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Shukla AK, Alam J, Alhoshan M. Recent Advancements in Polyphenylsulfone Membrane Modification Methods for Separation Applications. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:247. [PMID: 35207168 PMCID: PMC8876851 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) membranes are of fundamental importance for many applications such as water treatment, gas separation, energy, electronics, and biomedicine, due to their low cost, controlled crystallinity, chemical, thermal, and mechanical stability. Numerous research studies have shown that modifying surface properties of PPSU membranes influences their stability and functionality. Therefore, the modification of the PPSU membrane surface is a pressing issue for both research and industrial communities. In this review, various surface modification methods and processes along with their mechanisms and performance are considered starting from 2002. There are three main approaches to the modification of PPSU membranes. The first one is bulk modifications, and it includes functional groups inclusion via sulfonation, amination, and chloromethylation. The second is blending with polymer (for instance, blending nanomaterials and biopolymers). Finally, the third one deals with physical and chemical surface modifications. Obviously, each method has its own limitations and advantages that are outlined below. Generally speaking, modified PPSU membranes demonstrate improved physical and chemical properties and enhanced performance. The advancements in PPSU modification have opened the door for the advance of membrane technology and multiple prospective applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Shukla
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Javed Alam
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mansour Alhoshan
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- K.A. CARE Energy Research and Innovation Center at Riyadh, P.O. Box 2022, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Hwang B, Kondo S, Kikuchi T, Sasaki K, Hayashi A, Nishihara M. Silicone‐containing polymer blend electrolyte membranes for fuel cell applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Byungchan Hwang
- Graduate School of Engineering Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Shoichi Kondo
- Material Research Laboratories Nissan Chemical Corporation Chiba Japan
| | - Takamasa Kikuchi
- Material Research Laboratories Nissan Chemical Corporation Chiba Japan
| | - Kazunari Sasaki
- Graduate School of Engineering Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
- World Premier International Research Center Initiative, International Institute for Carbon‐Neutral Energy Research (WPI‐I2CNER) Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
- Center of Innovation, Center for Co‐Evolutional Social Systems (COI‐CESS) Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
- Next‐generation Fuel Cell Research Center (NEXT‐FC) Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Akari Hayashi
- Graduate School of Engineering Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
- Center of Innovation, Center for Co‐Evolutional Social Systems (COI‐CESS) Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
- Next‐generation Fuel Cell Research Center (NEXT‐FC) Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
- Platform of Inter/Transdisciplinary Energy Research (Q‐PIT) Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Masamichi Nishihara
- World Premier International Research Center Initiative, International Institute for Carbon‐Neutral Energy Research (WPI‐I2CNER) Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
- Center of Innovation, Center for Co‐Evolutional Social Systems (COI‐CESS) Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
- Next‐generation Fuel Cell Research Center (NEXT‐FC) Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
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Schiavone MM, Lamparelli DH, Zhao Y, Zhu F, Revay Z, Radulescu A. The Effects of Temperature and Humidity on the Microstructure of Sulfonated Syndiotactic-polystyrene Ionic Membranes. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E187. [PMID: 32824025 PMCID: PMC7466101 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10080187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric membranes based on the semi-crystalline syndiotactic-polystyrene (sPS) become hydrophilic, and therefore conductive, following the functionalization of the amorphous phase by the solid-state sulfonation procedure. Because the crystallinity of the material, and thus the mechanical strength of the membranes, is maintained and the resistance to oxidation decomposition can be improved by doping the membranes with fullerenes, the sPS becomes attractive for proton-exchange membranes fuel cells (PEMFC) and energy storage applications. In the current work we report the micro-structural characterization by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) method of sulfonated sPS films and sPS-fullerene composite membranes at different temperatures between 20 °C and 80 °C, under the relative humidity (RH) level from 10% to 70%. Complementary characterization of membranes was carried out by FTIR, UV-Vis spectroscopy and prompt-γ neutron activation analysis in terms of composition, following the specific preparation and functionalization procedure, and by XRD with respect to crystallinity. The hydrated ionic clusters are formed in the hydrated membrane and shrink slightly with the increasing temperature, which leads to a slight desorption of water at high temperatures. However, it seems that the conductive properties of the membranes do not deteriorate with the increasing temperature and that all membranes equilibrated in liquid water show an increased conductivity at 80 °C compared to the room temperature. The presence of fullerenes in the composite membrane induces a tremendous increase in the conductivity at high temperatures compared to fullerenes-free membranes. Apparently, the observed effects may be related to the formation of additional hydrated pathways in the composite membrane in conjunction with changes in the dynamics of water and polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Maddalena Schiavone
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), 85747 Garching, Germany; (M.-M.S.); (F.Z.)
| | - David Hermann Lamparelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “Adolfo Zambelli”, Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy;
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki 370-1292, Japan;
| | - Fengfeng Zhu
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), 85747 Garching, Germany; (M.-M.S.); (F.Z.)
| | - Zsolt Revay
- Technische Universität Müchen, Forschungsneutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz FRM II, Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), 85747 Garching, Germany;
| | - Aurel Radulescu
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), 85747 Garching, Germany; (M.-M.S.); (F.Z.)
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S. RRR, W. R, M. K, Y. WW, J. P. Recent Progress in the Development of Aromatic Polymer-Based Proton Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1061. [PMID: 32384660 PMCID: PMC7285229 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) play a pivotal role in fuel cells; conducting protons from the anode to the cathode within the cell's membrane electrode assembles (MEA) separates the reactant fuels and prevents electrons from passing through. High proton conductivity is the most important characteristic of the PEM, as this contributes to the performance and efficiency of the fuel cell. However, it is also important to take into account the membrane's durability to ensure that it canmaintain itsperformance under the actual fuel cell's operating conditions and serve a long lifetime. The current state-of-the-art Nafion membranes are limited due to their high cost, loss of conductivity at elevated temperatures due to dehydration, and fuel crossover. Alternatives to Nafion have become a well-researched topic in recent years. Aromatic-based membranes where the polymer chains are linked together by aromatic rings, alongside varying numbers of ether, ketone, or sulfone functionalities, imide, or benzimidazoles in their structures, are one of the alternatives that show great potential as PEMs due totheir electrochemical, mechanical, and thermal strengths. Membranes based on these polymers, such as poly(aryl ether ketones) (PAEKs) and polyimides (PIs), however, lack a sufficient level of proton conductivity and durability to be practical for use in fuel cells. Therefore, membrane modifications are necessary to overcome their drawbacks. This paper reviews the challenges associated with different types of aromatic-based PEMs, plus the recent approaches that have been adopted to enhance their properties and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Rafidah R. S.
- School of Engineering, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Rashmi W.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang 43900, Malaysia
| | - Khalid M.
- Graphene and Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Wong W. Y.
- Fuel Cell Institute, UniversitiKebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia
| | - Priyanka J.
- Graphene and Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
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The Multilevel Structure of Sulfonated Syndiotactic-Polystyrene Model Polyelectrolyte Membranes Resolved by Extended Q-Range Contrast Variation SANS. MEMBRANES 2019; 9:membranes9110136. [PMID: 31652905 PMCID: PMC6918273 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9110136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Membranes based on sulfonated synditoactic polystyrene (s-sPS) were thoroughly characterized by contrast variation small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) over a wide Q-range in dry and hydrated states. Following special sulfonation and treatment procedures, s-sPS is an attractive material for fuel cells and energy storage applications. The film samples were prepared by solid-state sulfonation, resulting in uniform sulfonation of only the amorphous phase while preserving the crystallinity of the membrane. Fullerenes, which improve the resistance to oxidation decomposition, were incorporated in the membranes. The fullerenes seem to be chiefly located in the amorphous regions of the samples, and do not influence the formation and evolution of the morphologies in the polymer films, as no significant differences were observed in the SANS patterns compared to the fullerenes-free s-sPS membranes, which were investigated in a previous study. The use of uniaxially deformed film samples, and neutron contrast variation allowed for the identification and characterization of different structural levels with sizes between nm and μm, which form and evolve in both the dry and hydrated states. The scattering length density of the crystalline regions was varied using the guest exchange procedure between different toluene isotopologues incorporated into the sPS lattice, while the variation of the scattering properties of the hydrated amorphous regions was achieved using different H2O/D2O mixtures. Due to the deformation of the films, the scattering characteristics of different structures can be distinguished on specific detection sectors and at different detection distances after the sample, depending on their size and orientation.
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Feng S, Kondo S, Kaseyama T, Nakazawa T, Kikuchi T, Selyanchyn R, Fujikawa S, Christiani L, Sasaki K, Nishihara M. Characterization of polymer-polymer type charge-transfer (CT) blend membranes for fuel cell application. Data Brief 2018; 18:22-29. [PMID: 29896486 PMCID: PMC5995753 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The data presented in this article are related to polymer-polymer type charge-transfer blend membranes for fuel cell application. The visible spectra of the charge-transfer (CT) blend membranes indicated formation of CT complex in the blend membranes, and behavior of CT complex formation by polymers was clarified by Job plot of the visible spectra. The effect of fluorine for membrane property and fuel cell performance of CT blend membranes were evaluated by 19F NMR and overvoltage analysis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyan Feng
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Roman Selyanchyn
- World Premier International Research Center Initiative, International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shigenori Fujikawa
- World Premier International Research Center Initiative, International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Liana Christiani
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazunari Sasaki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,World Premier International Research Center Initiative, International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Center of Innovation, Center for Co-Evolutional Social Systems (COI-CESS), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Next-generation Fuel Cell Research Center (NEXT-FC), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masamichi Nishihara
- World Premier International Research Center Initiative, International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Center of Innovation, Center for Co-Evolutional Social Systems (COI-CESS), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Next-generation Fuel Cell Research Center (NEXT-FC), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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