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Kim J, Hwang S, Jeong YG, Choi YS, Kim K. Cross-Linked Sulfonated Poly(arylene ether sulfone) Membrane Using Polymeric Cross-Linkers for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Applications. MEMBRANES 2022; 13:7. [PMID: 36676814 PMCID: PMC9861409 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cross-linked membranes for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell application are prepared using highly sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) (SPAES) and polymeric cross-linkers having different hydrophilicities by facile in-situ casting and heating processes. From the advantage of the cross-linked structures made with the use of polymeric cross-linkers, a stable membrane can be obtained even though the polymer matrix with a very high degree of sulfonation was used. In particular, hydrophilic cross-linker is found to be effective in improving physicochemical properties of the cross-linked membranes and at the same time showing reasonable proton conductivity. Accordingly, membrane electrode assembly made from the cross-linked membrane prepared by using hydrophilic polymeric cross-linker exhibits outstanding cell performance under high temperature and low relative humidity conditions (e.g., maximum power density of 176.4 mW cm-2 at 120 °C and 40% RH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghwan Kim
- Center for Hydrogen·Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seansoo Hwang
- Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Gyeong Jeong
- Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Choi
- Composites Materials Application Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihyun Kim
- Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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Polymer Electrolyte Membranes Containing Functionalized Organic/Inorganic Composite for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214252. [PMID: 36430726 PMCID: PMC9694323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To mitigate the dependence on fossil fuels and the associated global warming issues, numerous studies have focused on the development of eco-friendly energy conversion devices such as polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) that directly convert chemical energy into electrical energy. As one of the key components in PEMFCs, polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) should have high proton conductivity and outstanding physicochemical stability during operation. Although the perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA)-based PEMs and some of the hydrocarbon-based PEMs composed of rationally designed polymer structures are found to meet these criteria, there is an ongoing and pressing need to improve and fine-tune these further, to be useful in practical PEMFC operation. Incorporation of organic/inorganic fillers into the polymer matrix is one of the methods shown to be effective for controlling target PEM properties including thermal stability, mechanical properties, and physical stability, as well as proton conductivity. Functionalization of organic/inorganic fillers is critical to optimize the filler efficiency and dispersion, thus resulting in significant improvements to PEM properties. This review focused on the structural engineering of functionalized carbon and silica-based fillers and comparisons of the resulting PEM properties. Newly constructed composite membranes were compared to composite membrane containing non-functionalized fillers or pure polymer matrix membrane without fillers.
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Zavorotnaya UM, Privalov AF, Kresse B, Vogel M, Ponomarev II, Volkova YA, Sinitsyn VV. Diffusion in Sulfonated Co-Polynaphthoyleneimide Proton Exchange Membranes with Different Ratios of Hydrophylic to Hydrophobic Groups Studied Using SFG NMR. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulyana M. Zavorotnaya
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 6, 64289, Darmstadt, Germany
- A.M. Prokhorov Institute of General Physics RAS, Vavilova Street 38, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexei F. Privalov
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 6, 64289, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kresse
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 6, 64289, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Vogel
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 6, 64289, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Igor I. Ponomarev
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Vavilova Street 28, 119991, GSP-1, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia A. Volkova
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Vavilova Street 28, 119991, GSP-1, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vitaly V. Sinitsyn
- Institute of Solid State Physics RAS, 2 Academician Ossipyan Street, 142432, Chernogolovka, Russia
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Kyeong M, Chae JE, Lee SY, Lim TH, Kim M, Lee SS, Song KH, Kim HJ. Development of Poly(Arylene ether Sulfone)-Based blend membranes containing aliphatic moieties for the low-temperature decal transfer method. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Liu L, Lu Y, Pu Y, Li N, Hu Z, Chen S. Highly sulfonated carbon nano-onions as an excellent nanofiller for the fabrication of composite proton exchange membranes with enhanced water retention and durability. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Joshi DJ, Koduru JR, Malek NI, Hussain CM, Kailasa SK. Surface modifications and analytical applications of graphene oxide: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kim M, Ko H, Nam SY, Kim K. Study on Control of Polymeric Architecture of Sulfonated Hydrocarbon-Based Polymers for High-Performance Polymer Electrolyte Membranes in Fuel Cell Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3520. [PMID: 34685282 PMCID: PMC8539910 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is an eco-friendly energy conversion device that can convert chemical energy into electrical energy without emission of harmful oxidants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and/or sulfur oxides (SOx) during operation. Nafion®, a representative perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomer-based membrane, is generally incorporated in fuel cell systems as a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM). Since the PFSA ionomers are composed of flexible hydrophobic main backbones and hydrophilic side chains with proton-conducting groups, the resulting membranes are found to have high proton conductivity due to the distinct phase-separated structure between hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains. However, PFSA ionomer-based membranes have some drawbacks, including high cost, low glass transition temperatures and emission of environmental pollutants (e.g., HF) during degradation. Hydrocarbon-based PEMs composed of aromatic backbones with proton-conducting hydrophilic groups have been actively studied as substitutes. However, the main problem with the hydrocarbon-based PEMs is the relatively low proton-conducting behavior compared to the PFSA ionomer-based membranes due to the difficulties associated with the formation of well-defined phase-separated structures between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains. This study focused on the structural engineering of sulfonated hydrocarbon polymers to develop hydrocarbon-based PEMs that exhibit outstanding proton conductivity for practical fuel cell applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kihyun Kim
- Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.K.); (H.K.); (S.Y.N.)
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Self-Humidifying Membrane for High-Performance Fuel Cells Operating at Harsh Conditions: Heterojunction of Proton and Anion Exchange Membranes Composed of Acceptor-Doped SnP 2O 7 Composites. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11100776. [PMID: 34677541 PMCID: PMC8541432 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11100776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Here we suggest a simple and novel method for the preparation of a high-performance self-humidifying fuel cell membrane operating at high temperature (>100 °C) and low humidity conditions (<30% RH). A self-humidifying membrane was effectively prepared by laminating together proton and anion exchange membranes composed of acceptor-doped SnP2O7 composites, Sn0.9In0.1H0.1P2O7/Sn0.92Sb0.08(OH)0.08P2O7. At the operating temperature of 100 °C, the electrochemical performances of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) with this heterojunction membrane at 3.5% RH were better than or comparable to those of each MEA with only the proton or anion exchange membranes at 50% RH or higher.
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Yogarathinam LT, Jaafar J, Ismail AF, Goh PS, Bin Mohamed MH, Radzi Hanifah MF, Gangasalam A, Peter J. Polyaniline decorated graphene oxide on sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membrane for direct methanol fuel cells application. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukka Thuyavan Yogarathinam
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Skudai Malaysia
| | - Juhana Jaafar
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Skudai Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Skudai Malaysia
| | - Pei Sean Goh
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Skudai Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hilmi Bin Mohamed
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Skudai Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Fahrul Radzi Hanifah
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Skudai Malaysia
| | - Arthanareeswaran Gangasalam
- Membrane Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu India
| | - Jerome Peter
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) Hanyang University (ERICA) Ansan South Korea
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Chemically sustainable fuel cells via layer-by-layer fabrication of sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) membranes containing cerium oxide nanoparticles. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Zhang X, Chen J, Liu T. Physical Origin of Distinct Mechanical Properties of Polymer Tethered Graphene Nanosheets Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites Revealed by Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics Simulations. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.202100044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Jialiang Chen
- National Garment and Accessories Quality Supervision Testing Center (Fujian), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Textiles Inspection Technology Fujian Fiber Inspection Center Fuzhou Fujian 350026 P. R. China
| | - Tianxi Liu
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 P. R. China
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Cai YY, Zhang QG, Zhu AM, Liu QL. Two-dimensional metal-organic framework-graphene oxide hybrid nanocomposite proton exchange membranes with enhanced proton conduction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 594:593-603. [PMID: 33780764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel two-dimensional (2D) zeolitic imidazolate framework-graphene oxide hybrid nanocomposite (ZIF-L@GO) is designed as an inorganic filler in sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK). ZIF-L with unique leaf-like morphology is grown in-situ on the GO sheet in aqueous media at room temperature. The terminal imidazole linker in ZIF-L@GO and the -SO3H in SPEEK can form acid-base pairs in the membrane interface to produce low energy proton conduction highway. Benefiting from the unique structural advantage, the hybrid SP-ZIF-L@GO membranes displayed promoted physicochemical and electrochemical performances over the pure SPEEK. The SP-ZIF-L@GO-5 achieved a proton conductivity of 0.265 and 0.0364 S cm-1 at 70 °C-100% RH and 90 °C-40% RH, 1.76- and 6.24-fold higher than pure SPEEK, respectively. Meanwhile, a single cell based on SP-ZIF-L@GO-5 had an output power up to 652.82 mW cm-2 at 60 °C, 1.45 times higher than the pure SPEEK. In addition, the durability test was performed by holding open circuit voltage (OCV) for 24 h. The SP-ZIF-L@GO-5 provided better long-term stability than the pure SPEEK. These superior performance suggests a promising application in PEMFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan Cai
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Qiu Gen Zhang
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Ai Mei Zhu
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Qing Lin Liu
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
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Bagheri B, Pooresmaeil M, Namazi H. Improve the performance of proton exchange membranes based on sulfopropylated amino polyethersulfone/poly [2,2ʹ-(m-pyrazolidene)-5,5ʹ-bibenzimidazole] blend through SiO2 nanoparticles importing. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02605-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Vinothkannan M, Kim AR, Yoo DJ. Potential carbon nanomaterials as additives for state-of-the-art Nafion electrolyte in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells: a concise review. RSC Adv 2021; 11:18351-18370. [PMID: 35480954 PMCID: PMC9033471 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00685a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have received great attention as a potential alternative energy device for internal combustion engines due to their high conversion efficiency compared to other fuel cells. The main hindrance for the wide commercial adoption of PEMFCs is the high cost, low proton conductivity, and high fuel permeability of the state-of-the-art Nafion membrane. Typically, to improve the Nafion membrane, a wide range of strategies have been developed, in which efforts on the incorporation of carbon nanomaterial (CN)-based fillers are highly imperative. Even though many research endeavors have been achieved in relation to CN-based fillers applicable for Nafion, still their collective summary has rarely been reported. This review aims to outline the mechanisms involved in proton conduction in proton-exchange membranes (PEMs) and the significant requirements of PEMs for PEMFCs. This review also emphasizes the improvements achieved in the proton conductivity, fuel barrier properties, and PEMFC performance of Nafion membranes by incorporating carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, and fullerene as additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanraj Vinothkannan
- R&D Education Center for Whole Life Cycle R&D of Fuel Cell Systems, Jeonbuk National University Jeonju Jeollabuk-do 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Rhan Kim
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Department of Energy Storage/Conversion Engineering, Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research Center, Jeonbuk National University Jeonju Jeollabuk-do 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jin Yoo
- R&D Education Center for Whole Life Cycle R&D of Fuel Cell Systems, Jeonbuk National University Jeonju Jeollabuk-do 54896 Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Department of Energy Storage/Conversion Engineering, Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research Center, Jeonbuk National University Jeonju Jeollabuk-do 54896 Republic of Korea
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Yuan C, Wang Y. Synthesis and characterization of a novel sulfonated poly (aryl ether ketone sulfone) containing rigid fluorene group for DMFCs applications. Colloid Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-020-04774-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Yuan C, Wang Y. The preparation of novel sulfonated poly(aryl ether ketone sulfone)/TiO2 composite membranes with low methanol permeability for direct methanol fuel cells. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008320958044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A sulfonated poly(aryl ether ketone sulfone) (SPAEKS) with locally dense sulfonic acid groups is synthesized and different amounts of TiO2 is doped into SPAEKS matrix to prepare composite membranes (SPAEKS/TiO2-x). SEM shows that TiO2 in the composite membranes has good dispersibility when TiO2 content is not higher than 3%. The composite membranes show good mechanical properties, dimensional stability and oxidative stability. The proton conductivity of composite membranes is near to that of Nafion 117 membrane and methanol permeability of composite membranes is much lower than that of Nafion 117 membrane. Therefore, the proton selectivity of composite membranes is higher than that of Nafion 117 membrane. In particular, proton selectivity of SPAEKS/TiO2-3% (12.8 × 104 S s cm−3) is four times higher than that of Nafion 117 membrane (3.2 × 104 S s cm−3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinghan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
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