1
|
Parthiban S, Kowsalya B, Parthiban M, Ramesh A, Raja P, Gopal K, Jaisree S, Thangathurai R, Senthilkumar K. Molecular Analysis of Classical Swine Fever Virus Associated Field Infections Evidence Novel CSFV Sub Genotype in Tamil Nadu, Southern India. Indian J Microbiol 2024; 64:1347-1354. [PMID: 39282161 PMCID: PMC11399502 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-024-01345-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is an endemic and major viral infection of Indian swine husbandry, contributing to great economic losses with multiple genotypes associated with vast clinical and subclinical outcomes. Molecular detection and genotyping of CSF virus directly from field samples has great application in disease monitoring and control measures hence this study aimed to isolate and characterize CSFV genotypes circulating in southern states of India. Fifty-seven porcine post-mortem tissues (lymph nodes, spleens, livers, lungs, and kidneys) collected from pigs suspected of systemic infections and sudden death with the history of live attenuated CSF vaccination from different regions of Tamil Nadu were used in this study. An NS5B gene based CSFV specific RT-PCR screening confirmed CSFV positivity in 7% (4/57) of samples with a specific amplicon of 449 bp. Further molecular screening for other viral co-infections such as PCV2, PPV and PRRSV done by specific individual PCR assays to all the samples. Non-involvement of above screened three viral pathogens in all four field samples which showed positivity for CSFV confirming CSFV as primary pathogen. Two RT-PCR positive samples (TNI-4 and CHNL-2) selected randomly and sequenced. Aligned contig sequences of both samples were subjected to BLAST homology search and phylogentic characterization. BLAST study of TNI-4 sequence revealed 99% sequence identity with Indian CSFV sequences of genotype 1 and CHNL-2 showed 98% sequence identity with Indian CSFV sequences of genotype 2. Phylogenetic analysis of the TNI-4 and CHNL-2 sequences obtained in this study along with 38 published CSFV sequences consisting of all 5 new genotypes and 14 sub genotypes through the Maximum Likelihood tree method in MEGA 11 revealed that TNI-4 clustering together with 1.7 sub genotypes and CHNL-2 clustering together with 2.2 sub genotypes. TNI-4 and CHNL-2 partial NS5B gene sequences obtained in this study deposited in the GenBank database under accession numbers of MW822568 and MW822569 respectively. The study is the first to report CSF infections associated with the newer 1.7 sub genotype in Tamil Nadu, southern India. It is possible that vaccination could affect the genetic diversity of the CSFV through recombination and point mutations for immune evasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Parthiban
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600007 India
| | - B Kowsalya
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600007 India
| | - M Parthiban
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600007 India
| | - A Ramesh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, 600007 India
| | - P Raja
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600007 India
| | - K Gopal
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, VCRI, Namakkal, 637002 India
| | - S Jaisree
- Central University Laboratory, MMC, TANUVAS, Chennai, 600051 India
| | - R Thangathurai
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, VCRI, Tirunelveli, 627358 India
| | - K Senthilkumar
- Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kamboj A, Dumka S, Saxena MK, Singh Y, Kaur BP, da Silva SJR, Kumar S. A Comprehensive Review of Our Understanding and Challenges of Viral Vaccines against Swine Pathogens. Viruses 2024; 16:833. [PMID: 38932126 PMCID: PMC11209531 DOI: 10.3390/v16060833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pig farming has become a strategically significant and economically important industry across the globe. It is also a potentially vulnerable sector due to challenges posed by transboundary diseases in which viral infections are at the forefront. Among the porcine viral diseases, African swine fever, classical swine fever, foot and mouth disease, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, pseudorabies, swine influenza, and transmissible gastroenteritis are some of the diseases that cause substantial economic losses in the pig industry. It is a well-established fact that vaccination is undoubtedly the most effective strategy to control viral infections in animals. From the period of Jenner and Pasteur to the recent new-generation technology era, the development of vaccines has contributed significantly to reducing the burden of viral infections on animals and humans. Inactivated and modified live viral vaccines provide partial protection against key pathogens. However, there is a need to improve these vaccines to address emerging infections more comprehensively and ensure their safety. The recent reports on new-generation vaccines against swine viruses like DNA, viral-vector-based replicon, chimeric, peptide, plant-made, virus-like particle, and nanoparticle-based vaccines are very encouraging. The current review gathers comprehensive information on the available vaccines and the future perspectives on porcine viral vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aman Kamboj
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, Uttarakhand, India; (A.K.); (M.K.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Shaurya Dumka
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India; (S.D.); (B.P.K.)
| | - Mumtesh Kumar Saxena
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, Uttarakhand, India; (A.K.); (M.K.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yashpal Singh
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, Uttarakhand, India; (A.K.); (M.K.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Bani Preet Kaur
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India; (S.D.); (B.P.K.)
| | | | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India; (S.D.); (B.P.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Acosta A, Dietze K, Baquero O, Osowski GV, Imbacuan C, Burbano A, Ferreira F, Depner K. Risk Factors and Spatiotemporal Analysis of Classical Swine Fever in Ecuador. Viruses 2023; 15:288. [PMID: 36851503 PMCID: PMC9966056 DOI: 10.3390/v15020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is one of the most important re-emergent swine diseases worldwide. Despite concerted control efforts in the Andean countries, the disease remains endemic in several areas, limiting production and trade opportunities. In this study, we aimed to determine the risk factors and spatiotemporal implications associated with CSF in Ecuador. We analysed passive surveillance and vaccination campaign datasets from 2014 to 2020; Then, we structured a herd-level case-control study using a logistic and spatiotemporal Bayesian model. The results showed that the risk factors that increased the odds of CSF occurrence were the following: swill feeding (OR 8.53), time until notification (OR 2.44), introduction of new pigs during last month (OR 2.01) and lack of vaccination against CSF (OR 1.82). The spatiotemporal model showed that vaccination reduces the risk by 33%. According to the priority index, the intervention should focus on Morona Santiago and Los Rios provinces. In conclusion, the results highlight the complexity of the CSF control programs, the importance to improve the overall surveillance system and the need to inform decision-makers and stakeholders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Acosta
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Klaas Dietze
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Oswaldo Baquero
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Germana Vizzotto Osowski
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Christian Imbacuan
- General Coordination of Animal Health, Phyto-Zoosanitary Regulation and Control Agency, Quito 170903, Ecuador
| | - Alexandra Burbano
- General Coordination of Animal Health, Phyto-Zoosanitary Regulation and Control Agency, Quito 170903, Ecuador
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Klaus Depner
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xia YJ, Xu L, Zhao JJ, Li YX, Wu RZ, Song XP, Zhao QZ, Liu YB, Wang Q, Zhang QY. Development of a quadruple PCR-based gene microarray for detection of vaccine and wild-type classical swine fever virus, African swine fever virus and atypical porcine pestivirus. Virol J 2022; 19:201. [PMID: 36447230 PMCID: PMC9708128 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01933-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classical swine fever (CSF), African swine fever (ASF), and atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) are acute, virulent, and contagious viral diseases currently hampering the pig industry in China, which result in mummification or stillbirths in piglets and mortality in pigs. Diagnostic assays for the differentiation of infection and vaccination of CSFV, in addition to the detection of ASFV and APPV, are urgently required for better prevention, control, and elimination of these viral diseases in China. METHODS A quadruple PCR-based gene microarray assay was developed in this study to simultaneously detect wild-type and vaccine CSFV strains, ASFV and APPV according to their conserved regions. Forty-two laboratory-confirmed samples, including positive samples of 10 other swine viral diseases, were tested using this assay to confirm its high specificity. RESULTS This assay's limit of detections (LODs) for the wild-type and vaccine CSFV were 6.98 and 6.92 copies/µL. LODs for ASFV and APPV were 2.56 × 10 and 1.80 × 10 copies/µL, respectively. When compared with standard RT-PCR or qPCR for CSFV (GB/T 26875-2018), ASFV (MARR issue No.172), or APPV (CN108611442A) using 219 clinical samples, the coincidence was 100%. The results showed that this assay with high sensitivity could specifically distinguish ASFV, APPV, and CSFV, including CSFV infection and immunization. CONCLUSION This assay provides a practical, simple, economic, and reliable test for the rapid detection and accurate diagnosis of the three viruses and may have good prospects for application in an epidemiological investigation, prevention, and control and elimination of these three diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-ju Xia
- grid.418540.cChina Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Xu
- grid.418540.cChina Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun-jie Zhao
- grid.418540.cChina Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan-xi Li
- grid.418540.cChina Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui-zhi Wu
- grid.418540.cChina Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang-peng Song
- grid.418540.cChina Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi-zu Zhao
- grid.418540.cChina Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye-bing Liu
- grid.418540.cChina Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Wang
- grid.418540.cChina Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian-yi Zhang
- grid.418540.cChina Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu Y, Bahoussi AN, Wang PH, Wu C, Xing L. Complete genome sequences of classical swine fever virus: Phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1021734. [PMID: 36225377 PMCID: PMC9549409 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1021734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical swine fever virus (CSFV) outbreaks cause colossal losses of pigs and drastic economic impacts. The current phylogenetic CSFV groups were determined mainly based on the partial genome. Herein, 203 complete genomic sequences of CSFVs collected worldwide between 1998 and 2018 available on the GenBank database were retrieved for re-genotyping and recombination analysis. The maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree determined two main groups, GI and GII, with multiple sub-genotypes. The “strain 39” (GenBank ID: AF407339), previously identified as belonging to sub-genotypes 1.1 or 2.2 based on the partial sequences, is found to be genetically distinct and independent, forming a new lineage depicted as GI-2.2b. Ten potential natural recombination events were identified, seven of which were collected in China and found involved in the genetic diversity of CSFVs. Importantly, the vaccine strains and highly virulent strains were all involved in the recombination events, which would induce extra challenges to vaccine development. These findings alarm that attenuated vaccines should be applied with discretion and recommend using subunit vaccines in parallel with other preventive strategies for better management of CSFVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, Taiyuan, China
| | | | - Pei-Hua Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Changxin Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, Taiyuan, China
| | - Li Xing
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Li Xing
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bohórquez JA, Wang M, Díaz I, Alberch M, Pérez-Simó M, Rosell R, Gladue DP, Borca MV, Ganges L. The FlagT4G Vaccine Confers a Strong and Regulated Immunity and Early Virological Protection against Classical Swine Fever. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091954. [PMID: 36146761 PMCID: PMC9502879 DOI: 10.3390/v14091954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in endemic countries relies on vaccination, mostly using vaccines that do not allow for differentiation of vaccinated from infected animals (DIVA). FlagT4G vaccine is a novel candidate that confers robust immunity and shows DIVA capabilities. The present study assessed the immune response elicited by FlagT4G and its capacity to protect pigs for a short time after vaccination. Five days after a single dose of FlagT4G vaccine, animals were challenged with a highly virulent CSFV strain. A strong, but regulated, interferon-α response was found after vaccination. Vaccinated animals showed clinical and virological protection against the challenge, in the absence of antibody response at 5 days post-vaccination. Upon challenge, a rapid rise in the titers of CSFV neutralizing antibodies and an increase in the IFN-γ producing cells were noticed in all vaccinated-challenged pigs. Meanwhile, unvaccinated pigs showed severe clinical signs and high viral replication, being euthanized before the end of the trial. These animals were unable to generate neutralizing antibodies and IFN-γ responses after the CSFV challenge. The results from the present study assert the fast and efficient protection by FlagT4G, a highly promising tool for CSFV control worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Alejandro Bohórquez
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivan Díaz
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Alberch
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez-Simó
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Rosell
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament d’Acció Climàtica, Alimentació i Agenda Rural, Generalitat de Catalunya, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Greenport, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- Correspondence: (D.P.G.); (M.V.B.); (L.G.)
| | - Manuel V. Borca
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Greenport, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- Correspondence: (D.P.G.); (M.V.B.); (L.G.)
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.P.G.); (M.V.B.); (L.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mi S, Wang L, Li H, Bao F, Madera R, Shi X, Zhang L, Mao Y, Yan R, Xia X, Gong W, Shi J, Tu C. Characterization of monoclonal antibodies that specifically differentiate field isolates from vaccine strains of classical swine fever virus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:930631. [PMID: 35958565 PMCID: PMC9361847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.930631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is a major animal pathogen threatening the global pork industry. To date, numerous anti-CSFV monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and their recognizing epitopes have been reported. However, few mAbs were systematically characterized for the capacity to differentiate field CSFV isolates from CSF vaccine strains, and the molecular basis associated with antigenic differences between vaccines and field isolates is still largely unknown. In the present study, recombinant CSFV structural glycoproteins E2 of both virulent and vaccine strains and Erns of vaccine strain were expressed using eukaryotic cells and murine mAbs generated against E2 and Erns. After serial screening and cloning of the hybridomas, the viral spectra of mAbs were respectively determined by indirect fluorescent antibody assay (IFA) using 108 CSFVs, followed by Western blot analysis using expressed glycoproteins of all CSFV sub-genotypes including vaccine strains. The antigenic structures recognized by these mAbs were characterized by epitope mapping using truncated, chimeric, and site-directed mutated E2 and Erns proteins. We have identified two vaccine-specific, one field isolate-specific, and two universal CSFV-specific mAbs and five novel conformational epitopes with critical amino acid (aa) motifs that are associated with these five mAbs: 213EPD215, 271RXGP274, and 37LXLNDG42 on E2 and 38CKGVP42, W81, and D100/V107 on Erns. Particularly, E213 of E2 is field isolate-specific, while N40 of E2 and D100/V107 of Erns are vaccine strain-specific. Results from our study further indicate that N40D of E2 mutation in field strains was likely produced under positive selection associated with long-term mass vaccination, leading to CSFV evasion of host immune response. Taking together, this study provides new insights into the antigenic structure of CSFV E2 and Erns and the differentiating mAbs will contribute to the development of a diagnostic strategy to differentiate C-strain vaccination from natural infection (DIVA) of CSFV in terms of elimination of CSF in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shijiang Mi
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Hongwei Li
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Bao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Rachel Madera
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Xiju Shi
- Institute of Animal Qurantine Reserach, Science and Technology Research Center of China Customs, Beijing, China
| | - Liying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingying Mao
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renhe Yan
- Department of Research & Development, Guangzhou Bioneeds Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Wenjie Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Changchun Tu, ; Jishu Shi, ; Wenjie Gong,
| | - Jishu Shi
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
- *Correspondence: Changchun Tu, ; Jishu Shi, ; Wenjie Gong,
| | - Changchun Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Changchun Tu, ; Jishu Shi, ; Wenjie Gong,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Phylodynamics of classical swine fever virus in Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1065-1075. [PMID: 35394611 PMCID: PMC9151941 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00724-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical swine fever virus is the etiologic agent of one of the diseases with the greatest impact on swine farming worldwide. An extensive area of Brazil is considered free of the disease, but some states in Northeast Brazil have registered outbreaks since 2001. The objective of this study was to analyze the genetic variations of the virus and its spread over time and space. Partial sequences of the viral E2 protein obtained from samples collected during the Brazilian outbreaks were compared with sequences from the GenBank database (NCBI). The results demonstrated the continuous presence of the virus in the state of Ceará, with diffusion to at least two other states. The Brazilian Northeast virus presents specific polymorphisms that separate it from viruses isolated in other countries.
Collapse
|
9
|
Nguyen NH, Thi Phuong BN, Nguyen TQ, Do Tien D, Nguyen Thi MD, Nguyen MN. Genotypic diversity of CSFV field strains: A silent risk reduces vaccination efficacy of CSFV vaccines in Vietnam. Virology 2022; 571:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
10
|
Huang YL, Meyer D, Postel A, Tsai KJ, Liu HM, Yang CH, Huang YC, Berkley N, Deng MC, Wang FI, Becher P, Crooke H, Chang CY. Identification of a Common Conformational Epitope on the Glycoprotein E2 of Classical Swine Fever Virus and Border Disease Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081655. [PMID: 34452520 PMCID: PMC8402670 DOI: 10.3390/v13081655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) shares high structural and antigenic homology with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and border disease virus (BDV). Because all three viruses can infect swine and elicit cross-reactive antibodies, it is necessary to differentiate among them with regard to serological diagnosis of classical swine fever. To understand the mechanism of cross-reactivity, it is important to define common or specific epitopes of these viruses. For this purpose, epitope mapping of six monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was performed using recombinant expressed antigenic domains of CSFV and BDV E2 proteins. One CSFV-specific conformational epitope and one CSFV and BDV common epitope within domain B/C of E2 were identified. Site-directed mutagenesis confirmed that residues G725 and V738/I738 of the CSFV-specific epitope and P709/L709 and E713 of the second epitope are important for mAbs binding. Infection of CSFV in porcine cells was significantly reduced after pre-incubation of the cells with the domain B/C of E2 or after pre-incubation of CSFV with the mAbs detecting domain B/C. 3D structural modeling suggested that both epitopes are exposed on the surface of E2. Based on this, the identified epitopes represent a potential target for virus neutralization and might be involved in the early steps of CSFV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Liang Huang
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (K.-J.T.); (H.-M.L.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.-C.H.); (M.-C.D.)
| | - Denise Meyer
- EU and OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.M.); (A.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Alexander Postel
- EU and OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.M.); (A.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Kuo-Jung Tsai
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (K.-J.T.); (H.-M.L.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.-C.H.); (M.-C.D.)
| | - Hsin-Meng Liu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (K.-J.T.); (H.-M.L.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.-C.H.); (M.-C.D.)
| | - Chia-Huei Yang
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (K.-J.T.); (H.-M.L.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.-C.H.); (M.-C.D.)
| | - Yu-Chun Huang
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (K.-J.T.); (H.-M.L.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.-C.H.); (M.-C.D.)
| | - Nicholas Berkley
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw KT15 3NB, Surrey, UK;
| | - Ming-Chung Deng
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (K.-J.T.); (H.-M.L.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.-C.H.); (M.-C.D.)
| | - Fun-In Wang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Paul Becher
- EU and OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.M.); (A.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Helen Crooke
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw KT15 3NB, Surrey, UK;
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (C.-Y.C.); Tel.: +44-0-1932-357331 (H.C.); +886-2-2621-2111 (ext. 343) (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Chia-Yi Chang
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tansui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (K.-J.T.); (H.-M.L.); (C.-H.Y.); (Y.-C.H.); (M.-C.D.)
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (C.-Y.C.); Tel.: +44-0-1932-357331 (H.C.); +886-2-2621-2111 (ext. 343) (C.-Y.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Patil SS, Indrabalan UB, Suresh KP, Shome BR. Analysis of codon usage bias of classical swine fever virus. Vet World 2021; 14:1450-1458. [PMID: 34316191 PMCID: PMC8304411 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1450-1458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by CSF virus (CSFV), is a highly contagious disease in pigs causing 100% mortality in susceptible adult pigs and piglets. High mortality rate in pigs causes huge economic loss to pig farmers. CSFV has a positive-sense RNA genome of 12.3 kb in length flanked by untranslated regions at 5’ and 3’ end. The genome codes for a large polyprotein of 3900 amino acids coding for 11 viral proteins. The 1300 codons in the polyprotein are coded by different combinations of three nucleotides which help the infectious agent to evolve itself and adapt to the host environment. This study performed and employed various methods/techniques to estimate the changes occurring in the process of CSFV evolution by analyzing the codon usage pattern. Materials and Methods: The evolution of viruses is widely studied by analyzing their nucleotides and coding regions/codons using various methods. A total of 115 complete coding regions of CSFVs including one complete genome from our laboratory (MH734359) were included in this study and analysis was carried out using various methods in estimating codon usage bias and evolution. This study elaborates on the factors that influence the codon usage pattern. Results: The effective number of codons (ENC) and relative synonymous codon usage showed the presence of codon usage bias. The mononucleotide (A) has a higher frequency compared to the other mononucleotides (G, C, and T). The dinucleotides CG and CC are underrepresented and overrepresented. The codons CGT was underrepresented and AGG was overrepresented. The codon adaptation index value of 0.71 was obtained indicating that there is a similarity in the codon usage bias. The principal component analysis, ENC-plot, Neutrality plot, and Parity Rule 2 plot produced in this article indicate that the CSFV is influenced by the codon usage bias. The mutational pressure and natural selection are the important factors that influence the codon usage bias. Conclusion: The study provides useful information on the codon usage analysis of CSFV and may be utilized to understand the host adaptation to virus environment and its evolution. Further, such findings help in new gene discovery, design of primers/probes, design of transgenes, determination of the origin of species, prediction of gene expression level, and gene function of CSFV. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on codon usage bias involving such a large number of complete CSFVs including one sequence of CSFV from India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharanagouda S Patil
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Uma Bharathi Indrabalan
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Bibek Ranjan Shome
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sawai K, Nishi T, Fukai K, Kato T, Hayama Y, Yamamoto T. Phylogenetic and phylodynamic analysis of a classical swine fever virus outbreak in Japan (2018-2020). Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1529-1538. [PMID: 33890426 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
After 26 years, another classical swine fever virus (CSFV) outbreak in domestic pigs and wild boars occurred in Japan 2018. Herein, we investigated the entry and the spatial dynamics of the CSFV outbreak in Japan using the nearly complete genomes of strains isolated from both wild boars and domestic pigs during this epidemic. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of the Japanese lineage emerged 146 days (95% highest posterior density (HPD): 85-216 days) before the index case was detected. Based on epidemiological analysis, the period for the 95% HPD was 1 month earlier than the time of virus introduction into the index farm. The disease mainly spreads to the adjoining regions during the epidemic, with no spread to the nonadjacent regions. This result indicates that human activities, such as the movement of vehicles, contributed to the infection spread. As cases occurred in nonadjacent regions, the MRCA for the epidemic in the Saitama prefecture was estimated to have emerged 93 days before the date of detection in the initial farm in this region. Similarly, the MRCA for the epidemic in Okinawa prefecture, more than 1,300 km away from the other infected regions, was estimated to have emerged 34 days before the date of detection in the region's primary farm. Therefore, our results indicate that if exotic diseases emerge after a long period of absence or in a disease-free country, a longer period of time will elapse before detection, resulting in further spread. Additionally, subsequent infections occurring in regions distant from the original infected region will require less time for detection than in the original region. This study provides valuable insights into a CSFV outbreak that occurred in a previously CSFV-free country and thus beneficial in enhancing producers' awareness and allow for better preparation for infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Sawai
- Epidemiology Unit, Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishi
- Exotic Disease Research Station, Division of Transboundary Animal Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Fukai
- Exotic Disease Research Station, Division of Transboundary Animal Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kato
- Exotic Disease Research Station, Division of Transboundary Animal Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Yoko Hayama
- Epidemiology Unit, Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takehisa Yamamoto
- Epidemiology Unit, Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Genotyping and Molecular Characterization of Classical Swine Fever Virus Isolated in China during 2016-2018. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040664. [PMID: 33921513 PMCID: PMC8069065 DOI: 10.3390/v13040664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious disease of swine caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV). For decades the disease has been controlled in China by a modified live vaccine (C-strain) of genotype 1. The emergent genotype 2 strains have become predominant in China in the past years that are genetically distant from the vaccine strain. Here, we aimed to evaluate the current infectious status of CSF, and for this purpose 24 isolates of CSFV were identified from different areas of China during 2016–2018. Phylogenetic analysis of NS5B, E2 and full genome revealed that the new isolates were clustered into subgenotype 2.1d and 2.1b, while subgenotype 2.1d was predominant. Moreover, E2 and Erns displayed multiple variations in neutralizing epitope regions. Furthermore, the new isolates exhibited capacity to escape C-strain-derived antibody neutralization compared with the Shimen strain (genotype 1). Potential positive selection sites were identified in antigenic regions of E2 and Erns, which are related with antibody binding affinity. Recombination events were predicted in the new isolates with vaccine strains in the E2 gene region. In conclusion, the new isolates showed molecular variations and antigenic alterations, which provide evidence for the emergence of vaccine-escaping mutants and emphasize the need of updated strategies for CSF control.
Collapse
|
14
|
Suárez-Pedroso M, Sordo-Puga Y, Sosa-Teste I, Rodriguez-Molto MP, Naranjo-Valdés P, Sardina-González T, Santana-Rodríguez E, Montero-Espinosa C, Frías-Laporeaux MT, Fuentes-Rodríguez Y, Pérez-Pérez D, Oliva-Cárdenas A, Pereda CL, González-Fernández N, Bover-Fuentes E, Vargas-Hernández M, Duarte CA, Estrada-García MP. Novel chimeric E2CD154 subunit vaccine is safe and confers long lasting protection against classical swine fever virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 234:110222. [PMID: 33690056 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
E2CD154 is a vaccine candidate against classical swine fever (CSF) based on a chimeric protein composed of the E2 glycoprotein fused to porcine CD154 antigen, and formulated in the oil adjuvant Montanide™ ISA 50 V2. This vaccine confers early protection in pigs and prevents vertical transmission in pregnant sows. The objectives of this study were to assess the safety of this immunogen in piglets, to compare several doses of antigen in the formulation, and to study the duration of the immunity provided by this vaccine for up to 9 months. Three trials were conducted by immunizing pigs with a two-dose regime of the vaccine. Challenge experiments were carried out with the highly pathogenic Margarita strain. No local or systemic adverse effects were documented, and neither macroscopic nor microscopic pathological findings were observed in the vaccinated animals. The three antigen doses explored were safe and induced CSF protective neutralizing antibodies. The dose of 50 μg was selected for further development because it provided the best clinical and virological protection. Finally, this protective immunity was sustained for at least 9 months. This study demonstrates that E2CD154 vaccine is safe; defines a vaccine dose of 50 μg antigen, and evidences the capacity of this vaccine to confer long term protection from CSFV infection for up to 9 months post- vaccination. These findings complement previous data on the evaluation of this vaccine candidate, and suggest that E2CD154 is a promising alternative to modified live vaccines in CSF endemic areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marisela Suárez-Pedroso
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Havana, Cuba.
| | - Yusmel Sordo-Puga
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | - Iliana Sosa-Teste
- Centro para la Producción de Animales de Laboratorio (CENPALAB), Centro de Toxicología Experimental (CETEX), Cuba
| | | | | | - Talía Sardina-González
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | - Elaine Santana-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | - Carlos Montero-Espinosa
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Yohandy Fuentes-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | - Danny Pérez-Pérez
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | - Ayme Oliva-Cárdenas
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | - Carmen Laura Pereda
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), Apdo 10, San José de Las Lajas, Havana, Cuba
| | - Nemecio González-Fernández
- Departamento de Desarrollo de Procesos, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Camagüey, Cuba
| | - Eddy Bover-Fuentes
- Departamento de Desarrollo de Procesos, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Camagüey, Cuba
| | - Milagros Vargas-Hernández
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | - Carlos A Duarte
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | - Mario Pablo Estrada-García
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Predicting mammalian hosts in which novel coronaviruses can be generated. Nat Commun 2021; 12:780. [PMID: 33594041 PMCID: PMC7887240 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21034-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel pathogenic coronaviruses – such as SARS-CoV and probably SARS-CoV-2 – arise by homologous recombination between co-infecting viruses in a single cell. Identifying possible sources of novel coronaviruses therefore requires identifying hosts of multiple coronaviruses; however, most coronavirus-host interactions remain unknown. Here, by deploying a meta-ensemble of similarity learners from three complementary perspectives (viral, mammalian and network), we predict which mammals are hosts of multiple coronaviruses. We predict that there are 11.5-fold more coronavirus-host associations, over 30-fold more potential SARS-CoV-2 recombination hosts, and over 40-fold more host species with four or more different subgenera of coronaviruses than have been observed to date at >0.5 mean probability cut-off (2.4-, 4.25- and 9-fold, respectively, at >0.9821). Our results demonstrate the large underappreciation of the potential scale of novel coronavirus generation in wild and domesticated animals. We identify high-risk species for coronavirus surveillance. Homologous recombination between co-infecting coronaviruses can produce novel pathogens. Here, Wardeh et al. develop a machine learning approach to predict associations between mammals and multiple coronaviruses and hence estimate the potential for generation of novel coronaviruses by recombination.
Collapse
|
16
|
Coronado L, Perera CL, Rios L, Frías MT, Pérez LJ. A Critical Review about Different Vaccines against Classical Swine Fever Virus and Their Repercussions in Endemic Regions. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:154. [PMID: 33671909 PMCID: PMC7918945 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is, without any doubt, one of the most devasting viral infectious diseases affecting the members of Suidae family, which causes a severe impact on the global economy. The reemergence of CSF virus (CSFV) in several countries in America, Asia, and sporadic outbreaks in Europe, sheds light about the serious concern that a potential global reemergence of this disease represents. The negative aspects related with the application of mass stamping out policies, including elevated costs and ethical issues, point out vaccination as the main control measure against future outbreaks. Hence, it is imperative for the scientific community to continue with the active investigations for more effective vaccines against CSFV. The current review pursues to gather all the available information about the vaccines in use or under developing stages against CSFV. From the perspective concerning the evolutionary viral process, this review also discusses the current problematic in CSF-endemic countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liani Coronado
- National Centre for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Disaster Risk Reduction in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; (L.C.); (C.L.P.); (M.T.F.)
| | - Carmen L. Perera
- National Centre for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Disaster Risk Reduction in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; (L.C.); (C.L.P.); (M.T.F.)
| | - Liliam Rios
- Reiman Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada;
| | - María T. Frías
- National Centre for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Disaster Risk Reduction in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; (L.C.); (C.L.P.); (M.T.F.)
| | - Lester J. Pérez
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL 61802, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Immunogenicity of E2CD154 Subunit Vaccine Candidate against Classical Swine Fever in Piglets with Different Levels of Maternally Derived Antibodies. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 9:vaccines9010007. [PMID: 33374172 PMCID: PMC7823626 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
E2CD154 is a novel subunit vaccine candidate against classical swine fever virus (CSFV). It contains the E2 envelope protein from CSFV fused to the porcine CD154 molecule formulated in the oil adjuvant MontanideTM ISA50 V2. Previous works evidenced the safety and immunogenicity of this candidate. Here, two other important parameters related to vaccine efficacy were assessed. First, the existence of high maternally derived antibody (MDA) titers in piglets born to sows vaccinated with E2CD154 was demonstrated. These MDA titers remained above 1:200 during the first seven weeks of life. To assess whether the titers interfere with active vaccination, 79 piglets from sows immunized with either E2CD154 or a modified live vaccine were vaccinated with E2CD154 following a 0–21-day biphasic schedule. Animals immunized at either 15, 21, or 33 days of age responded to vaccination by eliciting protective neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers higher than 1:600, with a geometric mean of 1:4335, one week after the booster. Those protective levels of NAb were sustained up to six months of age. No vaccination-related adverse effects were described. As a conclusion, E2CD154 is able to induce protective NAb in piglets with different MDA levels and at different days of age.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ganges L, Crooke HR, Bohórquez JA, Postel A, Sakoda Y, Becher P, Ruggli N. Classical swine fever virus: the past, present and future. Virus Res 2020; 289:198151. [PMID: 32898613 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is among the most relevant viral epizootic diseases of swine. Due to its severe economic impact, CSF is notifiable to the world organisation for animal health. Strict control policies, including systematic stamping out of infected herds with and without vaccination, have permitted regional virus eradication. Nevertheless, CSF virus (CSFV) persists in certain areas of the world and has re-emerged regularly. This review summarizes the basic established knowledge in the field and provides a comprehensive and updated overview of the recent advances in fundamental CSFV research, diagnostics and vaccine development. It covers the latest discoveries on the genetic diversity of pestiviruses, with implications for taxonomy, the progress in understanding disease pathogenesis, immunity against acute and persistent infections, and the recent findings in virus-host interactions and virulence determinants. We also review the progress and pitfalls in the improvement of diagnostic tools and the challenges in the development of modern and efficacious marker vaccines compatible with serological tests for disease surveillance. Finally, we highlight the gaps that require research efforts in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Llilianne Ganges
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Helen R Crooke
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Jose Alejandro Bohórquez
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexander Postel
- EU & OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Paul Becher
- EU & OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
In Vivo Demonstration of the Superior Replication and Infectivity of Genotype 2.1 with Respect to Genotype 3.4 of Classical Swine Fever Virus by Dual Infections. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040261. [PMID: 32260208 PMCID: PMC7238001 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In Taiwan, the prevalent CSFV population has shifted from the historical genotype 3.4 (94.4 strain) to the newly invading genotype 2.1 (TD/96 strain) since 1996. This study analyzed the competition between these two virus genotypes in dual infection pigs with equal and different virus populations and with maternally derived neutralizing antibodies induced by a third genotype of modified live vaccine (MLV), to simulate that occurring in natural situations in the field. Experimentally, under various dual infection conditions, with or without the presence of maternal antibodies, with various specimens from blood, oral and fecal swabs, and internal organs at various time points, the TD/96 had consistently 1.51-3.08 log higher loads than those of 94.4. A second passage of competition in the same animals further widened the lead of TD/96 as indicated by viral loads. The maternally derived antibodies provided partial protection to both wild type CSFVs and was correlated with lower clinical scores, febrile reaction, and animal mortality. In the presence of maternal antibodies, pigs could be infected by both wild type CSFVs, with TD/96 dominating. These findings partially explain the CSFV shift observed, furthering our understanding of CSFV pathogenesis in the field, and are helpful for the control of CSF.
Collapse
|
20
|
Ji W, Wang W, Zhao X, Zai J, Li X. Cross-species transmission of the newly identified coronavirus 2019-nCoV. J Med Virol 2020; 92:433-440. [PMID: 31967321 PMCID: PMC7138088 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The current outbreak of viral pneumonia in the city of Wuhan, China, was caused by a novel coronavirus designated 2019‐nCoV by the World Health Organization, as determined by sequencing the viral RNA genome. Many initial patients were exposed to wildlife animals at the Huanan seafood wholesale market, where poultry, snake, bats, and other farm animals were also sold. To investigate possible virus reservoir, we have carried out comprehensive sequence analysis and comparison in conjunction with relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) bias among different animal species based on the 2019‐nCoV sequence. Results obtained from our analyses suggest that the 2019‐nCoV may appear to be a recombinant virus between the bat coronavirus and an origin‐unknown coronavirus. The recombination may occurred within the viral spike glycoprotein, which recognizes a cell surface receptor. Additionally, our findings suggest that 2019‐nCoV has most similar genetic information with bat coronovirus and most similar codon usage bias with snake. Taken together, our results suggest that homologous recombination may occur and contribute to the 2019‐nCoV cross‐species transmission. Taken together, our results suggest that homologous recombination may occur and contribute to the 2019‐nCoV cross‐species transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ji
- Department of Microbiology, Peking University Health Science Center School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, The First affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhao
- Department of Science and Technology, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Junjie Zai
- Immunology Innovation Team, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xingguang Li
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Viral Vector, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Quasispecies dynamics in disease prevention and control. VIRUS AS POPULATIONS 2020. [PMCID: PMC7153035 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816331-3.00008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Medical interventions to prevent and treat viral disease constitute evolutionary forces that may modify the genetic composition of viral populations that replicate in an infected host and influence the genomic composition of those viruses that are transmitted and progress at the epidemiological level. Given the adaptive potential of viruses in general and the RNA viruses in particular, the selection of viral mutants that display some degree of resistance to inhibitors or vaccines is a tangible challenge. Mutant selection may jeopardize control of the viral disease. Strategies intended to minimize vaccination and treatment failures are proposed and justified based on fundamental features of viral dynamics explained in the preceding chapters. The recommended use of complex, multiepitopic vaccines, and combination therapies as early as possible after initiation of infection falls under the general concept that complexity cannot be combated with simplicity. It also follows that sociopolitical action to interrupt virus replication and spread as soon as possible is as important as scientifically sound treatment designs to control viral disease on a global scale.
Collapse
|
22
|
Gong W, Li J, Wang Z, Sun J, Mi S, Xu J, Cao J, Hou Y, Wang D, Huo X, Sun Y, Wang P, Yuan K, Gao Y, Zhou X, He S, Tu C. Commercial E2 subunit vaccine provides full protection to pigs against lethal challenge with 4 strains of classical swine fever virus genotype 2. Vet Microbiol 2019; 237:108403. [PMID: 31585656 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) still threatens the swine industry in China, with genotype 2 isolates of CSFV dominating the epizootics. In 2018 the first E2 subunit marker vaccine against CSFV (Tian Wen Jing, TWJ-E2®), containing a baculovirus-expressed E2 glycoprotein of a genotype 1.1 vaccine strain, was officially licensed in China and commercialized. To evaluate the cross-protective efficacy of TWJ-E2 against different virulent genotype 2 Chinese field isolates (2.1b, 2.1c, 2.1 h, and 2.2), 4-week-old pigs were immunized with the TWJ-E2 vaccine according to the manufacturer's instructions and then challenged with genotype 2 strains. A group vaccinated with the conventional C-strain vaccine was included for comparison. TWJ-E2 vaccinated pigs developed higher levels of E2 and neutralizing antibodies than those receiving the commercial C-strain vaccine. All TWJ-E2 and C-strain vaccinated pigs survived challenge without development of fever, clinical signs or pathological lesions. In contrast, all unvaccinated control pigs displayed severe CSF disease with 40-100% mortalities by 24 days post challenge. None of the TWJ-E2 and C-strain vaccinated pigs developed viremia, viral shedding from tonsils, Erns protein in the sera, or viral RNA loads in different tissues after challenge, all of which were detected in the challenged unvaccinated controls. We conclude that vaccination of young pigs with TWJ-E2 provides complete immune protection against genotypically heterologous CSFVs and prevents viral shedding after challenge, with an efficacy at least comparable to that elicited by the conventional C-strain vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Zoonoses Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China; Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, PR China
| | - Junhui Li
- Tecon Biology Joint Stock Company Limited, Urumqi 830013, PR China
| | - Zunbao Wang
- Tecon Biology Joint Stock Company Limited, Urumqi 830013, PR China
| | - Jiumeng Sun
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, PR China
| | - Shijiang Mi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Zoonoses Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China; Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, PR China
| | - Jialun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Zoonoses Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China; Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, PR China
| | - Jian Cao
- Tecon Biology Joint Stock Company Limited, Urumqi 830013, PR China
| | - Yuzhen Hou
- Tecon Biology Joint Stock Company Limited, Urumqi 830013, PR China
| | - Danyang Wang
- Tecon Biology Joint Stock Company Limited, Urumqi 830013, PR China
| | - Xinliang Huo
- Tecon Biology Joint Stock Company Limited, Urumqi 830013, PR China
| | - Yanjun Sun
- Tecon Biology Joint Stock Company Limited, Urumqi 830013, PR China
| | - Pengjiang Wang
- Tecon Biology Joint Stock Company Limited, Urumqi 830013, PR China
| | - Ke Yuan
- Tecon Biology Joint Stock Company Limited, Urumqi 830013, PR China
| | - Yangyi Gao
- Tecon Biology Joint Stock Company Limited, Urumqi 830013, PR China
| | - Xubin Zhou
- Tecon Biology Joint Stock Company Limited, Urumqi 830013, PR China
| | - Sun He
- Tecon Biology Joint Stock Company Limited, Urumqi 830013, PR China.
| | - Changchun Tu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Zoonoses Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China; Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Coronado L, Rios L, Frías MT, Amarán L, Naranjo P, Percedo MI, Perera CL, Prieto F, Fonseca-Rodriguez O, Perez LJ. Positive selection pressure on E2 protein of classical swine fever virus drives variations in virulence, pathogenesis and antigenicity: Implication for epidemiological surveillance in endemic areas. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2362-2382. [PMID: 31306567 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by CSF virus (CSFV), is considered one of the most important infectious diseases with devasting consequences for the pig industry. Recent reports describe the emergence of new CSFV strains resulting from the action of positive selection pressure, due mainly to the bottleneck effect generated by ineffective vaccination. Even though a decrease in the genetic diversity of the positively selected CSFV strains has been observed by several research groups, there is little information about the effect of this selective force on the virulence degree, antigenicity and pathogenicity of this type of strains. Hence, the aim of the current study was to determine the effect of the positive selection pressure on these three parameters of CSFV strains, emerged as result of the bottleneck effects induced by improper vaccination in a CSF-endemic area. Moreover, the effect of the positively selected strains on the epidemiological surveillance system was assessed. By the combination of in vitro, in vivo and immunoinformatic approaches, we revealed that the action of the positive selection pressure induces a decrease in virulence and alteration in pathogenicity and antigenicity. However, we also noted that the evolutionary process of CSFV, especially in segregated microenvironments, could contribute to the gain-fitness event, restoring the highly virulent pattern of the circulating strains. Besides, we denoted that the presence of low virulent strains selected by bottleneck effect after inefficient vaccination can lead to a relevant challenge for the epidemiological surveillance of CSF, contributing to under-reports of the disease, favouring the perpetuation of the virus in the field. In this study, B-cell and CTL epitopes on the E2 3D-structure model were also identified. Thus, the current study provides novel and significant insights into variation in virulence, pathogenesis and antigenicity experienced by CSFV strains after the positive selection pressure effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liani Coronado
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis and Risk Analysis of the Caribbean Region, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Liliam Rios
- Reiman Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - María Teresa Frías
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis and Risk Analysis of the Caribbean Region, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Laymara Amarán
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Diagnostic (NLVD), La Habana, Cuba
| | | | - María Irian Percedo
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis and Risk Analysis of the Caribbean Region, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Carmen Laura Perera
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis and Risk Analysis of the Caribbean Region, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Felix Prieto
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Diagnostic (NLVD), La Habana, Cuba
| | | | - Lester J Perez
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.,College of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (VDL), University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Coronado L, Bohórquez JA, Muñoz-González S, Perez LJ, Rosell R, Fonseca O, Delgado L, Perera CL, Frías MT, Ganges L. Investigation of chronic and persistent classical swine fever infections under field conditions and their impact on vaccine efficacy. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:247. [PMID: 31307464 PMCID: PMC6632193 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1982-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have hypothesized that circulation of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) variants when the immunity induced by the vaccine is not sterilizing might favour viral persistence. Likewise, in addition to congenital viral persistence, CSFV has also been proven to generate postnatal viral persistence. Under experimental conditions, postnatal persistently infected pigs were unable to elicit a specific immune response to a CSFV live attenuated vaccine via the mechanism known as superinfection exclusion (SIE). Here, we study whether subclinical forms of classical swine fever (CSF) may be present in a conventional farm in an endemic country and evaluate vaccine efficacy under these types of infections in field conditions. Results Six litters born from CSF-vaccinated gilts were randomly chosen from a commercial Cuban farm at 33 days of age (weaning). At this time, the piglets were vaccinated with a lapinized live attenuated CSFV C-strain vaccine. Virological and immunological analyses were performed before and after vaccination. The piglets were clinically healthy at weaning; however, 82% were viraemic, and the rectal swabs in most of the remaining 18% were positive. Only five piglets from one litter showed a specific antibody response. The tonsils and rectal swabs of five sows were CSFV positive, and only one of the sows showed an antibody response. After vaccination, 98% of the piglets were unable to clear the virus and to seroconvert, and some of the piglets showed polyarthritis and wasting after 36 days post vaccination. The CSFV E2 glycoprotein sequences recovered from one pig per litter were the same. The amino acid positions 72(R), 20(L) and 195(N) of E2 were identified in silico as positions associated with adaptive advantage. Conclusions Circulation of chronic and persistent CSF infections was demonstrated in field conditions under a vaccination programme. Persistent infection was predominant. Here, we provide evidence that, in field conditions, subclinical infections are not detected by clinical diagnosis and, despite being infected with CSFV, the animals are vaccinated, rather than diagnosed and eliminated. These animals are refractory to vaccination, likely due to the SIE phenomenon. Improvement of vaccination strategies and diagnosis of subclinical forms of CSF is imperative for CSF eradication. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1982-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liani Coronado
- National Centre for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Disaster Risk Reduction in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba
| | - Jose Alejandro Bohórquez
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sara Muñoz-González
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lester Josue Perez
- University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Science, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, 61802, United States
| | - Rosa Rosell
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament d'Agricultura Ramaderia i Pesca (DARP), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Osvaldo Fonseca
- National Centre for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Disaster Risk Reduction in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba
| | - Laiyen Delgado
- National Centre for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Disaster Risk Reduction in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba
| | - Carmen Laura Perera
- National Centre for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Disaster Risk Reduction in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba
| | - Maria Teresa Frías
- National Centre for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Disaster Risk Reduction in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chen M, Li Y, Liu Z, Qu Y, Zhang H, Li D, Zhou J, Xie S, Liu M. Exopolysaccharides from a Codonopsis pilosula endophyte activate macrophages and inhibit cancer cell proliferation and migration. Thorac Cancer 2018; 9:630-639. [PMID: 29577649 PMCID: PMC5928371 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exopolysaccharides with structural diversity have shown wide applications in biomaterial, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Herein, we isolated an endophytic strain, 14-DS-1, from the traditional medicinal plant Codonopsis pilosula to elucidate the characteristics and anti-cancer activities of purified exopolysaccharides. METHODS HPLC and GC-MS were conducted to purify and characterize the exopolysaccharides isolated from 14-DS-1. Quantitative RT-PCR, cell migration assays, immunofluorescence staining, and flow cytometry analysis were conducted to investighate the biological activity of DSPS. RESULTS We demonstrated that exopolysaccharides isolated from 14-DS-1 (DSPS), which were predominately composed of six monosaccharides, showed anti-cancer activities. Biological activity analysis revealed that exposure to DSPS induced macrophage activation and polarization by promoting the production of TNF-α and nitric oxide. Further analysis revealed that DSPS treatment promoted macrophage infiltration, whereas cancer cell migration was suppressed. In addition, DSPS exposure led to S-phase arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that treatment with DSPS resulted in defects in spindle orientation and positioning. CONCLUSION These findings thus suggest that DSPS may have promising potential in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yajun Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huajie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dengwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Songbo Xie
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Min Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rios L, Pérez LJ. Commentary: Genetic evolution of classical swine fever virus under immune environments conditioned by genotype 1-based modified live virus vaccine. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:55. [PMID: 29620073 PMCID: PMC5871677 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liliam Rios
- Reiman Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada
| | - Lester J Pérez
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Dalhousie University, Saint John, NB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Humoral and cellular immune response in mice induced by the classical swine fever virus E2 protein fused to the porcine CD154 antigen. Biologicals 2018; 52:67-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
|
28
|
Yoo SJ, Kwon T, Kang K, Kim H, Kang SC, Richt JA, Lyoo YS. Genetic evolution of classical swine fever virus under immune environments conditioned by genotype 1-based modified live virus vaccine. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:735-745. [PMID: 29319233 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Modified live vaccines (MLVs) based on genotype 1 strains, particularly C-strain, have been used to prevent and control classical swine fever virus (CSFV) worldwide. Nevertheless, a shift in the predominant CSFV strains circulating in the field from genotype 1 or 3 to genotype 2 is seen. Genotype 2 is genetically distant from the vaccine strains and was recently reported during outbreaks after vaccine failure; this has raised concerns that vaccination has influenced viral evolution. In Korea in 2016, there was an unexpected CSF outbreak in a MLV-vaccinated commercial pig herd. The causative CSFV strain was genetically distinct from previously isolated Korean strains but similar to recent Chinese strains exhibiting enhanced capacity to escape neutralization; this suggests the need for global cooperative research on the evolution of CSFV. We analysed global E2 sequences, using bioinformatics tools, revealing the evolutionary pathways of CSFV. Classical swine fever virus genotypes 1 and 2 experienced different degrees and patterns of evolutionary growth. Whereas genotype 1 stayed relatively conserved over time, the genetic diversity of genotype 2 has progressively expanded, with few fluctuations. It was determined that genotype 2 evolved under lower immune pressures and at a higher evolutionary rate than genotype 1. Further, several selected codons, under diversifying selection in genotype 1 but under purifying selection in genotype 2, correspond to antigenic determinants, which could lead to evasion of vaccine-induced immunity. Our findings provide evidence that evolutionary changes in CSFV are the result of the disproportionate usage of the CSF MLVs in endemic areas; this underscores the need to develop mitigation strategies to minimize the substantial risk associated with the emergence of vaccine-escaping mutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Yoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - T Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - K Kang
- Sooje Animal Hospital, Dongducheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - H Kim
- Optipharm Inc., Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - S C Kang
- Optipharm Inc., Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - J A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Y S Lyoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rios L, Coronado L, Naranjo-Feliciano D, Martínez-Pérez O, Perera CL, Hernandez-Alvarez L, Díaz de Arce H, Núñez JI, Ganges L, Pérez LJ. Deciphering the emergence, genetic diversity and evolution of classical swine fever virus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17887. [PMID: 29263428 PMCID: PMC5738429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18196-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is one of the most important infectious diseases causing significant economic losses. Its causal agent, CSF virus (CSFV), is a member of the Pestivirus genus included into the Flaviviridae family. Previous molecular epidemiology studies have revealed the CSFV diversity is divided into three main genotypes and different subgenotypes. However, the classification system for CSFV has not yet been harmonized internationally. Similarly, the phylogeny and evolutionary dynamics of CSFV remain unclear. The current study provides novel and significant insights into the origin, diversification and evolutionary process of CSFV. In addition, the best phylogenetic marker for CSFV capable of reproducing the same phylogenetic and evolutionary information as the complete viral genome is characterized. Also, a reliable cut-off to accurately classify CSFV at genotype and subgenotype levels is established. Based on the time for the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) reconstruction and cophylogenetic analysis, it was determined that CSFV emerged around 225 years ago when the Tunisian Sheep Virus jumped from its natural host to swine. CSFV emergence was followed by a genetic expansion in three main lineages, driven by the action of positive selection pressure and functional divergence, as main natural forces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliam Rios
- University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, E2L4L5, Canada
| | - Liani Coronado
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), La Habana, 32700, Cuba
| | | | | | - Carmen L Perera
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), La Habana, 32700, Cuba
| | | | - Heidy Díaz de Arce
- Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Juan D. Perón 4190, C1181ACH, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José I Núñez
- IRTA-CReSA. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- IRTA-CReSA. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Barcelona, 08193, Spain.,OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever and OIE Collaborative Centre for Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lester J Pérez
- Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, E2L4L5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Muñoz-González S, Sordo Y, Pérez-Simó M, Suarez M, Canturri A, Rodriguez MP, Frías-Lepoureau MT, Domingo M, Estrada MP, Ganges L. Corrigendum to "Efficacy of E2 glycoprotein fused to porcine CD154 as a novel chimeric subunit vaccine to prevent classical swine fever virus vertical transmission in pregnant sows". Vet Microbiol 2017; 213:143-149. [PMID: 29126749 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Here we evaluated the effect of double vaccination with a novel subunit marker vaccine candidate based in the CSFV E2 glycoprotein fused to the porcine CD154 to prevent CSFV vertical transmission. A lentivirus-based gene delivery system was used to obtain a stable recombinant HEK 293 cell line for the expression of E2 fused to porcine CD154 molecule. Six pregnant sows were distributed in two groups and at 64days of gestation animals numbered 1-4 (group 1) were vaccinated via intramuscular inoculation with 50μg of E2-CD154 subunit vaccine. Animals from group 2 (numbered 5 and 6, control animals) were injected with PBS. Seventeen days later sows from group 1 were boosted with the same vaccine dose. Twenty-seven days after the first immunization, the sows were challenged with a virulent CSFV Margarita strain and clinical signs were registered. Samples were collected during the experiment and at necropsy to evaluate immune response and virological protection. Between 14 and 18days after challenge, the sows were euthanized, the foetuses were obtained and samples of sera and tissues were collected. E2-CD154 vaccinated animals remained clinically healthy until the end of the study; also, no adverse reaction was shown after vaccination. An effective boost effect in the neutralizing antibody response after the second immunization and viral challenge was observed and supports the virological protection detected in these animals after vaccination. Protection against CSFV vertical transmission was found in the 100% of serums samples from foetus of vaccinated sows. Only two out of 208 samples (0.96%) were positive with Ct value about 36 corresponding to one tonsil and one thymus, which may be non-infective viral particles. Besides, its DIVA potential and protection from vertical transmission, the novel CSFV E2 bound to CD154 subunit vaccine, is a promising alternative to the live-attenuated vaccine for developing countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Muñoz-González
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yusmel Sordo
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotecnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | - Marta Pérez-Simó
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marisela Suarez
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotecnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | - Albert Canturri
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Pilar Rodriguez
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotecnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Mariano Domingo
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Pablo Estrada
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotecnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba.
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chen Y, Li X, Chi X, Wang S, Ma Y, Chen J. Comprehensive analysis of the codon usage patterns in the envelope glycoprotein E2 gene of the classical swine fever virus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183646. [PMID: 28880881 PMCID: PMC5589121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical swine fever virus (CSFV), circulating worldwide, is a highly contagious virus. Since the emergence of CSFV, it has caused great economic loss in swine industry. The envelope glycoprotein E2 gene of the CSFV is an immunoprotective antigen that induces the immune system to produce neutralizing antibodies. Therefore, it is essential to study the codon usage of the E2 gene of the CSFV. In this study, 140 coding sequences of the E2 gene were analyzed. The value of effective number of codons (ENC) showed low codon usage bias in the E2 gene. Our study showed that codon usage could be described mainly by mutation pressure ENC plot analysis combined with principal component analysis (PCA) and translational selection-correlation analysis between the general average hydropathicity (Gravy) and aromaticity (Aroma), and nucleotides at the third position of codons (A3s, T3s, G3s, C3s and GC3s). Furthermore, the neutrality analysis, which explained the relationship between GC12s and GC3s, revealed that natural selection had a key role compared with mutational bias during the evolution of the E2 gene. These results lay a foundation for further research on the molecular evolution of CSFV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Chi
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Song Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanmei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- * E-mail: (JC); (YM)
| | - Jilong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JC); (YM)
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Muñoz-González S, Sordo Y, Pérez-Simó M, Suárez M, Canturri A, Rodriguez MP, Frías-Lepoureau MT, Domingo M, Estrada MP, Ganges L. Efficacy of E2 glycoprotein fused to porcine CD154 as a novel chimeric subunit vaccine to prevent classical swine fever virus vertical transmission in pregnant sows. Vet Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28622852 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here we evaluated the effect of double vaccination with a novel subunit marker vaccine candidate based in the CSFV E2 glycoprotein fused to the porcine CD154 to prevent CSFV vertical transmission. A lentivirus-based gene delivery system was used to obtain a stable recombinant HEK 293 cell line for the expression of E2 fused to porcine CD154 molecule. Six pregnant sows were distributed in two groups and at 64days of gestation animals numbered 1-4 (group 1) were vaccinated via intramuscular inoculation with 50μg of E2-CD154 subunit vaccine. Animals from group 2 (numbered 5 and 6, control animals) were injected with PBS. Seventeen days later sows from group 1 were boosted with the same vaccine dose. Twenty-seven days after the first immunization, the sows were challenged with a virulent CSFV Margarita strain and clinical signs were registered. Samples were collected during the experiment and at necropsy to evaluate immune response and virological protection. Between 14 and 18days after challenge, the sows were euthanized, the foetuses were obtained and samples of sera and tissues were collected. E2-CD154 vaccinated animals remained clinically healthy until the end of the study; also, no adverse reaction was shown after vaccination. An effective boost effect in the neutralizing antibody response after the second immunization and viral challenge was observed and support the virological protection detected in these animals after vaccination. Protection against CSFV vertical transmission was found in the 100% of serums samples from foetus of vaccinated sows. Only two out of 208 samples (0.96%) were positive with Ct value about 36 corresponding to one tonsil and one thymus, which may be non-infective viral particles. Besides, its DIVA potential and protection from vertical transmission, the novel CSFV E2 bound to CD154 subunit vaccine, is a promising alternative to the live-attenuated vaccine for developing countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Muñoz-González
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yusmel Sordo
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | - Marta Pérez-Simó
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marisela Suárez
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | - Albert Canturri
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Pilar Rodriguez
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Mariano Domingo
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Pablo Estrada
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba.
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Xu X, Fei D, Han H, Liu H, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Xu C, Wang H, Cao H, Zhang H. Comparative characterization analysis of synonymous codon usage bias in classical swine fever virus. Microb Pathog 2017; 107:368-371. [PMID: 28416383 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is responsible for the highly contagious viral disease of swine, and causes great economic loss in the swine-raising industry. Considering the significance of CSFV, a systemic analysis was performed to study its codon usage patterns. In this study, using the complete genome sequences of 76 CSFV representing three genotypes, we firstly analyzed the relative nucleotide composition, effective number of codon (ENC) and synonymous codon usage in CSFV genomes. The results showed that CSFV is GC-moderate genome and the third-ended codons are not preferentially used. Every ENC values in CSFV genomes are >50, indicating that the codon usage bias is comparatively slight. Subsequently, we performed the correspondence analysis (COA) to investigate synonymous codon usage variation among all of the CSFV genomes. We found that codon usage bias in these CSFV genomes is greatly influenced by G + C mutation, which suggests that mutational pressure may be the main factor determining the codon usage biases. Moreover, most of the codon usage bias among different CSFV ORFs is directly related to the nucleotide composition. Other factors, such as hydrophobicity and aromaticity, also influence the codon usage variation among CSFV genomes. Our study represents the most comprehensive analysis of codon usage patterns in CSFV genome and provides a basic understanding of the mechanisms for its codon usage bias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- College of Animal Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Heilongjiang Institute of Veterinary Science, Qiqihar 161005, China; College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Dongliang Fei
- College of Animal Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Huansheng Han
- College of Animal Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Honggui Liu
- College of Animal Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jiayong Zhang
- College of Animal Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yulong Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Chuang Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- College of Animal Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Hongwei Cao
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China.
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Leng C, Zhang H, Kan Y, Yao L, Li M, Zhai H, Li Z, Liu C, Shi H, Ji J, Qiu R, Tian Z. Characterisation of Newly Emerged Isolates of Classical Swine Fever Virus in China, 2014-2015. J Vet Res 2017; 61:1-9. [PMID: 29978049 PMCID: PMC5894411 DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2017-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In 2014–2015, the epidemic of classical swine fever (CSF) occurred in many large-scale pig farms in different provinces of China, and a subgenotype 2.1d of CSF virus (CSFV) was newly identified. Material and Methods The phylogenetic relationship, genetic diversity, and epidemic status of the 2014–2015 CSFV isolates, 18 new CSFV isolates collected in 2015, and 43 other strains isolated in 2014–2015 were fully analysed, together with 163 CSFV reference isolates. Results Fifty-two 2014–2015 isolates belonged to subgenotype 2.1d and nine other isolates belonged to subgenotype 2.1b. The two subgenotype isolates showed unique molecular characteristics. Furthermore, the 2.1d isolates were found to possibly diverge from 2.1b isolates. Conclusion This study suggests that the Chinese CSFVs will remain pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoliang Leng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yunchao Kan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Lunguang Yao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Mingliang Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Hongyue Zhai
- Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Chunxiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Hongfei Shi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Jun Ji
- Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Reng Qiu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Zhijun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Coronado L, Liniger M, Muñoz-González S, Postel A, Pérez LJ, Pérez-Simó M, Perera CL, Frías-Lepoureau MT, Rosell R, Grundhoff A, Indenbirken D, Alawi M, Fischer N, Becher P, Ruggli N, Ganges L. Novel poly-uridine insertion in the 3'UTR and E2 amino acid substitutions in a low virulent classical swine fever virus. Vet Microbiol 2017; 201:103-112. [PMID: 28284595 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we compared the virulence in weaner pigs of the Pinar del Rio isolate and the virulent Margarita strain. The latter caused the Cuban classical swine fever (CSF) outbreak of 1993. Our results showed that the Pinar del Rio virus isolated during an endemic phase is clearly of low virulence. We analysed the complete nucleotide sequence of the Pinar del Rio virus isolated after persistence in newborn piglets, as well as the genome sequence of the inoculum. The consensus genome sequence of the Pinar del Rio virus remained completely unchanged after 28days of persistent infection in swine. More importantly, a unique poly-uridine tract was discovered in the 3'UTR of the Pinar del Rio virus, which was not found in the Margarita virus or any other known CSFV sequences. Based on RNA secondary structure prediction, the poly-uridine tract results in a long single-stranded intervening sequence (SS) between the stem-loops I and II of the 3'UTR, without major changes in the stem- loop structures when compared to the Margarita virus. The possible implications of this novel insertion on persistence and attenuation remain to be investigated. In addition, comparison of the amino acid sequence of the viral proteins Erns, E1, E2 and p7 of the Margarita and Pinar del Rio viruses showed that all non-conservative amino acid substitutions acquired by the Pinar del Rio isolate clustered in E2, with two of them being located within the B/C domain. Immunisation and cross-neutralisation experiments in pigs and rabbits suggest differences between these two viruses, which may be attributable to the amino acid differences observed in E2. Altogether, these data provide fresh insights into viral molecular features which might be associated with the attenuation and adaptation of CSFV for persistence in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liani Coronado
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), La Habana, Cuba; IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Matthias Liniger
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Sara Muñoz-González
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alexander Postel
- EU and OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Marta Pérez-Simó
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | | | - Rosa Rosell
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain; Departamentd'Agricultura, Ramaderia, Pesca, Alimentació i Medi Natural, (DAAM), Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain
| | - Adam Grundhoff
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Research Group Virus Genomics, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Indenbirken
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Research Group Virus Genomics, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malik Alawi
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Research Group Virus Genomics, Hamburg, Germany; Bioinformatics Service Facility, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Fischer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Becher
- EU and OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Liao X, Wang Z, Cao T, Tong C, Geng S, Gu Y, Zhou Y, Li X, Fang W. Hypervariable antigenic region 1 of classical swine fever virus E2 protein impacts antibody neutralization. Vaccine 2016; 34:3723-30. [PMID: 27317266 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Envelope glycoprotein E2 of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is the major antigen that induces neutralizing antibodies and confers protection against CSFV infection. There are three hypervariable antigenic regions (HAR1, HAR2 and HAR3) of E2 that are different between the group 1 vaccine C-strain and group 2 clinical isolates. This study was aimed to characterize the antigenic epitope region recognized by monoclonal antibody 4F4 (mAb-4F4) that is present in the group 2 field isolate HZ1-08, but not in the C-strain, and examine its impact on neutralization titers when antisera from different recombinant viruses were cross-examined. Indirect ELISA with C-strain E2-based chimeric proteins carrying the three HAR regions showed that the mAb-4F4 bound to HAR1 from HZ1-08 E2, but not to HAR2 or HAR3, indicating that the specific epitope is located in the HAR1 region. Of the 6 major residues differences between C-strain and field isolates, Glu713 in the HAR1 region of strain HZ1-08 is critical for mAb-4F4 binding either at the recombinant protein level or using intact recombinant viruses carrying single mutations. C-strain-based recombinant viruses carrying the most antigenic part of E2 or HAR1 from strain HZ1-08 remained non-pathogenic to pigs and induced good antibody responses. By cross-neutralization assay, we observed that the anti-C-strain serum lost most of its neutralization capacity to RecC-HZ-E2 and QZ-14 (subgroup 2.1d field isolate in 2014), and vice versa. More importantly, the RecC-HAR1 virus remained competent in neutralizing ReC-HZ-E2 and QZ-14 strains without compromising the neutralization capability to the recombinant C-strain. Thus, we propose that chimeric C-strain carrying the HAR1 region of field isolates is a good vaccine candidate for classical swine fever.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xun Liao
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Zuohuan Wang
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Tong Cao
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Chao Tong
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Shichao Geng
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Yuanxing Gu
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Yingshan Zhou
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Weihuan Fang
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Genetic diversity of subgenotype 2.1 isolates of classical swine fever virus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 41:218-226. [PMID: 27085291 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As the causative agent of classical swine fever, the economically devastating swine disease worldwide, classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is currently classified into the 11 subgenotypes, of which subgenotype 2.1 is distributed worldwide and showing more genetic diversity than other subgenotypes. Prior to this report, subgenotype 2.1 was divided into three sub-subgenotypes (2.1a-2.1c). To further analyze the genetic diversity of CSFV isolates in China, 39 CSFV isolates collected between 2004 and 2012 in two Chinese provinces Guangxi and Guangdong were sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis together with reference sequences retrieved from GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 190-nt and/or 1119-nt full length E2 gene fragments showed that current CSFV subgenotype 2.1 virus isolates in the world could be divided into 10 sub-subgenotypes (2.1a-2.1j) and the 39 isolates collected in this study were grouped into 7 of them (2.1a-2.1c and 2.1g-2.1j). Among the 10 sub-subgenotypes, 2.1d-2.1j were newly identified. Sub-subgenotype 2.1d isolates were circulated only in India, however the rest 9 sub-subgenotypes were from China with some of them closely related to isolates from European and neighboring Asian countries. According to the temporal and spatial distribution of CSFV subgenotype 2.1 isolates, the newly classified 10 sub-subgenotypes were further categorized into three groups: dominant sub-subgenotype, minor sub-subgenotype and silent sub-subgenotype, and each sub-subgenotype can be found only in certain geographical areas. Taken together, this study reveals the complex genetic diversity of CSFV subgenotype 2.1 and improves our understanding about the epidemiological trends of CSFV subgenotype 2.1 in the world, particularly in China.
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Goller KV, Gabriel C, Dimna ML, Potier MFL, Rossi S, Staubach C, Merboth M, Beer M, Blome S. Evolution and molecular epidemiology of classical swine fever virus during a multi-annual outbreak amongst European wild boar. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:639-645. [PMID: 26684209 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever is a viral disease of pigs that carries tremendous socio-economic impact. In outbreak situations, genetic typing is carried out for the purpose of molecular epidemiology in both domestic pigs and wild boar. These analyses are usually based on harmonized partial sequences. However, for high-resolution analyses towards the understanding of genetic variability and virus evolution, full-genome sequences are more appropriate. In this study, a unique set of representative virus strains was investigated that was collected during an outbreak in French free-ranging wild boar in the Vosges-du-Nord mountains between 2003 and 2007. Comparative sequence and evolutionary analyses of the nearly full-length sequences showed only slow evolution of classical swine fever virus strains over the years and no impact of vaccination on mutation rates. However, substitution rates varied amongst protein genes; furthermore, a spatial and temporal pattern could be observed whereby two separate clusters were formed that coincided with physical barriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja V Goller
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Claudia Gabriel
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Mireille Le Dimna
- Anses Ploufragan/Plouzané Laboratory, Swine Immunology and Virology Unit, Zoopole Les Croix, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Marie-Frédérique Le Potier
- Anses Ploufragan/Plouzané Laboratory, Swine Immunology and Virology Unit, Zoopole Les Croix, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Sophie Rossi
- Wildlife and Hunting Agency, Wildlife Diseases Unit, Micropolis, la Bérardie Belle Aureille, 05000 Gap, France
| | - Christoph Staubach
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Matthias Merboth
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sandra Blome
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Li Y, Yang Z, Zhang M. Different evolutionary patterns of classical swine fever virus envelope proteins. Can J Microbiol 2015; 62:210-9. [PMID: 26911308 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is the causative agent of classical swine fever, which is a highly contagious disease of the domestic pig as well as wild boar. The proteins E(rns), E1, and E2 are components of the viral envelope membrane. They are also implicated in virus attachment and entry, replication, and (or) anti-immune response. Here, we studied the genetic variations of these envelope proteins in the evolution of CSFV. The results reveal that the envelope proteins underwent different evolutionary fates. In E(rns) and E1, but not E2, a number of amino acid sites experienced functional divergence. Furthermore, the diversification in E(rns) and E1 was generally episodic because the divergence-related changes of E1 only occurred with the separation of 2 major groups of CSFV and that of E(rns) took place with the division of 1 major group. The major divergence-related sites of E(rns) are located on one of the substrate-binding regions of the RNase domain and C-terminal extension. These functional domains have been reported to block activation of the innate immune system and attachment and entry into host cells, respectively. Our results may shed some light on the divergent roles of the envelope proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zexiao Yang
- b College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwang Zhang
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Goller KV, Dräger C, Höper D, Beer M, Blome S. Classical swine fever virus marker vaccine strain CP7_E2alf: genetic stability in vitro and in vivo. Arch Virol 2015; 160:3121-5. [PMID: 26392285 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2611-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently, CP7_E2alf (SuvaxynCSF Marker), a live marker vaccine against classical swine fever virus, was licensed through the European Medicines Agency. For application of such a genetically engineered virus under field conditions, knowledge about its genetic stability is essential. Here, we report on stability studies that were conducted to assess and compare the mutation rate of CP7_E2alf in vitro and in vivo. Sequence analyses upon passaging confirmed the high stability of CP7_E2alf, and no recombination events were observed in the experimental setup. The data obtained in this study confirm the genetic stability of CP7_E2alf as an important safety component.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja V Goller
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Carolin Dräger
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sandra Blome
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Li Y, Yang Z. Episodic adaptive diversification of classical swine fever virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NS5B. Can J Microbiol 2015; 61:948-54. [PMID: 26485449 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is the pathogen that causes a highly infectious disease of pigs and has led to disastrous losses to pig farms and related industries. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) NS5B is a central component of the replicase complex (RC) in some single-stranded RNA viruses, including CSFV. On the basis of genetic variation, the CSFV RdRps could be clearly divided into 2 major groups and a minor group, which is consistent with the phylogenetic relationships and virulence diversification of the CSFV isolates. However, the adaptive signature underlying such an evolutionary profile of the polymerase and the virus is still an interesting open question. We analyzed the evolutionary trajectory of the CSFV RdRps over different timescales to evaluate the potential adaptation. We found that adaptive selection has driven the diversification of the RdRps between, but not within, CSFV major groups. Further, the major adaptive divergence-related sites are located in the surfaces relevant to the interaction with other component(s) of RC and the entrance and exit of the template-binding channel. These results might shed some light on the nature of the RdRp in virulence diversification of CSFV groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zexiao Yang
- b College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Molecular characterization of an apoptotic strain of Newcastle disease virus isolated from an outbreak in India. Cancer Gene Ther 2015; 22:402-9. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2015.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
44
|
Muñoz-González S, Perez-Simó M, Muñoz M, Bohorquez JA, Rosell R, Summerfield A, Domingo M, Ruggli N, Ganges L. Efficacy of a live attenuated vaccine in classical swine fever virus postnatally persistently infected pigs. Vet Res 2015; 46:78. [PMID: 26159607 PMCID: PMC4496848 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) causes major losses in pig farming, with various degrees of disease severity. Efficient live attenuated vaccines against classical swine fever virus (CSFV) are used routinely in endemic countries. However, despite intensive vaccination programs in these areas for more than 20 years, CSF has not been eradicated. Molecular epidemiology studies in these regions suggests that the virus circulating in the field has evolved under the positive selection pressure exerted by the immune response to the vaccine, leading to new attenuated viral variants. Recent work by our group demonstrated that a high proportion of persistently infected piglets can be generated by early postnatal infection with low and moderately virulent CSFV strains. Here, we studied the immune response to a hog cholera lapinised virus vaccine (HCLV), C-strain, in six-week-old persistently infected pigs following post-natal infection. CSFV-negative pigs were vaccinated as controls. The humoral and interferon gamma responses as well as the CSFV RNA loads were monitored for 21 days post-vaccination. No vaccine viral RNA was detected in the serum samples and tonsils from CSFV postnatally persistently infected pigs for 21 days post-vaccination. Furthermore, no E2-specific antibody response or neutralising antibody titres were shown in CSFV persistently infected vaccinated animals. Likewise, no of IFN-gamma producing cell response against CSFV or PHA was observed. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating the absence of a response to vaccination in CSFV persistently infected pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Muñoz-González
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marta Perez-Simó
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marta Muñoz
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José Alejandro Bohorquez
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Rosa Rosell
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. .,Departament d'Agricultura, Ramaderia, Pesca, Alimentació i Medi Natural, (DAAM), Generalitat de Catalunya, Catalunya, Spain.
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | - Mariano Domingo
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. .,Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- Institute of Virology and immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Structures and Functions of Pestivirus Glycoproteins: Not Simply Surface Matters. Viruses 2015; 7:3506-29. [PMID: 26131960 PMCID: PMC4517112 DOI: 10.3390/v7072783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pestiviruses, which include economically important animal pathogens such as bovine viral diarrhea virus and classical swine fever virus, possess three envelope glycoproteins, namely Erns, E1, and E2. This article discusses the structures and functions of these glycoproteins and their effects on viral pathogenicity in cells in culture and in animal hosts. E2 is the most important structural protein as it interacts with cell surface receptors that determine cell tropism and induces neutralizing antibody and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses. All three glycoproteins are involved in virus attachment and entry into target cells. E1-E2 heterodimers are essential for viral entry and infectivity. Erns is unique because it possesses intrinsic ribonuclease (RNase) activity that can inhibit the production of type I interferons and assist in the development of persistent infections. These glycoproteins are localized to the virion surface; however, variations in amino acids and antigenic structures, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, and RNase activity can ultimately affect the virulence of pestiviruses in animals. Along with mutations that are driven by selection pressure, antigenic differences in glycoproteins influence the efficacy of vaccines and determine the appropriateness of the vaccines that are currently being used in the field.
Collapse
|
46
|
Postnatal persistent infection with classical Swine Fever virus and its immunological implications. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125692. [PMID: 25938664 PMCID: PMC4418595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that trans-placental transmission of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) during mid-gestation can lead to persistently infected offspring. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of CSFV to induce viral persistence upon early postnatal infection. Two litters of 10 piglets each were infected intranasally on the day of birth with low and moderate virulence CSFV isolates, respectively. During six weeks after postnatal infection, most of the piglets remained clinically healthy, despite persistent high virus titres in the serum. Importantly, these animals were unable to mount any detectable humoral and cellular immune response. At necropsy, the most prominent gross pathological lesion was a severe thymus atrophy. Four weeks after infection, PBMCs from the persistently infected seronegative piglets were unresponsive to both, specific CSFV and non-specific PHA stimulation in terms of IFN-γ-producing cells. These results suggested the development of a state of immunosuppression in these postnatally persistently infected pigs. However, IL-10 was undetectable in the sera of the persistently infected animals. Interestingly, CSFV-stimulated PBMCs from the persistently infected piglets produced IL-10. Nevertheless, despite the addition of the anti-IL-10 antibody in the PBMC culture from persistently infected piglets, the response of the IFN-γ producing cells was not restored. Therefore, other factors than IL-10 may be involved in the general suppression of the T-cell responses upon CSFV and mitogen activation. Interestingly, bone marrow immature granulocytes were increased and targeted by the virus in persistently infected piglets. Taken together, we provided the first data demonstrating the feasibility of CSFV in generating a postnatal persistent disease, which has not been shown for other members of the Pestivirus genus yet. Since serological methods are routinely used in CSFV surveillance, persistently infected pigs might go unnoticed. In addition to the epidemiological and economic significance of persistent CSFV infection, this model could be useful for understanding the mechanisms of viral persistence.
Collapse
|
47
|
Kwon T, Yoon SH, Kim KW, Caetano-Anolles K, Cho S, Kim H. Time-calibrated phylogenomics of the classical swine fever viruses: genome-wide bayesian coalescent approach. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121578. [PMID: 25815768 PMCID: PMC4376735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The phylogeny of classical swine fever virus (CSFV), the causative agent of classical swine fever (CSF), has been investigated extensively. However, no evolutionary research has been performed using the whole CSFV genome. In this study, we used 37 published genome sequences to investigate the time-calibrated phylogenomics of CSFV. In phylogenomic trees based on Bayesian inference (BI) and Maximum likelihood (ML), the 37 isolates were categorized into five genetic types (1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.3, and 3.4). Subgenotype 1.1 is divided into 3 groups and 1 unclassified isolate, 2.1 into 4 groups, 2.3 into 2 groups and 1 unclassified isolate, and subgenotype 1.2 and 3.4 consisted of one isolate each. We did not observe an apparent temporal or geographical relationship between isolates. Of the 14 genomic regions, NS4B showed the most powerful phylogenetic signal. Results of this evolutionary study using Bayesian coalescent approach indicate that CSFV has evolved at a rate of 13×.010-4 substitutions per site per year. The most recent common ancestor of CSFV appeared 2770.2 years ago, which was about 8000 years after pig domestication. The effective population size of CSFV underwent a slow increase until the 1950s, after which it has remained constant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taehyung Kwon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook Hee Yoon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Won Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Kelsey Caetano-Anolles
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States of America
| | - Seoae Cho
- C&K Genomics Inc. 514 Main Bldg., Seoul National University Research Park, San 4-2 Boncheon-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Heebal Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Homologous recombination in pestiviruses: Identification of three putative novel events between different subtypes/genogroups. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 30:219-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
49
|
Ji W, Guo Z, Ding NZ, He CQ. Studying classical swine fever virus: Making the best of a bad virus. Virus Res 2015; 197:35-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
50
|
Molecular characterization of E2 glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus: adaptation and propagation in porcine kidney cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 51:441-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-014-9859-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|