1
|
Mashkani B, Jalili Nik M, Rezaee SA, Boostani R. Advances in the treatment of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-I associated myelopathy. Expert Rev Neurother 2023; 23:1233-1248. [PMID: 37933802 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2023.2272639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nearly 2-3% of those 10 to 20 million individuals infected with the Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1); are predisposed to developing HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). It is a neuro-inflammatory disease; differentiated from multiple sclerosis based on the presence of typical neurologic symptoms, confirmation of HTLV-1 infection, and other molecular biomarkers. AREAS COVERED A brief review of the epidemiology, host immune responses, and molecular pathogenesis of HAM/TSP is followed by detailed discussions about the host-related risk factors for developing HAM/TSP and success/failure stories of the attempted management strategies. EXPERT OPINION Currently, there is no effective treatment for HAM/TSP. Anti-retroviral therapy, peculiar cytokines (IFN-α), some anti-oxidants, and allograft bone marrow transplantation have been used for treating these patients with limited success. Under current conditions, asymptomatic carriers should be examined periodically by a neurologist for early signs of spinal cord injury. Then it is crucial to determine the progress rate to adapt the best management plan for each patient. Corticosteroid therapy is most beneficial in those with acute myelitis. However, slow-progressing patients are best managed using a combination of symptomatic and physical therapy. Additionally, preventive measures should be taken to decrease further spread of HTLV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baratali Mashkani
- Department of clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Jalili Nik
- Department of clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases division, Immunology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Boostani
- Department of Neurology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Genome analysis suggests HTLV-1aA introduction in Chile related to migrations of ancestral indigenous populations. Virus Res 2022; 311:198687. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
3
|
de Oliveira Andrade F, Cucco MS, Borba MMN, Neto RC, Gois LL, de Almeida Rego FF, Santos LA, Barreto FK. An overview of sequencing technology platforms applied to HTLV-1 studies: a systematic review. Arch Virol 2021; 166:3037-3048. [PMID: 34415436 PMCID: PMC8377154 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05204-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was the first human retrovirus described. The viral factors involved in the different clinical manifestations of infected individuals are still unknown, and in this sense, sequencing technologies can support viral genome studies, contributing to a better understanding of infection outcome. Currently, several sequencing technologies are available with different approaches. To understand the methodological advances in the HTLV-1 field, it is necessary to organize a synthesis by a rigorous review. This systematic literature review describes different technologies used to generate HTLV-1 sequences. The review follows the PRISMA guidelines, and the search for articles was performed in PubMed, Lilacs, Embase, and SciELO databases. From the 574 articles found in search, 62 were selected. The articles showed that, even with the emergence of new sequencing technologies, the traditional Sanger method continues to be the most commonly used methodology for generating HTLV-1 genome sequences. There are many questions that remain unanswered in the field of HTLV-1 research, and this reflects on the small number of studies using next-generation sequencing technologies, which could help address these gaps. The data compiled and analyzed here can help research on HTLV-1, assisting in the choice of sequencing technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe de Oliveira Andrade
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Anísio Teixeira, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58. Bairro Candeias, Vitória da Conquista, 45.029-094, Brazil
| | - Marina Silveira Cucco
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luana Leandro Gois
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil
- Universidade Católica do Salvador, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Luciane Amorim Santos
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil
- Universidade Católica do Salvador, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Khouri Barreto
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Anísio Teixeira, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58. Bairro Candeias, Vitória da Conquista, 45.029-094, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Saghi E, Norouzy A, Nematy M, Jarahi L, Boostani R, Zemorshidi F, Vahidi Z, Rafatpanah H. Dietary Intake and Serum Selenium Levels Influence the Outcome of HTLV-1 Infection. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:3242-3252. [PMID: 33169347 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), as the most common neurological emersion related to HTLV-1, is a debilitating and lifelong treating disease with no definitive treatment. Furthermore, it has been determined that dietary compositions (inflammatory and anti-inflammatory) and some micronutrients (such as vitamin D and selenium) have an effect on inflammatory and immune processes and with this background; the study was done to compare the nutritional status between age- and sex-matched with infected and non-infected HTLV-1. In a multi-center setting, 70 healthy controls (HCs), 35 asymptomatic carriers (ACs), and 35 HAM/TSP patients were recruited in the HTLV-1 Foundation, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Nutritional status including anthropometric indices, dietary (micro- and macronutrient) intake, and serum vitamin D, vitamin B12, zinc, and selenium were measured. In anthropometric indices, mean waist circumference (WC) in the carrier group was significantly higher than the patient and the control groups (p = 0.008). In the dietary intake, the patient group received less energy, protein, mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and oleic, but more fat than the HTLV-1 carrier and control groups, and these differences were remarkable in three groups (p = 0.002, 0.005, 0.001, 0.01, and 0.001, respectively), whereas the carrier group received more saturated fatty acid and less poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), linoleic, and linolenic than patient and control groups with a different significant (p = 0.01, 0.007, 0.005, and 0.006, respectively) in three groups. In micronutrient intake, although selenium, zinc, and vitamins B12 and D were lower in the patient group than the carrier and control group, however, no significant differences were observed. In comparison with micronutrient serum concentrations, vitamins B12 and D and selenium in the patient group were lower than the carrier and control groups, but statistically, the considerable difference was found only in the selenium concentration (p = 0.001). The study showed that there were differences in dietary intake (including energy, macronutrients, and fatty acids), WC, and selenium serum levels between HAM/TSP patients and HTLV-1 carriers, suggesting that nutritional statues influence the inflammatory immune response in HTLV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Effat Saghi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Norouzy
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Nematy
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran
| | - Lida Jarahi
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Boostani
- Department of Neurology, Ghaem Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fariba Zemorshidi
- Department of Neurology, Ghaem Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zohreh Vahidi
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Razavi Pashabayg C, Momenifar N, Malekpour SA, Sadeghi M, Rahimi Foroushani A, Rafatpanah H, Valizadeh N, Sabet F, Jazayeri SM, Keyvani H, Rezaee SA, Norouzi M. Phylogenetic and phylodynamic study of Human T-cell lymphotropic virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) in Iran. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 85:104426. [PMID: 32561293 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that causes the neurological disorder HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/ tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and/or adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). Iran is one of the endemic regions of the HTLV-1 in the Middle East. To infer the origin of the virus in Iran and to follow the movements of human population and routes of virus spread to this country, phylogenetic and phylodynamic analyses were performed. To this purpose, the long terminal repeat (LTR) region of HTLV-1 was used. New LTR sequences were obtained from 100 blood samples which infected with HTLV-1. Moreover, all Iranian LTR sequences which have been reported so far, were obtained from GenBank database. Sequences were aligned and maximum-likelihood and Bayesian tree topologies were explored. After identification of Iranian specific cluster, molecular-clock and coalescent models were used to estimate time to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA). Bayesian Skyline Plots (BSP), representing population dynamics HTLV-1 strains back to the MRCA, were estimated using BEAST software. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the Iranian, Kuwaiti, German, Israelite and southern Indian isolates are located within the widespread "transcontinental" subgroup A clade of HTLV-1 Cosmopolitan subtype a. Molecular clock analysis of the Iranian cluster dated back their respective tMRCA to be 1290 AC with a 95% HPD confidence intervals (918, 1517). BSPs indicated a rapid exponential growth rate in the effective number of infections prior the 15th century. Our results support the hypothesis of a multiple introductions of HTLV-1 into Iran with the majority of introductions occurring in prior the 15th century, at the same time the Mongol invasion of Iran. Our results further suggest that HTLV-1 introduction into Iran was facilitated by the commercial/migratory linkage as known as the ancient Silk Road which linked China to Antioch (now in Turkey).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cobra Razavi Pashabayg
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Momenifar
- Human and Animal Cell Bank, Iranian Biological Resource Center (IBRC), ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Amir Malekpour
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran; Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mehdi Sadeghi
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran; National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Rahimi Foroushani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Narges Valizadeh
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Sabet
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Jazayeri
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Norouzi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Afonso PV, Cassar O, Gessain A. Molecular epidemiology, genetic variability and evolution of HTLV-1 with special emphasis on African genotypes. Retrovirology 2019; 16:39. [PMID: 31842895 PMCID: PMC6916231 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0504-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1) is an oncoretrovirus that infects at least 10 million people worldwide. HTLV-1 exhibits a remarkable genetic stability, however, viral strains have been classified in several genotypes and subgroups, which often mirror the geographic origin of the viral strain. The Cosmopolitan genotype HTLV-1a, can be subdivided into geographically related subgroups, e.g. Transcontinental (a-TC), Japanese (a-Jpn), West-African (a-WA), North-African (a-NA), and Senegalese (a-Sen). Within each subgroup, the genetic diversity is low. Genotype HTLV-1b is found in Central Africa; it is the major genotype in Gabon, Cameroon and Democratic Republic of Congo. While strains from the HTLV-1d genotype represent only a few percent of the strains present in Central African countries, genotypes -e, -f, and -g have been only reported sporadically in particular in Cameroon Gabon, and Central African Republic. HTLV-1c genotype, which is found exclusively in Australo-Melanesia, is the most divergent genotype. This reflects an ancient speciation, with a long period of isolation of the infected populations in the different islands of this region (Australia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu archipelago). Until now, no viral genotype or subgroup is associated with a specific HTLV-1-associated disease. HTLV-1 originates from a simian reservoir (STLV-1); it derives from interspecies zoonotic transmission from non-human primates to humans (ancient or recent). In this review, we describe the genetic diversity of HTLV-1, and analyze the molecular mechanisms that are at play in HTLV-1 evolution. Similar to other retroviruses, HTLV-1 evolves either through accumulation of point mutations or recombination. Molecular studies point to a fairly low evolution rate of HTLV-1 (between 5.6E−7 and 1.5E−6 substitutions/site/year), supposedly because the virus persists within the host via clonal expansion (instead of new infectious cycles that use reverse transcriptase).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe V Afonso
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CRNS-UMR 3569, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Bâtiment Lwoff, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris cedex 15, France.
| | - Olivier Cassar
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CRNS-UMR 3569, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Bâtiment Lwoff, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CRNS-UMR 3569, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Bâtiment Lwoff, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris cedex 15, France.
| |
Collapse
|