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[Vasectomy : Current information]. Urologe A 2021; 60:523-532. [PMID: 33738559 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-021-01494-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Vasectomy is considered to be the simplest, most effective and cheapest method of fertility control in men, with a significantly lower risk of morbidity and mortality compared to tubal ligation in women. Patient informed consent is particularly important and should include potential irreversibility, surgical options, anesthesia, possible complications as well as postoperative behavior and the need for re-evaluation. There are different access routes available with conventional and no-scalpel vasectomy as well as different techniques for closing the ends of the vas deferens. To confirm sterility the European Association of Urology (EAU) recommends that an ejaculate analysis should be performed 3 months after the procedure and after approximately 20 ejaculations. Complications are relatively rare, although particularly vasectomy failure due to recanalization has to be considered. Approximately 3-6% of vasectomized men strive for a refertilization, which with experienced surgeons is successful in about 90% of cases.
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Khilwani B, Badar A, Ansari AS, Lohiya NK. RISUG ® as a male contraceptive: journey from bench to bedside. Basic Clin Androl 2020; 30:2. [PMID: 32082579 PMCID: PMC7017607 DOI: 10.1186/s12610-020-0099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Even after decades of research men still lack reliable and reversible contraceptive methods comparable to female methods of contraception. Traditional methods of male contraception present a high failure rate and also involve high risk both when used for contraception and for protection against sexually transmitted diseases. Various chemical, hormonal, immunological, vas based and herbal methods of contraception have been examined by scientists world over during the past four decades. Among the possible lead approaches, exogenous hormonal contraception, either alone or in combination with progesterone or antiandrogen, is being viewed at low profile because of their insufficiency in inducing uniform suppression of spermatogenesis and steroid related long term complications. As an alternative to vasectomy, among various intravasal devices being examined, RISUG® (Reversible Inhibition of Sperm Under Guidance), a co-polymer of styrene and maleic anhydride offers long term contraception with safety, efficacy and it can be delivered by no-scalpel injection. Thus it is the only male contraceptive procedure currently under Phase- III Clinical Trial. The non-invasive reversal technique, successfully demonstrated in langur monkeys and functional reversal achieved with dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) in rats and rabbits with safety at F1 generation (first filial generation) have projected RISUG® as a better alternative to vasectomy. In this narrative review we revisit the long journey of RISUG® beginning with formulation on a bench towards reaching the market as a safe and effective contraceptive method, discussing various milestones and roadblocks of this expedition awaiting the mandatory regulatory clearance from the Government of India. Successful completion of ongoing phase III clinical trials with demonstration of reversal in human volunteers will give an indigenously developed male contraceptive to the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkha Khilwani
- Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302004 India
| | - Ayesha Badar
- Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302004 India
| | - Abdul S. Ansari
- Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302004 India
| | - Nirmal K. Lohiya
- Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302004 India
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Reynolds-Wright JJ, Anderson R. Male contraception: where are we going and where have we been? BMJ SEXUAL & REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2019; 45:bmjsrh-2019-200395. [PMID: 31537614 PMCID: PMC6892591 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsrh-2019-200395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Progress in developing new reversible male contraception has been slow. While the hormonal approach has been clearly shown to be capable of providing effective and reversible contraception, there remains no product available. Currently, trials of a self-administered gel combination of testosterone and the progestogen Nestorone® are under way, complementing the largely injectable methods previously investigated. Novel long-acting steroids with both androgenic and progestogenic activity are also in early clinical trials. The non-hormonal approach offers potential advantages, with potential sites of action on spermatogenesis, and sperm maturation in the epididymis or at the vas, but remains in preclinical testing. Surveys indicate the willingness of men, and their partners, to use a new male method, but they continue to lack that opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Joseph Reynolds-Wright
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Subramanian B, Agarwal T, Basak P, Maiti TK, Guha SK. RISUG ® based improved intrauterine contraceptive device (IIUCD) could impart protective effects against development of endometrial cancer. Med Hypotheses 2019; 124:67-71. [PMID: 30798920 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices with multifaceted application potential is a need of an hour. Although, copper-based IUDs exert an effective contraceptive as well as anticancer effects in a long-term basis, but also results in multiple complications. In this regard, RISUG® a polymer based contraceptive device has been introduced as a suitable alternative. However, its potential to impart protective effects against development of endometrial cancer still remains unexplored. This article presents the hypothesis on this unexplored domain and provides scientific facts to support the hypothesis. The mechanism of anticancerous activity is hypothesized that RISUG® involves its lipid membrane destabilizing activity. This activity is modulated by both, the cellular microenvironment and lipid bilayer composition. Acidic environment along with the significantly higher fluidic nature of lipid bilayer of the cancerous cells make them more prone to lipid solubilisation effect of RISUG®. We here present an in-depth insight into the factors that would favour faster solubilisation of cancer cell membrane, thereby exerting an anticancer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvaneshwaran Subramanian
- Indian Institute of Technology, School of Medical Science and Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India; Jadavpur University, School of Bio-Science and Engineering, Kolkata, West Bengal 700098, India
| | - Tarun Agarwal
- Indian Institute of Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Piyali Basak
- Jadavpur University, School of Bio-Science and Engineering, Kolkata, West Bengal 700098, India.
| | - Tapas Kumar Maiti
- Indian Institute of Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Sujoy K Guha
- Indian Institute of Technology, School of Medical Science and Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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Jha RK, Jha PK, Chaudhury K, Rana SVS, Guha SK. An emerging interface between life science and nanotechnology: present status and prospects of reproductive healthcare aided by nano-biotechnology. NANO REVIEWS 2014; 5:22762. [PMID: 24600516 PMCID: PMC3943174 DOI: 10.3402/nano.v5.22762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Among the various applications of nano-biotechnology, healthcare is considered one of the most significant domains. For that possibility to synthesize various kind of nanoparticles (NPs) and the ever-increasing ability to control their size as well as structure, to improve surface characteristics and binding NPs with other desired curing agents has played an important role. In this paper, a brief sketch of various kinds of nanomaterials and their biomedical applications is given. Despite claims of bio-nanotechnology about to touch all areas of medical science, information pertaining to the role of nanotechnology for the betterment of reproductive healthcare is indeed limited. Therefore, the various achievements of nano-biotechnology for healthcare in general have been illustrated while giving special insight into the role of nano-biotechnology for the future of reproductive healthcare betterment as well as current achievements of nanoscience and nanotechnology in this arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhi K Jha
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Pradeep K Jha
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Koel Chaudhury
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | | | - Sujoy K Guha
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
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Thakur V, Choudhary M, Mehta V, Kumar D, Nitesh. RISUG: A new perspective in non–hormonal male contraception. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s2305-0500(13)60138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Abstract
Contraception is an accepted route for the control of population explosion in the world. Traditionally hormonal contraceptive methods have focused on women. Male contraception by means of hormonal and non hormonal methods is an attractive alternative. Hormonal methods of contraception using testosterone have shown good results. Non hormonal reversible methods of male contraception like reversible inhibition of sperm under guidanceare very promising. In this article we have reviewed the current available options for male contraception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Mathew
- Department of Endocrinology, St. Johns Medical College, Bangalore, India
| | - Ganapathi Bantwal
- Department of Endocrinology, St. Johns Medical College, Bangalore, India
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Banerjee S, Pal TK, Guha SK. Probing molecular interactions of poly(styrene-co-maleic acid) with lipid matrix models to interpret the therapeutic potential of the co-polymer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:537-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Jha PK, Jha R, Gupta B, Guha SK. Effect of γ-dose rate and total dose interrelation on the polymeric hydrogel: A novel injectable male contraceptive. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2009.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Polyelectrolyte polymer properties in relation to male contraceptive RISUG® action. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2009; 69:77-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Jha R, Jha P, Rana S, Guha S. Spermicidal Action of Styrene Maleic Anhydride Polyelectrolyte in Combination with Magnetic and Electrically Conductive Particles. INT J PHARMACOL 2008. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2009.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kumar S, Roy S, Chaudhury K, Sen P, Guha SK. Study of the micro-structural properties of RISUG--a newly developed male contraceptive. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2008; 86:154-61. [PMID: 18161821 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A new male contraceptive given the name RISUG (an acronym for reversible inhibition of sperm under guidance) and presently undergoing advanced clinical trials has been developed. When injected into the lumen of the vas deferens, its polyelectrolytic nature induces a surface charge imbalance on sperm membrane system leading to the leakage of enzymes essential for fertilization. Contact mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to analyze quantitatively the micro-structural properties of RISUG and its precipitate in various systems. Hydrolysis of the contraceptive gel resulted in the formation of pores of varying dimensions. RISUG being a highly charged molecule, as evident from zeta potential measurements, has a tendency to form a complex with ionic biomolecules present in the seminal plasma. This is supported by the experimental observations using AFM. This RISUG-biomolecule complex possibly acts as an ionic trap for spermatozoa passing through the vas deferens. Micro-structural properties of RISUG including amplitude (root mean square, peak-to-valley distance, skewness and kurtosis) and spatial roughness have been studied to understand its response to various physiological conditions. Significant alterations in the surface charge distribution of the sperm cell is observed on exposure to RISUG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
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Kumar S, Roy S, Chaudhury K, Ghosh D, Guha SK. Biochemical and Ultrastructural Changes in Human Sperm Membrane System Associated with Polymeric Male Contraceptive-RISUG®. IFMBE PROCEEDINGS 2008:295-299. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-69139-6_76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
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Kumar S, Chaudhury K, Sen P, Guha SK. Quantitative analysis of surface micro-roughness alterations in human spermatozoa using atomic force microscopy. J Microsc 2007; 227:118-23. [PMID: 17845707 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2007.01795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new male contraceptive given the name RISUG (an acronym for Reversible Inhibition of Sperm Under Guidance) has been developed by our research group. RISUG is a bioactive polymer and is injected into the lumen of the vas deferens using a no-scalpel approach. The polyelectrolytic nature of this contraceptive induces a surface charge imbalance on sperm membrane system leading to its destabilization. Complete disintegration of the plasma membrane with subsequent rupture and dispersion of the acrosomal contents is observed on RISUG treatment. In the present study, micro-structural properties of human spermatozoa exposed to RISUG in vitro have been quantitatively analysed using atomic force microscopy. The parameters used to quantify these morphological changes include amplitude (peak-valley height difference, arithmetic roughness, root mean square roughness) and spatial roughness. Factor loadings (Varimax rotation) have been used to determine the parameters displaying maximum variation. Further, sperm cells have been classified in various principal-component planes using principal-component analysis. The periodic structural features of the atomic force microscopy images have also been obtained using power spectral analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721 302, India
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Kumar S, Chaudhury K, Sen P, Guha SK. Topological Analysis of a Polymer Based Contraceptive Using Atomic Force Microscopy. 3RD KUALA LUMPUR INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2006 2007:156-159. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-68017-8_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
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Kumar S, Chaudhury K, Sen P, Guha SK. Topological alterations in human spermatozoa associated with the polyelectrolytic effect of RISUG. Micron 2006; 37:526-32. [PMID: 16504524 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2006.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2005] [Revised: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A new method of male contraception has been developed which results in long-term infertility and has the potential advantage of being reversible. The contraceptive, given the name RISUG (an acronym for Reversible Inhibition of Sperm Under Guidance) is a polyelectrolytic compound and when injected into the lumen of the vas deferens, induces a surface charge imbalance on the sperm membrane system leading to its destabilization. In the present study, morphological and topological alterations in human spermatozoa induced by RISUG have been investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Complete disintegration of the plasma membrane with subsequent rupture and dispersion of the acrosomal contents is observed on treatment with RISUG in vitro. Considerable damage to the midpiece region with significant clustering of the mitochondria and its fusion with the head region is also observed. These observations are in agreement with the significant increase in the volume of RISUG-treated sperm-head region. Topological alterations in the flagellar and midpiece region of RISUG-treated spermatozoa have also been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
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