Poly(vinyl alcohol)/zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-8) mixed matrix membranes for pervaporation dehydration of isopropanol

A Comparative Analysis of Pervaporation and Membrane Distillation Techniques for Desalination Utilising the Sweeping Air Methodology with Novel and Economical Pervaporation Membranes

This study used the sweeping air approach to conduct a comparative analysis of pervaporation (PV) and membrane distillation (MD) in the context of desalinating saline/hypersaline water. An experimental setup of the sweeping air arrangement was designed and built at a laboratory size to conduct the research. The desalination process using PV used innovatively designed cellulose acetate (CA) membranes specifically adapted for this purpose. Conversely, in the studies involving MD, hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes were utilised. CA membranes were fabricated in our laboratory using the phase inversion approach. The physicochemical characteristics of the membranes were assessed using many methodologies, including FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle measurement, and water uptake analysis. This facilitated a more comprehensive comprehension of the impact of the alkaline treatment on these features. The variables that were examined included the kind of membrane, the pore size of the PTFE membrane, the composition of the casting solution of CA, the concentration of the feed solution, the temperature of the feed, and the temperature of the condenser cooling water. The morphologies of the membranes were examined using SEM. The study's findings indicated that the use of MD resulted in a greater flow and a remarkable percentage of salt rejection (% SR). Furthermore, it was observed that the flux was positively correlated with the feed temperature, while it exhibited an inverse relationship with the cooling water temperature. Moreover, it was observed that the impact of the pore size of the PTFE membrane on the desalination process was found to be minimal. The most optimal outcomes obtained were 13.35 kg/m2 h with a percentage salt rejection (% SR) of 99.86, and 17.96 kg/m2 h with a % SR of 99.83 at a temperature of 70 °C, while using MD and PV technologies, respectively. Furthermore, both methods demonstrated the capability to desalinate very salty solutions with a salinity level of up to 160 g/L, thereby yielding potable water in a single step.

Metal-Organic Framework/Polyvinyl Alcohol Composite Films for Multiple Applications Prepared by Different Methods

The incorporation of different functional fillers has been widely used to improve the properties of polymeric materials. The polyhydroxy structure of PVA with excellent film-forming ability can be easily combined with organic/inorganic multifunctional compounds, and such an interesting combining phenomenon can create a variety of functional materials in the field of materials science. The composite membrane material obtained by combining MOF material with high porosity, specific surface area, and adjustable structure with PVA, a non-toxic and low-cost polymer material with good solubility and biodegradability, can combine the processability of PVA with the excellent performance of porous filler MOFs, solving the problem that the poor machinability of MOFs and the difficulty of recycling limit the practical application of powdered MOFs and improving the physicochemical properties of PVA, maximizing the advantages of the material to develop a wider range of applications. Firstly, we systematically summarize the preparation of MOF/PVA composite membrane materials using solution casting, electrostatic spinning, and other different methods for such excellent properties, in addition to discussing in detail the various applications of MOF/PVA composite membranes in water treatment, sensing, air purification, separation, antibacterials, and so on. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the difficulties that need to be overcome during the film formation process to affect the performance of the composite film and offer encouraging solutions.

ZIF-67 Incorporated Sulfonated Poly (Aryl Ether Sulfone) Mixed Matrix Membranes for Pervaporation Separation of Methanol/Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether Mixture

Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) with nano-fillers dispersed in polymer matrix have been proposed as alternative pervaporation membrane materials. They possess both promising selectivity benefiting from the fillers and economical processing capabilities of polymers. ZIF-67 was synthesized and incorporated into the sulfonated poly (aryl ether sulfone) (SPES) matrix to prepare SPES/ZIF-67 mixed matrix membranes with different ZIF-67 mass fractions. The as-prepared membranes were used for pervaporation separation of methanol/methyl tert-butyl ether mixtures. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and laser particle size analysis results show that ZIF-67 is successfully synthesized, and the particle size is mainly between 280 nm and 400 nm. The membranes were characterized by SEM, atomic force microscope (AFM), water contact angle, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), mechanical property testing and positron annihilation technique (PAT), sorption and swelling experiments, and the pervaporation performance was also investigated. The results reveal that ZIF-67 particles disperse uniformly in the SPES matrix. The roughness and hydrophilicity are enhanced by ZIF-67 exposed on the membrane surface. The mixed matrix membrane has good thermal stability and mechanical properties, which can meet the requirements of pervaporation operation. The introduction of ZIF-67 effectively regulates the free volume parameters of the mixed matrix membrane. With increasing ZIF-67 mass fraction, the cavity radius and free volume fraction increase gradually. When the operating temperature is 40 °C, the flow rate is 50 L·h^-1 and the mass fraction of methanol in feed is 15%, the mixed matrix membrane with ZIF-67 mass fraction of 20% shows the best comprehensive pervaporation performance. The total flux and separation factor reach 0.297 kg·m^-2·h^-1 and 2123, respectively.

Effect of Nanofillers on Properties and Pervaporation Performance of Nanocomposite Membranes: A Review

In recent years, a well-known membrane-based process called pervaporation (PV), has attracted remarkable attention due to its advantages for selective separation of a wide variety of liquid mixtures. However, some restrictions of polymeric membranes have led to research studies on developing membranes for efficient separation in the PV process. Recent studies have focused on preparation of nanocomposite membranes as an effective method to improve both selectivity and permeability of polymeric membranes. The present study provides a review of PV nanocomposite membranes for various applications. In this review, recent developments in the field of nanocomposite membranes, including the fabrication methods, characterization, and PV performance, are summarized.

Pervaporation Polyvinyl Alcohol Membranes Modified with Zr-Based Metal Organic Frameworks for Isopropanol Dehydration

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are perceptive modifiers for the creation of mixed matrix membranes to improve the pervaporation performance of polymeric membranes. In this study, novel membranes based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) modified with Zr-MOFs (MIL-140A, MIL-140A-AcOH, and MIL-140A-AcOH-EDTA) particles were developed for enhanced pervaporation dehydration of isopropanol. Two membrane types (substrateless-freestanding; and formed on polyacrylonitrile support-composite) were prepared. The additional cross-linking of membranes with glutaraldehyde was carried out to circumvent membrane stability in pervaporation dehydration of diluted solutions. The synthesized Zr-MOFs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction analysis, and specific surface area measurement. The structure and physicochemical properties of the developed membranes were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron and atomic force microscopies, thermogravimetric analysis, swelling experiments, and contact angle measurements. The PVA and PVA/Zr-MOFs membranes were evaluated in pervaporation dehydration of isopropanol in a wide concentration range. It was found that the composite cross-linked PVA membrane with 10 wt% MIL-140A had optimal pervaporation performance in the isopropanol dehydration (12-100 wt% water) at 22 °C: 0.15-1.33 kg/(m²h) permeation flux, 99.9 wt% water in the permeate, and is promising for the use in the industrial dehydration of alcohols.

Swelling-Resistant, Crosslinked Polyvinyl Alcohol Membranes with High ZIF-8 Nanofiller Loadings as Effective Solid Electrolytes for Alkaline Fuel Cells

The present work investigates the direct mixing of aqueous zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) suspension into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (GA) to form swelling-resistant, mechanically robust and conductivity retentive composite membranes. This drying-free nanofiller incorporation method enhances the homogeneous ZIF-8 distributions in the PVA/ZIF-8/GA composites to overcome the nanofiller aggregation problem in the mixed matrix membranes. Various ZIF-8 concentrations (25.4, 40.5 and 45.4 wt.%) are used to study the suitability of the resulting GA-crosslinked composites for direct alkaline methanol fuel cell (DAMFC). Surface morphological analysis confirmed homogeneous ZIF-8 particle distribution in the GA-crosslinked composites with a defect- and crack-free structure. The increased ionic conductivity (21% higher than the ZIF-free base material) and suppressed alcohol permeability (94% lower from the base material) of PVA/40.5%ZIF-8/GA resulted in the highest selectivity among the prepared composites. In addition, the GA-crosslinked composites’ selectivity increased to 1.5−2 times that of those without crosslink. Moreover, the ZIF-8 nanofillers improved the mechanical strength and alkaline stability of the composites. This was due to the negligible volume swelling ratio (<1.4%) of high (>40%) ZIF-8-loaded composites. After 168 h of alkaline treatment, the PVA/40.5%ZIF-8/GA composite had almost negligible ionic conductivity loss (0.19%) compared with the initial material. The maximum power density (Pmax) of PVA/40.5%ZIF-8/GA composite was 190.5 mW cm−2 at 60 °C, an increase of 181% from the PVA/GA membrane. Moreover, the Pmax of PVA/40.5%ZIF-8/GA was 10% higher than that without GA crosslinking. These swelling-resistant and stable solid electrolytes are promising in alkaline fuel cell applications.

Synthesis of highly porous three-dimensional PVA/GO/ZIF-67 cryogel for the simultaneous treatment of waters contaminated with cadmium (II) and lead (II) heavy metal ions

In this research, PVA/GO/ZIF-67 cryogel as a highly porous three-dimensional polymeric adsorbent was synthesized by freeze-drying method and applied for the simultaneous removal of Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions from contaminated...

Biodegradable Polymeric Membranes for Organic Solvent/Water Pervaporation Applications

Biodegradable polymers are a green alternative to apply as the base membrane materials in versatile processes. In this study, two dense membranes were made from biodegradable PGS (poly(glycerol sebacate)) and APS (poly(1,3-diamino-2-hydroxypropane-co-polyol sebacate)), respectively. The prepared membranes were characterized by FE-SEM, AFM, ATR-FTIR, TGA, DSC, water contact angle, and degree of swelling, in comparison with the PDMS (polydimethylpolysiloxane) membrane. In the pervaporation process for five organic solvent/water systems at 37 °C, both biodegradable membranes exhibited higher separation factors for ethanol/water and acetic acid/water separations, while the PDMS membrane attained better effectiveness in the other three systems. In particular, a positive relationship between the separation factor and the swelling ratio of organic solvent to water (DS_o/DS_w) was noticed. In spite of their biodegradability, the stability of both PGS and APS membranes was not deteriorated on ethanol/water pervaporation for one month. Furthermore, these two biodegradable membranes were applied in the pervaporation of simulated ABE (acetone-butanol-ethanol) fermentation solution, and the results were comparable with those reported in the literature.

Alicyclic Polyimide/SiO2 Mixed Matrix Membranes for Water/n-Butanol Pervaporation

Alicyclic polyimides (PIs) have excellent properties in solubility, mechanical strength, thermal property, etc. This study developed two types of alicyclic PI-based mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) for water/n-butanol pervaporation application, which have never been investigated previously. The fillers were hydrophilic SiO₂ nanoparticles. The synthesized PI was mixed with SiO₂ nanoparticles in DMAc to make the casting solution, and a liquid film was formed over PET substrate using doctor blade. A dense MMM was fabricated at 80 °C and further treated via multi-stage curing (100–170 °C). The prepared membranes were characterized by FTIR, TGA, FE-SEM, water contact angle, and solvent swelling. The trends of pure solvent swelling effects agree well with the water contact angle results. Moreover, the pervaporation efficiencies of alicyclic PI/SiO₂ MMMs for 85 wt% n-butanol aqueous solution at 40 °C were investigated. The results showed that BCDA-3,4′-ODA/SiO₂ MMMs had a larger permeation flux and higher separation factor than BCDA-1,3,3-APB/SiO₂ MMMs. For both types of MMMs, the separation factor increased first and then decreased, with increasing SiO₂ loading. Based on the PSI performance, the optimal SiO₂ content was 0.5 wt% for BCDA-3,4′-ODA/SiO₂ MMMs and 5 wt% for BCDA-1,3,3-APB/SiO₂ MMMs. The overall separation efficiency of BCDA-3,4′-ODA-based membranes was 10–30-fold higher.

Applications of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) in bone tissue engineering: A review

Bone tissue is a highly vascularized and dynamic tissue that continues to remodel throughout the life cycle of a person. Only a few researches are done on usage of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) in the bone tissue engineering area. Hence, this review is focused on the application of the ZIF-8 in bone tissue engineering. This work includes an explanation of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and ZIF-8 including synthesis methods as well as biocompatibility and biomedical applications of ZIF-8. In fact, a literature review is provided on previous applications of ZIF-8 in bone tissue engineering. Also, the investigations related to employing ZIF-8 in bone scaffolds and drug delivery systems for the bone tissues are discussed, and future perspectives are also emphasized.

Fabrication and Physicochemical Study of B2SA-Grafted Poly(vinyl Alcohol)-Graphene Hybrid Membranes for Dehydration of Bioethanol by Pervaporation

Tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS)-crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) solution was prepared and treated with benzaldehyde 2 sulphonic sodium salt acid (B2SA) for sulfonation. Different contents of graphene were incorporated into B2SA-grafted PVA-TEOS hybrid membrane to improve the membrane stability, mechanical strength, and overall pervaporation performance of the membranes. Membranes were fabricated using the casting technique. Developed membranes were then analyzed for their physicochemical changes by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscope (SEM), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), contact angle analysis (CA), and mechanical strength. The lower d-spacing value observed in WAXD was evidence for the decreased inter-chain distance between the polymer chains. DSC exhibited the enhanced thermal stability of the developed membranes compared to the plane PVA membrane with enhancement in Tg value (106 °C), which was well above the pervaporation experimental temperature. Incorporation of graphene induced higher mechanical strength to the fabricated membranes. Further, the membranes were tested for the pervaporation separation of bioethanol. All the membranes were stable throughout the pervaporation studies, with M-2 G showing the total permeation flux of 11.66 × 10-2 kg/(m2 h) at 30 °C.

One-Step Fabrication of Three Metals Zif and its Application for Adsorption of Levofloxacin in Aqueous Solution

Background:

Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks with three metals Zn, Co and Ag (ZIF-3M) and ZIF-67 were synthesized at room temperature and characterized with different techniques such as FESEM, BET, EDX and XRD. Then, the synthesized nanoparticles were successfully applied for the removal of levofloxacin from aqueous solutions.

Methods:

To optimize the significant factors (i.e., pH, adsorbent dose and contact time), the response surface methodology (RSM) was implemented based on Box-Behnken design (BBD) in each step, an appropriate amount of adsorbent was added to 30 ppm of a solution containing levofloxacin and the pH was adjusted to the desired value with 0.1 M HCl or 0.1 M NaOH. The mixture was stirred at room temperature and then centrifuged at 7500 rpm for 3 min.

Results:

The optimal conditions for each variable were performed using Box-Behnken design. Results revealed that ZIF-3M nanoparticles more efficiently remove levofloxacin than ZIF-67 in aqueous solution.

Conclusion:

In this research, new three metals ZIF (ZIF-3M) nanoparticles were synthesized with Ag, Zn and Co in aqueous solution and characterized by different techniques. Results indicated successful synthesis with preserving ZIF framework. Results indicated that ZIF-3M has more ability for the removal of levofloxacin than ZIF-67. Isotherm studies showed that the most suitable model for the adsorption of levofloxacin onto ZIF-3M has a good agreement with the Langmuier model.

Removal of anionic dye Congo red from aqueous environment using polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate/ZSM-5 zeolite membrane

In this study, a novel PVA/SA/ZSM-5 zeolite membrane with good regeneration capacity was successfully prepared by solvent casting technique. The properties of the membranes were assessed by employing different characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), optical microscopy (OP), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), contact angle and universal testing machine (UTM). XRD, TGA and UTM results revealed that the crystallinity and thermo-mechanical performance of the membrane could be tuned with zeolite content. The successful incorporation of zeolite into the polymer matrix was confirmed by FT-IR, SEM and OP analysis. The adsorption ability of the as-prepared membrane was evaluated with a model anionic dye, Congo red. Adsorption studies show that the removal efficiency of the membrane could be tuned by varying zeolite content, initial concentration of dye, contact time, pH and temperature. Maximum dye adsorption (5.33 mg/g) was observed for 2.5 wt% zeolite loaded membrane, at an initial dye concentration of 10 ppm, pH 3 and temperature 30 °C. The antibacterial efficiency of the membrane against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) was also reported. The results show that membrane inhibits the growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The adsorption isotherm was studied using two models: Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm. The results show that the experimental data fitted well with Freundlich isotherm with a high correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.998). Meanwhile, the kinetic studies demonstrate that pseudo-second-order (R2 = 0.999) model describe the adsorption of Congo red onto PVA/SA/ZSM-5 zeolite membrane better than pseudo-first-order (R2 = 0.972) and intra particle diffusion model (R2 = 0.91). The experimental studies thus suggest that PVA/SA/ZSM-5 zeolite could be a promising candidate for the removal of Congo red from aqueous solution.

Dimensional Nanofillers in Mixed Matrix Membranes for Pervaporation Separations: A Review

Pervaporation (PV) has been an intriguing membrane technology for separating liquid mixtures since its commercialization in the 1980s. The design of highly permselective materials used in this respect has made significant improvements in separation properties, such as selectivity, permeability, and long-term stability. Mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs), featuring inorganic fillers dispersed in a polymer matrix to form an organic-inorganic hybrid, have opened up a new avenue to facilely obtain high-performance PV membranes. The combination of inorganic fillers in a polymer matrix endows high flexibility in designing the required separation properties of the membranes, in which various fillers provide specific functions correlated to the separation process. This review discusses recent advances in the use of nanofillers in PV MMMs categorized by dimensions including zero-, one-, two- and three-dimensional nanomaterials. Furthermore, the impact of the nanofillers on the polymer matrix is described to provide in-depth understanding of the structure-performance relationship. Finally, the applications of nanofillers in MMMs for PV separation are summarized.

Metal-Organic Framework Membranes and Membrane Reactors: Versatile Separations and Intensified Processes

Metal-organic frameworks are an emerging and fascinating category of porous solids that can be self-assembled with metal-based cations linked by organic molecules. The unique features of MOFs in porosity (or surface areas), together with their diversity for chemical components and architectures, make MOFs attractive candidates in many applications. MOF membranes represent a long-term endeavor to convert MOF crystals in the lab to potentially industry-available commodities, which, as a promising alternative to distillation, provide a bright future for energy-efficient separation technologies closely related with chemicals, the environment, and energy. The membrane reactor shows a typical intensified process strategy by combining the catalytic reaction with the membrane separation in one unit. This review highlights the recent process of MOF-based membranes and the importance of MOF-based membrane reactors in relative intensified chemical processes.

The Study of Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework (ZIF-8) Doped Polyvinyl Alcohol/Starch/Methyl Cellulose Blend Film

ZIF-8 nanoparticle-doped polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-S-MC films were prepared via casting method. The effect of different concentrations of ZIF-8 on the physical properties and structural characterization of the films were investigated. The results indicated that ZIF-8 could increase the water resistance and mechanical property of the membrane. Through FTIR, scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), and TGA analysis, it was found that ZIF-8 changed the phenomenon of macromolecule agglomeration and improved the thermal stability of the membrane. The breathable behavior of the film was also studied through oxygen permeability and water vapor permeability analysis. The result illustrated that the breathability of the film improved significantly by adding ZIF-8. The maximum reached when the weight ratio of ZIF-8 was 0.01 wt %. The property expands the application of PVA/starch blend film in the postharvest technology of fruits and vegetables.

New Trends in Biopolymer-Based Membranes for Pervaporation

Biopolymers are currently the most convenient alternative for replacing chemically synthetized polymers in membrane preparation. To date, several biopolymers have been proposed for such purpose, including the ones derived from animal (e.g., polybutylene succinate, polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalcanoates), vegetable sources (e.g., starch, cellulose-based polymers, alginate, polyisoprene), bacterial fermentation products (e.g., collagen, chitin, chitosan) and specific production processes (e.g., sericin). Particularly, these biopolymer-based membranes have been implemented into pervaporation (PV) technology, which assists in the selective separation of azeotropic water-organic, organic-water, organic-organic mixtures, and specific separations of chemical reactions. Thereby, the aim of the present review is to present the current state-of-the-art regarding the different concepts on preparing membranes for PV. Particular attention is paid to the most relevant insights in the field, highlighting the followed strategies by authors for such successful approaches. Finally, by reviewing the ongoing development works, the concluding remarks and future trends are addressed.

Chemical and bio-chemical reactions assisted by pervaporation technology

Since several decades ago, the application of pervaporation (PV) technology has been mainly aimed at the separation of different types of water-organic, organic-water and organic-organic mixtures, reaching its large-scale application in industry for the dehydration of organics. Today, the versatility and high selectivity toward specific compounds have led its consideration to other types of application such as the assisted chemical and bio-chemical reactions. The focus of this review is to provide a compelling overview on the recent developments of PV combined with chemical and bio-chemical reactions. After a general introduction of PV and its theoretical background, particular emphasis is given to the results obtained in the field for different reactions considered, identifying the key features and weak points of PV in such particular applications. Furthermore, future trends and perspectives are also addressed according to the latest literature reports.

Membranes for dehydration of alcohols via pervaporation

Alcohols are the essential chemicals used in a variety of pharmaceutical and chemical industries. The extreme purity of alcohols in many of such industrial applications is essential. Though distillation is one of the methods used conventionally to purify alcohols, the method consumes more energy and requires carcinogenic entertainers, making the process environmentally toxic. Alternatively, efforts have been made to focus research efforts on alcohol dehydration by the pervaporation (PV) separation technique using polymeric membranes. The present review is focused on alcohol dehydration using PV separation technique, which is the most efficient and benign method of purifying alcohols that are required in fine chemicals synthesis and developing pharmaceutical formulations. This review will discuss about the latest developments in the area of PV technique used in alcohol dehydration using a variety of novel membranes.

MIL-53(Al) and NH2-MIL-53(Al) modified α-alumina membranes for efficient adsorption of dyes from organic solvents

MIL-53(Al) and NH₂-MIL-53(Al) modified α-alumina membranes are investigated for the adsoption of organic dyes from organic solvents.

Review: Membrane Materials for the Removal of Water from Industrial Solvents by Pervaporation and Vapor Permeation

Organic solvents are widely used in a variety of industrial sectors. Reclaiming and reusing the solvents may be the most economically and environmentally beneficial option for managing spent solvents. Purifying the solvents to meet reuse specifications can be challenging. For hydrophilic solvents, water must be removed prior to reuse, yet many hydrophilic solvents form hard-to-separate azeotropic mixtures with water. Such mixtures make separation processes energy intensive and cause economic challenges. The membrane processes pervaporation (PV) and vapor permeation (VP) can be less energy intensive than distillation-based processes and have proven to be very effective in removing water from azeotropic mixtures. In PV/VP, separation is based on the solution-diffusion interaction between the dense permselective layer of the membrane and the solvent/water mixture. This review provides a state-of-the-science analysis of materials used as the selective layer(s) of PV/VP membranes in removing water from organic solvents. A variety of membrane materials, such as polymeric, inorganic, mixed matrix, and hybrid, have been reported in the literature. A small subset of these are commercially available and highlighted here: poly(vinyl alcohol), polyimides, amorphous perfluoro polymers, NaA zeolites, chabazite zeolites, T-type zeolites, and hybrid silicas. The typical performance characteristics and operating limits of these membranes are discussed. Solvents targeted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for reclamation are emphasized and ten common solvents are chosen for analysis: acetonitrile, 1-butanol, N,N-dimethyl formamide, ethanol, methanol, methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl tert-butyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, and 2-propanol.