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Jung HJ, Goonesinghe C, Zhang Z, Chang J, Nyamayaro K, Baalbaki HA, Hatzikiriakos SG, Mehrkhodavandi P. Synthesis of High-Molecular-Weight Poly(ether- alt-ester) by Selective Double Ring-Opening Polymerization of Spiroorthoesters. ACS Macro Lett 2024:266-272. [PMID: 38335927 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
We report the selective double ring-opening polymerization of presequenced spiroorthoester monomers to form high-molecular-weight (≈90 kDa) poly(ether-alt-ester)s with a simple cationic alkyl gallium catalyst. The selective formation of double ring-opened polymer units was confirmed by NMR and IR spectroscopies. Thermal and rheological properties of homo- and copolymers were further characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and stress-controlled rotational rheometry. Linear viscoelastic moduli show that these systems are well entangled (plateau modulus), thereby possessing nearly terminal relaxation at long time scales (low frequencies) and Rouse segmental dynamics at short time scales (high frequencies) with characteristic slopes. These are the highest-molecular-weight poly(ether-alt-ester)s reported to date.
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Clemens AL, Jayathilake BS, Karnes JJ, Schwartz JJ, Baker SE, Duoss EB, Oakdale JS. Tuning Alkaline Anion Exchange Membranes through Crosslinking: A Review of Synthetic Strategies and Property Relationships. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061534. [PMID: 36987313 PMCID: PMC10051716 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkaline anion exchange membranes (AAEMs) are an enabling component for next-generation electrochemical devices, including alkaline fuel cells, water and CO2 electrolyzers, and flow batteries. While commercial systems, notably fuel cells, have traditionally relied on proton-exchange membranes, hydroxide-ion conducting AAEMs hold promise as a method to reduce cost-per-device by enabling the use of non-platinum group electrodes and cell components. AAEMs have undergone significant material development over the past two decades; however, challenges remain in the areas of durability, water management, high temperature performance, and selectivity. In this review, we survey crosslinking as a tool capable of tuning AAEM properties. While crosslinking implementations vary, they generally result in reduced water uptake and increased transport selectivity and alkaline stability. We survey synthetic methodologies for incorporating crosslinks during AAEM fabrication and highlight necessary precautions for each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auston L. Clemens
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Correspondence: (A.L.C.); (J.S.O.)
| | | | - John J. Karnes
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Johanna J. Schwartz
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Sarah E. Baker
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Eric B. Duoss
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - James S. Oakdale
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Correspondence: (A.L.C.); (J.S.O.)
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Lan Y, Zhou D, Lai L, Qi H, Xia L, Depuydt S, Van der Bruggen B, Zhao Y. A monovalent selective anion exchange membrane made by poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenyl oxide) for bromide recovery. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Motoishi Y, Tanaka N, Fujigaya T. Postmodification of highly delocalized cations in an azide-based polymer via copper-catalyzed cycloaddition for anion exchange membranes. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00730-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
This Review provides an overview of the emerging concepts of catalysts, membranes, and membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) for water electrolyzers with anion-exchange membranes (AEMs), also known as zero-gap alkaline water electrolyzers. Much of the recent progress is due to improvements in materials chemistry, MEA designs, and optimized operation conditions. Research on anion-exchange polymers (AEPs) has focused on the cationic head/backbone/side-chain structures and key properties such as ionic conductivity and alkaline stability. Several approaches, such as cross-linking, microphase, and organic/inorganic composites, have been proposed to improve the anion-exchange performance and the chemical and mechanical stability of AEMs. Numerous AEMs now exceed values of 0.1 S/cm (at 60-80 °C), although the stability specifically at temperatures exceeding 60 °C needs further enhancement. The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is still a limiting factor. An analysis of thin-layer OER data suggests that NiFe-type catalysts have the highest activity. There is debate on the active-site mechanism of the NiFe catalysts, and their long-term stability needs to be understood. Addition of Co to NiFe increases the conductivity of these catalysts. The same analysis for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) shows carbon-supported Pt to be dominating, although PtNi alloys and clusters of Ni(OH)2 on Pt show competitive activities. Recent advances in forming and embedding well-dispersed Ru nanoparticles on functionalized high-surface-area carbon supports show promising HER activities. However, the stability of these catalysts under actual AEMWE operating conditions needs to be proven. The field is advancing rapidly but could benefit through the adaptation of new in situ techniques, standardized evaluation protocols for AEMWE conditions, and innovative catalyst-structure designs. Nevertheless, single AEM water electrolyzer cells have been operated for several thousand hours at temperatures and current densities as high as 60 °C and 1 A/cm2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiying Du
- National
Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Energy,
Mining and Environment Research Centre, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Claudie Roy
- Energy,
Mining and Environment Research Centre, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- National
Research Council of Canada, 2620 Speakman Drive, Mississauga, Ontario L5K 1B1, Canada
| | - Retha Peach
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstaße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthew Turnbull
- National
Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Energy,
Mining and Environment Research Centre, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Simon Thiele
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstaße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christina Bock
- National
Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Energy,
Mining and Environment Research Centre, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
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6
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Piperazine-functionalized porous anion exchange membranes for efficient acid recovery by diffusion dialysis. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Chen Y, Li Y, Xu J, Chen S, Chen D. Densely Quaternized Fluorinated Poly(fluorenyl ether)s with Excellent Conductivity and Stability for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:18923-18933. [PMID: 33852269 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cationic group distribution and elemental composition are two key factors determining the conductivity and stability of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) for vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). Herein, fluorinated tetra-dimethylaminomethyl-poly(fluorenyl ether)s (TAPFE)s were designed as the polymer precursors, which were reacted with 6-bromo-N,N,N-trimethylhexan-1-aminium bromide to introduce di-quaternary ammonium (DQA) containing side chains. The resultant DQA-TAPFEs with a rigid fluorinated backbone and flexible multi-cationic side chains exhibited distinct micro-phase separation as probed by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). DQA-TAPFE-20 with an ion exchange capacity (IEC) of 1.55 mmol g-1 exhibited a SO42- conductivity of 10.1 mS cm-1 at room temperature, much higher than that of a control AEM with an identical backbone but spaced out cationic groups, which had a similar IEC of 1.60 mmol g-1 but a SO42- conductivity of only 3.2 mS cm-1. Due to the Donnan repulsion effect, the DQA-TAPFEs exhibited significantly lower VO2+ permeability than Nafion 212. The VRFB assembled with DQA-TAPFE-20 achieved an energy efficiency of 80.4% at 80 mA cm-1 and a capacity retention rate of 82.9% after the 50th cycling test, both higher than those of the VRFB assembled with Nafion 212 and other AEMs in the literature. Therefore, the rationally designed DQA-TAPFEs are promising candidates for VRFB applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Shaoyun Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Dongyang Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
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Ding A, Zhou J, Cheng X, Shen C, Gao S. Quaternized poly (2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) crosslinked by tertiary amine and siloxane for anion exchange membranes. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ao Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Jinyue Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Xiangze Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Chunhui Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Shanjun Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
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Crosslinked Proton Exchange Membranes with a Wider Working Temperature Based on Phosphonic Acid Functionalized Siloxane and PPO. Macromol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-021-9024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Jiang T, Zhou Y, Yang Y, Wu C, Fang H, Yang S, Wei H, Ding Y. Dimensionally and oxidatively stable anion exchange membranes based on bication cross-linked poly(meta-terphenylene alkylene)s. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Crosslinked Pore-Filling Anion Exchange Membrane Using the Cylindrical Centrifugal Force for Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell System. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112758. [PMID: 33238409 PMCID: PMC7700159 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, novel crosslinked pore-filling membranes were fabricated by using a centrifugal force from the cylindrical centrifugal machine. For preparing these crosslinked pore-filling membranes, the poly(phenylene oxide) containing long side chains to improve the water management (hydrophilic), porous polyethylene support (hydrophobic) and crosslinker based on the diamine were used. The resulting membranes showed a uniform thickness, flexible and transparent because it is well filled. Among them, PF-XAc-PPO70_25 showed good mechanical properties (56.1 MPa of tensile strength and 781.0 MPa of Young’s modulus) and dimensional stability due to the support. In addition, it has a high hydroxide conductivity (87.1 mS/cm at 80 °C) and low area specific resistance (0.040 Ω·cm2), at the same time showing stable alkaline stability. These data outperformed the commercial FAA-3-50 membrane sold by Fumatech in Germany. Based on the optimized properties, membrane electrode assembly using XAc-PPO70_25 revealed excellent cell performance (maximum power density: 239 mW/cm2 at 0.49 V) than those of commercial FAA-3-50 Fumatech anion exchange membrane (maximum power density: 212 mW/cm2 at 0.54 V) under the operating condition of 60 °C and 100% RH as well. It was expected that PF-XAc-PPO70_25 could be an excellent candidate based on the results superior to those of commercial membranes in these essential characteristics of fuel cells.
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A Composite Anion Conducting Membrane Based on Quaternized Cellulose and Poly(Phenylene Oxide) for Alkaline Fuel Cell Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112676. [PMID: 33198387 PMCID: PMC7696857 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, composite anion exchange membranes (AEMs) were synthesized by cross-linking poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) with cellulose functionalized by 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]-octane (DABCO) or di-guanidine (DG). The structural and morphological characteristics of the synthesized AEMs were characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR, SEM, TEM, and AFM, while their performance was evaluated in terms of ionic conductivity, water uptake, ion exchange capacity, and tensile strength with respect to the loading of the quaternized cellulose in the quaternized PPO (qPPO) matrix. The composite AEMs exhibited considerably enhanced mechanical and alkaline stability as well as good anion conductivity. The composite AEM with 7 wt% of cellulose functionalized with DG in the qPPO matrix (qPPO/DG-Cel7) exhibited a maximum hydroxide conductivity of 0.164 S cm-1. Furthermore, a urea/O2 fuel cell prepared using this composite membrane showed a maximum power density of 12.3 mW cm-2. The results indicated that the cellulose-based composite membranes showed a satisfactory performance in alkaline fuel cell applications.
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13
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Preparation of self-crosslinking anion exchange membrane with acid block performance from side-chain type polysulfone. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.117831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Yadav V, Rajput A, Sharma PP, Jha PK, Kulshrestha V. Polyetherimide based anion exchange membranes for alkaline fuel cell: Better ion transport properties and stability. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Improving fuel cell performance of an anion exchange membrane by terminal pending bis-cations on a flexible side chain. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Ingabire PB, Pan X, Haragirimana A, Li N, Hu Z, Chen S. Enhanced conduction capability of nanocomposite membrane of quaternized poly (arylene ether sulfone)s covalently bonded with graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets for fuel cells. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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17
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Wei H, Tong L, Yu S, Zhang J, Dong Y, Li X, Ding Y. Non-covalently crosslinked anion exchange membranes: Effect of urea hydrogen-bonding group position. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Highly Conductive and Water-Swelling Resistant Anion Exchange Membrane for Alkaline Fuel Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143470. [PMID: 31311111 PMCID: PMC6679103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To ameliorate the trade-off effect between ionic conductivity and water swelling of anion exchange membranes (AEMs), a crosslinked, hyperbranched membrane (C-HBM) combining the advantages of densely functionalization architecture and crosslinking structure was fabricated by the quaternization of the hyperbranched poly(4-vinylbenzyl chloride) (HB-PVBC) with a multiamine oligomer poly(N,N-Dimethylbenzylamine). The membrane displayed well-developed microphase separation morphology, as confirmed by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Moreover, the corresponding high ionic conductivity, strongly depressed water swelling, high thermal stability, and acceptable alkaline stability were achieved. Of special note is the much higher ratio of hydroxide conductivity to water swelling (33.0) than that of most published side-chain type, block, and densely functionalized AEMs, implying its higher potential for application in fuel cells.
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Li J, Wang S, Liu F, Wang X, Chen H, Mao T, Wang Z. Poly (aryl ether ketone)/polymeric ionic liquid with anisotropic swelling behavior for anion exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Ye N, Zhang D, Yang Y, Wan R, Chen S, Zhan Q, He R. 3-Glycidoxy-propylthrimethoxysilane improved anion exchange membranes based on quaternized poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenyleneoxide). POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Huo P, Xun Z, Ni S, Liu Y, Wang G, Gu J. Crosslinked quaternized poly(arylene ether sulfone) copolymer membrane applied in an electric double‐layer capacitor for high energy density. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Huo
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringNortheast Forestry University Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Based Materials Science and Technology (Ministry of Education)Northeast Forestry University Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Xun
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringNortheast Forestry University Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Based Materials Science and Technology (Ministry of Education)Northeast Forestry University Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
| | - Shoupeng Ni
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringNortheast Forestry University Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Based Materials Science and Technology (Ministry of Education)Northeast Forestry University Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringNortheast Forestry University Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Based Materials Science and Technology (Ministry of Education)Northeast Forestry University Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
| | - Guibin Wang
- Key Laboratory of High‐Performance Plastics, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High‐Performance Polymers (Ministry of Education), College of ChemistryJilin University Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyou Gu
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringNortheast Forestry University Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Based Materials Science and Technology (Ministry of Education)Northeast Forestry University Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
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Bai T, Wang M, Zhang B, Jia Y, Chen Y. Anion-exchange membrane with ion-nanochannels to beat trade-off between membrane conductivity and acid blocking performance for waste acid reclamation. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Semi-interpenetrating polymer networks toward sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membranes for high concentration direct methanol fuel cell. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Mechanically robust poly[vinyl-(4-benzyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide) ketone]/polybenzimidazole blend membranes for anion conductive solid electrolytes. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Koronka D, Matsumoto A, Otsuji K, Miyatake K. Partially fluorinated copolymers containing pendant piperidinium head groups as anion exchange membranes for alkaline fuel cells. RSC Adv 2019; 9:37391-37402. [PMID: 35542305 PMCID: PMC9075601 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07775h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A new series of partially fluorinated copolymers with varying alkyl side chain length (C3, C6 and C9) and piperidinium head groups have been synthesized and characterized in detail in an effort to improve membrane properties for alkaline fuel cell applications. The copolymers (QPAF4-Cx-pip) provided thin and bendable membranes by solution casting, and achieved high hydroxide ion conductivity up to 97 mS cm−1 in water at 80 °C. Membrane properties such as water absorbability, conductivity, and mechanical properties were tunable with the side chain length. The copolymer main chain and the piperidinium groups were both alkaline stable and the membranes retained high conductivity in 4 M KOH at 80 °C for as long as 1000 h, however, conductivity was lost in 8 M KOH due to Hofmann degradation of the side chain. QPAF4-C3-pip copolymer with the best-balanced properties as anion exchange membrane functioned well in a hydrogen/oxygen alkaline fuel cell to achieve 226 mW cm−2 peak power density at 502 mA cm−2 current density under fully humidified conditions with no back pressure. Piperidinium functionalized partially fluorinated copolymers with varying alkyl spacer length were synthesized and evaluated as anion exchange membranes to achieve improved performance in alkaline fuel cells.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Koronka
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering
- University of Yamanashi
- Kofu 400-8510
- Japan
| | - Akinobu Matsumoto
- Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center
- University of Yamanashi
- Kofu 400-8510
- Japan
| | - Kanji Otsuji
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering
- University of Yamanashi
- Kofu 400-8510
- Japan
| | - Kenji Miyatake
- Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center
- University of Yamanashi
- Kofu 400-8510
- Japan
- Clean Energy Research Center
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Chang J, Tang K, Cao H, Zhao Z, Su C, Li Y, Duan F, Sheng Y. Application of anion exchange membrane and the effect of its properties on asymmetric membrane capacitive deionization. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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He R, Wen P, Zhang HN, Guan S, Xie G, Li LZ, Lee MH, Li XD. In-situ photocrosslinked hydroxide conductive membranes based on photosensitive poly(arylene ether sulfone) block copolymers for anion exchange membrane fuel cells. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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28
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Ye N, Xu Y, Zhang D, Yang Y, Yang J, He R. High alkaline resistance of benzyl-triethylammonium functionalized anion exchange membranes with different pendants. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Afsar NU, Erigene B, Irfan M, Wu B, Xu T, Ji W, Emmanuel K, Ge L, Xu T. High performance anion exchange membrane with proton transport pathways for diffusion dialysis. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Anion exchange membranes with clusters of alkyl ammonium group for mitigating water swelling but not ionic conductivity. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Gao Q, Pan X, Buregeya PI, Lu Y, Zhang X, Yan X, Hu Z, Chen S. Stable anion exchange membranes derived from fluorinated poly(aryl ethers) with quaternized fluorene units for fuel cell applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei; Nanjing Jiangsu 210094 China
| | - Xueting Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei; Nanjing Jiangsu 210094 China
| | - Providence Ingabire Buregeya
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei; Nanjing Jiangsu 210094 China
| | - Yao Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei; Nanjing Jiangsu 210094 China
| | - Xulve Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei; Nanjing Jiangsu 210094 China
| | - Xiaobo Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei; Nanjing Jiangsu 210094 China
| | - Zhaoxia Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei; Nanjing Jiangsu 210094 China
| | - Shouwen Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei; Nanjing Jiangsu 210094 China
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Liu X, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Li C, Dong J, Zhang Q, Wang J, Yang Z, Cheng H. A superhydrophobic bromomethylated poly(phenylene oxide) as a multifunctional polymer filler in SPEEK membrane towards neat methanol operation of direct methanol fuel cells. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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34
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Chen J, Shen C, Gao S, Yuan Y, Ren X. Novel imidazole-grafted hybrid anion exchange membranes based on poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) for fuel cell applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiqin Chen
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; No.122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070 People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhui Shen
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; No.122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070 People's Republic of China
| | - Shanjun Gao
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; No.122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; No.122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070 People's Republic of China
| | - Xuechao Ren
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; No.122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070 People's Republic of China
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Lin CX, Zhuo YZ, Hu EN, Zhang QG, Zhu AM, Liu QL. Crosslinked side-chain-type anion exchange membranes with enhanced conductivity and dimensional stability. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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Cho MK, Lim A, Lee SY, Kim HJ, Yoo SJ, Sung YE, Park HS, Jang JH. A Review on Membranes and Catalysts for Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis Single Cells. J ELECTROCHEM SCI TE 2017. [DOI: 10.33961/jecst.2017.8.3.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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Hu B, Miao L, Zhao Y, Lü C. Azide-assisted crosslinked quaternized polysulfone with reduced graphene oxide for highly stable anion exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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39
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Shin DW, Guiver MD, Lee YM. Hydrocarbon-Based Polymer Electrolyte Membranes: Importance of Morphology on Ion Transport and Membrane Stability. Chem Rev 2017; 117:4759-4805. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 582] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Won Shin
- Department
of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Fuel
Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael D. Guiver
- Department
of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- State
Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Young Moo Lee
- Department
of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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40
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Hu B, Miao L, Bai Y, Lü C. Facile construction of crosslinked anion exchange membranes based on fluorenyl-containing polysulfone via click chemistry. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00789b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Crosslinked fluorenyl-containing polysulfone based anion exchange membranes have been successfully synthesized via click chemistry with improved properties by controlling the crosslinking degree and micro-phase structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- College of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
| | - Luyang Miao
- College of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
| | - Yang Bai
- College of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
| | - Changli Lü
- College of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
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41
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Huang XL, Lin CX, Hu EN, Soyekwo F, Zhang QG, Zhu AM, Liu QL. Imidazolium-functionalized anion exchange membranes using poly(ether sulfone)s as macrocrosslinkers for fuel cells. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04170e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The incompatibility of the hydrophilic imidazolium cations from the functionalized poly(vinyl imidazole) with the long hydrophobic poly(ether sulfone) chain promoted the phase separation. The PES/PVIIL-0.4 membrane displayed good single cell performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ling Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Chen Xiao Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - En Ning Hu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Faizal Soyekwo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Qiu Gen Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Ai Mei Zhu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Qing Lin Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
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42
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Wang X, Wang P, Sun Y, Wang J, Fang H, Yang S, Wei H, Ding Y. A mechanically strong and tough anion exchange membrane engineered with non-covalent modalities. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:12369-12372. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc07284h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A mechanically robust and tough anion exchange membrane was constructed using the strategy of supramolecular modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei 230009
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei 230009
| | - Yiyan Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices
- School of Space and Environment
- Beihang University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Jinlei Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei 230009
| | - Huagao Fang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei 230009
| | - Shanzhong Yang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei 230009
| | - Haibing Wei
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei 230009
| | - Yunsheng Ding
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei 230009
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43
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Ge Q, Ning Y, Wu L, Ge L, Liu X, Yang Z, Xu T. Enhancing acid recovery efficiency by implementing oligomer ionic bridge in the membrane matrix. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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45
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He S, Liu L, Wang X, Zhang S, Guiver MD, Li N. Azide-assisted self-crosslinking of highly ion conductive anion exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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46
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In-situ self-crosslinked sulfonated poly(arylene ether ketone) with alkyl side chain for enhanced performance. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Yan X, Zheng W, Ruan X, Pan Y, Wu X, He G. The control and optimization of macro/micro-structure of ion conductive membranes for energy conversion and storage. Chin J Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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48
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49
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Liu L, He S, Zhang S, Zhang M, Guiver MD, Li N. 1,2,3-Triazolium-Based Poly(2,6-Dimethyl Phenylene Oxide) Copolymers as Anion Exchange Membranes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:4651-4660. [PMID: 26820176 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b11519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) based on 1,2,3-triazolium (TAM) were prepared from commercial poly(2,6-dimethyl phenylene oxide) (PPO) via "click chemistry" and subsequent N-alkylation. Flexible and tough membranes with various ion exchange capacities (IECs) were obtained by casting the polymers from NMP solutions. Although the resulting TAM-functionalized PPOs (PPO-TAM) membranes exhibited incomplete ion exchange in 1 M NaOH or NaHCO3 for 24 h even at elevated temperature, the highest hydroxide conductivities of the membranes were above 20 mS/cm at room temperature, which is comparable to many reported AEMs. Alkaline stability tests indicate that the PPO-TAM membranes showed a better alkaline stability than that of membranes containing imidazolium groups in 1 M NaOH at 80 °C, but still require further improvements in long-term stability for alkaline fuel cell application. An investigation of alkaline stability of model compounds demonstrated the instability of TAM cations under alkaline conditions could contribute to the deprotonation of benzylic methylene, C4 and C5 position on the triazolium ring. These results suggests that the alkaline stability of 1,2,3-triazolium cation could be improved by the introduction of substituents at the C4, C5 positions and benzylic methylene, and also provide insight and directions for organic cation designs for AEM application by the facile synthetic strategy of "click chemistry".
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Shuqing He
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Shufang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Taiyuan, 030001, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Michael D Guiver
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Nanwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Taiyuan, 030001, China
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50
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Lin CX, Zhuo YZ, Lai AN, Zhang QG, Zhu AM, Liu QL. Comb-shaped phenolphthalein-based poly(ether sulfone)s as anion exchange membranes for alkaline fuel cells. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22774g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel comb-shaped phenolphthalein-based poly(ether sulfone)s was synthesized for preparing anion exchange membranes (AEMs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xiao Lin
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
- China
| | - Yi Zhi Zhuo
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
- China
| | - Ao Nan Lai
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
- China
| | - Qiu Gen Zhang
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
- China
| | - Ai Mei Zhu
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
- China
| | - Qing Lin Liu
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
- China
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