension (CENDHY), Santiago 8380494, Chile; Facultad de Ingeniería y Negocios, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago 7500000, Chile
| | - Manuel Isaías Osorio
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nora H Oleas
- Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb) e Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos, Facultad de Ciencias de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Machala y Sabanilla, EC170301 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Olimpo García-Beltrán
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad de Ibagué, Carrera 22 calle 67, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Warley de S Borges
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Avenida Fernando Ferrari 514, Goiabeiras, 29075-910 Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Jaume Bastida
- Grup de Productes Naturals, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edison Osorio
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquía UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Natalie Cortes
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad de Ibagué, Carrera 22 calle 67, Ibagué, Colombia.
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4
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Uliassi E, Nikolic L, Bolognesi ML, Legname G. Therapeutic strategies for identifying small molecules against prion diseases. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 392:337-347. [PMID: 34989851 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03573-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders, for which there are no effective therapeutic and diagnostic agents. The main pathological hallmark has been identified as conformational changes of the cellular isoform prion protein (PrPC) to a misfolded isoform of the prion protein (PrPSc). Targeting PrPC and its conversion to PrPSc is still the central dogma in prion drug discovery, particularly in in silico and in vitro screening endeavors, leading to the identification of many small molecules with therapeutic potential. Nonetheless, multiple pathological targets are critically involved in the intricate pathogenesis of prion diseases. In this context, multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) emerge as valuable therapeutic approach for their potential to effectively counteract the complex etiopathogenesis by simultaneously modulating multiple targets. In addition, diagnosis occurs late in the disease process, and consequently a successful therapeutic intervention cannot be provided. In this respect, small molecule theranostics, which combine imaging and therapeutic properties, showed tremendous potential to cure and diagnose in vivo prion diseases. Herein, we review the major advances in prion drug discovery, from anti-prion small molecules identified by means of in silico and in vitro screening approaches to two rational strategies, namely MTDLs and theranostics, that have led to the identification of novel compounds with an expanded anti-prion profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Uliassi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lea Nikolic
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore Di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Legname
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore Di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy.
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5
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Hassanzadeh M, Hassanzadeh F, Khodarahmi GA, Rostami M, Azimi F, Nadri H, Homayouni Moghadam F. Design, synthesis, and bio-evaluation of new isoindoline-1,3-dione derivatives as possible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. Res Pharm Sci 2021; 16:482-492. [PMID: 34522196 PMCID: PMC8407153 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.323915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: Alzheimer’s disease is considered one of the lead causes of elderly death around the world. A significant decrease in acetylcholine level in the brain is common in most patients with Alzheimer’s disease, therefore acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors such as donepezil and rivastigmine are widely used for patients with limited therapeutic results and major side effects. Experimental approach: A series of isoindoline-1,3-dione -N-benzyl pyridinium hybrids were designed, synthesized and evaluated as anti-Alzheimer agents with cholinesterase inhibitory activities. The structure of the compounds were confirmed by various methods of analysis such as HNMR, CNMR, and FT-IR. Molecular modeling studies were also performed to identify the possible interactions between neprilysin and synthesized compounds. Findings/Results: The biological screening results indicated that all synthesized compounds displayed potent inhibitory activity with IC50 values ranging from 2.1 to 7.4 μM. Among synthesized compounds, para-fluoro substituted compounds 7a and 7f exhibited the highest inhibitory potency against AChE (IC50 = 2.1 μM). Molecular modeling studies indicated that the most potent compounds were able to interact with both catalytic and peripheral active sites of the enzyme. Also, some of the most potent compounds (7a, 7c, and 7f) demonstrated a neuroprotective effect against H2O2-induced cell death in PC12 neurons. Conclusion and implications: The synthesized compounds demonstrated moderate to good AChE inhibitory effect with results higher than rivastigmine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motahareh Hassanzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Farshid Hassanzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Ghadam Ali Khodarahmi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Mahbobe Rostami
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Fateme Azimi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Hamid Nadri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Farshad Homayouni Moghadam
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
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6
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Ghafary S, Nadri H, Mahdavi M, Moradi A, Akbarzadeh T, Sharifzadeh M, Edraki N, Moghadam FH, Amini M. Anticholinesterase Activity of Cinnamic Acids Derivatives: In Vitro, In Vivo Biological Evaluation, and Docking Study. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180817666191224094049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Acetylcholine deficiency in the hippocampus and cortex, aggregation of
amyloid-beta, and beta-secretase overactivity have been introduced as the main reasons in the
formation of Alzheimer’s disease.
Objective:
A new series of cinnamic derived acids linked to 1-benzyl-1,2,3-triazole moiety were
designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and
butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibitory activities.
Methods:
Colorimetric Ellman’s method was used for the determination of IC50% of AchE and
BuChE inhibitory activity. The kinetic studies, neuroprotective activity, BACE1 inhibitory activity,
evaluation of inhibitory potency on Aβ1-42 self-aggregation induced by AchE, and docking study
were performed for studying the mechanism of action.
Results:
Some of the synthesized compounds, compound 7b-4 ((E)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-((1-
(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-yl) methyl) acrylamide) depicted the most potent
acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities ( IC50 = 5.27 μM ) and compound 7a-1 (N- ( (1- benzyl-
1H- 1, 2, 3- triazole - 4-yl) methyl) cinnamamide) demonstrated the most potent
butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities (IC50 = 1.75 μM). Compound 7b-4 showed
neuroprotective and β-secretase (BACE1) inhibitory activitiy. In vivo studies of compound 7b-4 in
Scopolamine-induced dysfunction confirmed memory improvement.
Conculusion:
It should be noted that molecular modeling (compounds 7b-4 and 7a-1) and kinetic
studies (compounds 7a-1 and 7b-4) showed that these synthesis compounds interacted
simultaneously with both the catalytic site (CS) and peripheral anionic site (PAS) of AChE and
BuChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Ghafary
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Design and Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Nadri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, ShahidSadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Moradi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, ShahidSadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Akbarzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Design and Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sharifzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Najmeh Edraki
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farshad Homayouni Moghadam
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Amini
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Design and Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Tehrani MB, Rezaei Z, Asadi M, Behnammanesh H, Nadri H, Afsharirad F, Moradi A, Larijani B, Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani M, Mahdavi M. Design, Synthesis, and Cholinesterase Inhibition Assay of Coumarin-3-carboxamide-N-morpholine Hybrids as New Anti-Alzheimer Agents. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1900144. [PMID: 31155827 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A new series of coumarin-3-carboxamide-N-morpholine hybrids 5a-5l was designed and synthesized as cholinesterases inhibitors. The synthetic approach for title compounds was started from the reaction between 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde derivatives and Meldrum's acid to afford corresponding coumarin-3-carboxylic acids. Then, amidation of the latter compounds with 2-morpholinoethylamine or N-(3-aminopropyl)morpholine led to the formation of the compounds 5a-5l. The in vitro inhibition screen against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) revealed that most of the synthesized compounds had potent AChE inhibitory while their BuChE inhibitions are moderate to weak. Among them, propylmorpholine derivative 5g (N-[3-(morpholin-4-yl)propyl]-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxamide) bearing an unsubstituted coumarin moiety and ethylmorpholine derivative 5d (6-bromo-N-[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl]-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxamide) bearing a 6-bromocoumarin moiety showed the most activity against AChE and BuChE, respectively. The inhibitory activity of compound 5g against AChE was 1.78 times more than that of rivastigmine and anti-BuChE activity of compound 5d is approximately same as rivastigmine. Kinetic and docking studies confirmed the dual binding site ability of compound 5g to inhibit AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliheh Barazandeh Tehrani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417653761, Iran
| | - Zahra Rezaei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417653761, Iran
| | - Mehdi Asadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417653761, Iran
| | - Hossein Behnammanesh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417653761, Iran
| | - Hamid Nadri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, 8915173160, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Afsharirad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417653761, Iran
| | - Alireza Moradi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, 8915173160, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417653761, Iran
| | - Maryam Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, 4717647745, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417653761, Iran
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8
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Mollazadeh M, Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani M, Zonouzi A, Nadri H, Najafi Z, Larijani B, Mahdavi M. New benzyl pyridinium derivatives bearing 2,4-dioxochroman moiety as potent agents for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and docking study. Bioorg Chem 2019; 87:506-515. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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9
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Ghafary S, Najafi Z, Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani M, Nadri H, Edraki N, Ayashi N, Larijani B, Amini M, Mahdavi M. Novel cinnamic acid-tryptamine hybrids as potent butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors: Synthesis, biological evaluation, and docking study. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2018; 351:e1800115. [PMID: 30284339 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201800115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of cinnamic acid-tryptamine hybrids was designed, synthesized, and evaluated as cholinesterase inhibitors. Anticholinesterase assays showed that all of the synthesized compounds displayed a clearly selective inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), but only a moderate inhibitory effect toward acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was detected. Among these cinnamic acid-tryptamine hybrids, compound 7d was found to be the most potent inhibitor of BChE with an IC50 value of 0.55 ± 0.04 μM. This compound showed a 14-fold higher inhibitory potency than the standard drug donepezil (IC50 = 7.79 ± 0.81 μM) and inhibited BChE through a mixed-type inhibition mode. Moreover, a docking study revealed that compound 7d binds to both the catalytic anionic site (CAS) and the peripheral anionic site (PAS) of BChE. Also, compound 7d was evaluated against β-secretase, which exhibited low activity (inhibition percentage: 38%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Ghafary
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Najafi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Medicinal Plants and Natural Products Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Maryam Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hamid Nadri
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Najmeh Edraki
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Neda Ayashi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Amini
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Drug Design and Development Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Relat J, Pérez B, Camps P, Muñoz-Torrero D, Badia A, Victòria Clos M. Huprine X Attenuates The Neurotoxicity Induced by Kainic Acid, Especially Brain Inflammation. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 122:94-103. [PMID: 28724203 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Huprine X (HX) is a synthetic anticholinesterasic compound that exerts a potent inhibitory action on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, an agonist effect on cholinergic receptors, neuroprotective activity in different neurotoxicity models in vivo and in vitro and cognition enhancing effects in non-transgenic (C57BL/6) and transgenic (3xTg-AD, APPswe) mice. In this study, we assessed the ability of HX (0.8 mg/kg, 21 days) to prevent the damage induced by kainic acid (KA; 28 mg/kg) regarding apoptosis, glia reactivity and neurogenesis in mouse brain. KA administration significantly modified the levels of pAkt1, Bcl2, pGSK3β, p25/p35, increased the glial cell markers and reduced the neurogenesis process. We also observed that pre-treatment with HX significantly reduced the p25/p35 ratio and increased synaptophysin levels, which suggests a protective effect against apoptosis and an improvement of neuroplasticity. The increase in GFAP (88%) and Iba-1 (72%) induced by KA was totally prevented by HX pre-treatment, underlying a relevant anti-inflammatory action of the anticholinesterasic drug. Our findings highlight the potential of HX, in particular, and of AChEIs, in general, to treat a number of diseases that course with both cognitive deficits and chronic inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Relat
- Institute of Neurosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belén Pérez
- Institute of Neurosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pelayo Camps
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Unit Associated to the CSIC), Faculty of Agriculture and Science of Food and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Muñoz-Torrero
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Unit Associated to the CSIC), Faculty of Agriculture and Science of Food and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Badia
- Institute of Neurosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Victòria Clos
- Institute of Neurosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Shaik JB, Palaka BK, Penumala M, Kotapati KV, Devineni SR, Eadlapalli S, Darla MM, Ampasala DR, Vadde R, Amooru GD. Synthesis, pharmacological assessment, molecular modeling and in silico studies of fused tricyclic coumarin derivatives as a new family of multifunctional anti-Alzheimer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 107:219-32. [PMID: 26588065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of fused tricyclic coumarin derivatives bearing iminopyran ring connected to various amido moieties were developed as potential multifunctional anti-Alzheimer agents for their cholinesterase inhibitory and radical scavenging activities. In vitro studies revealed that most of these compounds exhibited high inhibitory activity on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), with IC50 values ranging from 0.003 to 0.357 μM which is 2-220 folds more potent than the positive control, galantamine. Their inhibition selectivity against AChE over butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) has increased about 194 fold compared with galantamine. The developed compounds also showed potent ABTS radical scavenging activity (IC50 7.98-15.99 μM). Specifically, the most potent AChE inhibitor 6n (IC50 0.003 ± 0.0007 μM) has an excellent antioxidant profile as determined by the ABTS method (IC50 7.98 ± 0.77 μM). Moreover, cell viability studies in SK N SH cells showed that the compounds 6m-q have significant neuroprotective effects against H2O2-induced cell death, and are not neurotoxic at all concentrations except 6n and 6q. The kinetic analysis of compound 6n proved that it is a mixed-type inhibitor for EeAChE (Ki1 0.0103 μM and Ki2 0.0193 μM). Accordingly, the molecular modeling study demonstrated that 6m-q with substituted benzyl amido moiety possessed an optimal docking pose with interactions at catalytic active site (CAS) and peripheral anionic site (PAS) of AChE simultaneously and thereby they might prevent aggregation of Aβ induced by AChE. Furthermore, in silico ADMET prediction studies indicated that these compounds satisfied all the characteristics of CNS acting drugs. Most active inhibitor 6n is permeable to BBB as determined in the in vivo brain AChE activity. To sum up, the multipotent therapuetic profile of these novel tricyclic coumarins makes them promising leads for developing anti-Alzheimer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bhagath Kumar Palaka
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry Central University, Puducherry, India
| | - Mohan Penumala
- Department of Chemistry, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, India
| | - Kasi Viswanath Kotapati
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry Central University, Puducherry, India
| | - Subba Rao Devineni
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Sciences, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India
| | - Siddhartha Eadlapalli
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, India
| | - M Manidhar Darla
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Sciences, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India
| | - Dinakara Rao Ampasala
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry Central University, Puducherry, India
| | - Ramakrishna Vadde
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, India
| | - G Damu Amooru
- Department of Chemistry, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, India.
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12
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Interaction of prion protein with acetylcholinesterase: potential pathobiological implications in prion diseases. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2015; 3:18. [PMID: 25853328 PMCID: PMC4383067 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-015-0188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prion protein (PrP) binds to various molecular partners, but little is known about their potential impact on the pathogenesis of prion diseases RESULTS Here, we show that PrP can interact in vitro with acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a key protein of the cholinergic system in neural and non-neural tissues. This heterologous association induced aggregation of monomeric PrP and modified the structural properties of PrP amyloid fibrils. Following its recruitment into PrP fibrils, AChE loses its enzymatic activity and enhances PrP-mediated cytotoxicity. Using several truncated PrP variants and specific tight-binding AChE inhibitors (AChEis), we then demonstrate that the PrP-AChE interaction requires two mutually exclusive sub-sites in PrP N-terminal domain and an aromatic-rich region at the entrance of AChE active center gorge. We show that AChEis that target this site impair PrP-AChE complex formation and also limit the accumulation of pathological prion protein (PrPSc) in prion-infected cell cultures. Furthermore, reduction of AChE levels in prion-infected heterozygous AChE knock-out mice leads to slightly but significantly prolonged incubation time. Finally, we found that AChE levels were altered in prion-infected cells and tissues, suggesting that AChE might be directly associated with abnormal PrP. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that AChE deserves consideration as a new actor in expanding pathologically relevant PrP morphotypes and as a therapeutic target.
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13
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Benzofuran-derived benzylpyridinium bromides as potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 93:196-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Indolinone-based acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: synthesis, biological activity and molecular modeling. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 84:375-81. [PMID: 25036795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of indolinone-based compounds bearing benzylpyridinium moiety was designed as dual-binding inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The target compounds 3a-u were synthesized by condensation of oxindole and pyridin-4-carbalehyde, and subsequent N-benzylation. The anti-cholinesterase activity evaluation of synthesized compounds revealed that most of them had very potent inhibitory activity against AChE, superior to standard drug donepezil. Particularly, 2-chlorobenzyl derivative 3c was the most potent compound against AChE with IC50 value of 0.44 nM, being 32-fold more potent than donepezil. Also, most of compounds were more potent than standard drug donepezil against butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). Docking study revealed that the hydrophobic aromatic part (indoline) of representative compound 3c binds to the PAS and the N-benzylpyridinium residue binds to the CAS of AChE.
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15
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Khoobi M, Alipour M, Sakhteman A, Nadri H, Moradi A, Ghandi M, Emami S, Foroumadi A, Shafiee A. Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and docking study of 5-oxo-4,5-dihydropyrano[3,2-c]chromene derivatives as acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 68:260-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Pera M, Camps P, Muñoz-Torrero D, Perez B, Badia A, Clos Guillen MV. Undifferentiated and differentiated PC12 cells protected by huprines against injury induced by hydrogen peroxide. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74344. [PMID: 24086337 PMCID: PMC3781080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays a central role in the stress. Huprines, a group of potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), have shown a broad cholinergic pharmacological profile. Recently, it has been observed that huprine X (HX) improves cognition in non transgenic middle aged mice and shows a neuroprotective activity (increased synaptophysin expression) in 3xTg-AD mice. Consequently, in the present experiments the potential neuroprotective effect of huprines (HX, HY, HZ) has been analyzed in two different in vitro conditions: undifferentiated and NGF-differentiated PC12 cells. Cells were subjected to oxidative insult (H2O2, 200 µM) and the protective effects of HX, HY and HZ (0.01 µM–1 µM) were analyzed after a pre-incubation period of 24 and 48 hours. All huprines showed protective effects in both undifferentiated and NGF-differentiated cells, however only in differentiated cells the effect was dependent on cholinergic receptors as atropine (muscarinic antagonist, 0.1 µM) and mecamylamine (nicotinic antagonist, 100 µM) reverted the neuroprotection action of huprines. The decrease in SOD activity observed after oxidative insult was overcome in the presence of huprines and this effect was not mediated by muscarinic or nicotinic receptors. In conclusion, huprines displayed neuroprotective properties as previously observed in in vivo studies. In addition, these effects were mediated by cholinergic receptors only in differentiated cells. However, a non-cholinergic mechanism, probably through an increase in SOD activity, seems to be also involved in the neuroprotective effects of huprines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pera
- Departament de Farmacologia, de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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18
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Galdeano C, Viayna E, Sola I, Formosa X, Camps P, Badia A, Clos MV, Relat J, Ratia M, Bartolini M, Mancini F, Andrisano V, Salmona M, Minguillón C, González-Muñoz GC, Rodríguez-Franco MI, Bidon-Chanal A, Luque FJ, Muñoz-Torrero D. Huprine–Tacrine Heterodimers as Anti-Amyloidogenic Compounds of Potential Interest against Alzheimer’s and Prion Diseases. J Med Chem 2012; 55:661-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200840c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carles Galdeano
- Laboratori
de Química
Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028
Barcelona, Spain
- Institut
de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Viayna
- Laboratori
de Química
Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028
Barcelona, Spain
- Institut
de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Sola
- Laboratori
de Química
Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028
Barcelona, Spain
- Institut
de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Formosa
- Laboratori
de Química
Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028
Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pelayo Camps
- Laboratori
de Química
Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028
Barcelona, Spain
- Institut
de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Badia
- Departament
de Farmacologia, de
Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra,
Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Victòria Clos
- Departament
de Farmacologia, de
Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra,
Barcelona, Spain
| | - Júlia Relat
- Departament
de Farmacologia, de
Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra,
Barcelona, Spain
| | - Míriam Ratia
- Departament
de Farmacologia, de
Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra,
Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna University, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Mancini
- Department
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna University, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna University, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mario Salmona
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry
and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Minguillón
- Laboratori
de Química
Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028
Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Axel Bidon-Chanal
- Departament de Fisicoquímica,
Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - F. Javier Luque
- Institut
de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Fisicoquímica,
Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Muñoz-Torrero
- Laboratori
de Química
Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028
Barcelona, Spain
- Institut
de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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A review on coumarins as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 20:1175-80. [PMID: 22257528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme inhibition is an important target for the management of Alzheimer disease (AD) and AChE inhibitors are the main stay drugs for its management. Coumarins are the phytochemicals with wide range of biological activities including AChE inhibition. The scientists have attempted to explore the coumarin template for synthesizing novel AChE inhibitors with additional pharmacological activities including decrease in beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposition and beta-secretase inhibition that are also important for AD management. Most of the designed schemes have involved incorporation of a catalytic site interacting moiety at 3- and 4-positions of the coumarin ring. The present review describes these differently synthesized coumarin derivatives as AChE inhibitors for management of AD.
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20
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Carvajal FJ, Inestrosa NC. Interactions of AChE with Aβ Aggregates in Alzheimer's Brain: Therapeutic Relevance of IDN 5706. Front Mol Neurosci 2011; 4:19. [PMID: 21949501 PMCID: PMC3172730 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) plays a crucial role in the rapid hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, in the central and peripheral nervous system and might also participate in non-cholinergic mechanism related to neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive deterioration of cognitive abilities, amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide accumulation and synaptic alterations. We have previously shown that AChE is able to accelerate the Aβ peptide assembly into Alzheimer-type aggregates increasing its neurotoxicity. Furthermore, AChE activity is altered in brain and blood of Alzheimer’s patients. The enzyme associated to amyloid plaques changes its enzymatic and pharmacological properties, as well as, increases its resistant to low pH, inhibitors and excess of substrate. Here, we reviewed the effects of IDN 5706, a hyperforin derivative that has potential preventive effects on the development of AD. Our results show that treatment with IDN 5706 for 10 weeks increases brain AChE activity in 7-month-old double transgenic mice (APPSWE–PS1) and decreases the content of AChE associated with different types of amyloid plaques in this Alzheimer’s model. We concluded that early treatment with IDN 5706 decreases AChE–Aβ interaction and this effect might be of therapeutic interest in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Carvajal
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
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Choi JK, Jeon YC, Lee DW, Oh JM, Lee HP, Jeong BH, Carp RI, Koh YH, Kim YS. A Drosophila model of GSS syndrome suggests defects in active zones are responsible for pathogenesis of GSS syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:4474-89. [PMID: 20829230 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have established a Drosophila model of Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) syndrome by expressing mouse prion protein (PrP) having leucine substitution at residue 101 (MoPrP(P101L)). Flies expressing MoPrP(P101L), but not wild-type MoPrP (MoPrP(3F4)), showed severe defects in climbing ability and early death. Expressed MoPrP(P101L) in Drosophila was differentially glycosylated, localized at the synaptic terminals and mainly present as deposits in adult brains. We found that behavioral defects and early death of MoPrP(P101L) flies were not due to Caspase 3-dependent programmed cell death signaling. In addition, we found that Type 1 glutamatergic synaptic boutons in larval neuromuscular junctions of MoPrP(P101L) flies showed significantly increased numbers of satellite synaptic boutons. Furthermore, the amount of Bruchpilot and Discs large in MoPrP(P101L) flies was significantly reduced. Brains from scrapie-infected mice showed significantly decreased ELKS, an active zone matrix marker compared with those of age-matched control mice. Thus, altered active zone structures at the molecular level may be involved in the pathogenesis of GSS syndrome in Drosophila and scrapie-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Kyu Choi
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, 1605-4 Gwanyangdong Dongangu, Anyang, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
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