Octopus-like side chain grafted poly(arylene piperidinium) membranes for fuel cell application

High-performance anion exchange membranes based on poly(oxindole benzofuran dibenzo-18-crown-6)s functionalized with hydroxyl and quaternary ammonium groups for alkaline water electrolysis

Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) play a vital role in AEM water electrolysis (AEMWE), a promising technology for hydrogen production. However, developing AEMs that simultaneously achieve high OH- conductivity, robust alkaline stability and sustained operational performance in AEMWE remains challenging. In the present study, we report on a class of high-performance, readily synthesized AEMs based on poly(oxindole benzofuran dibenzo-18-crown-6)s functionalized with hydroxyl and quaternary ammonium groups. A super-acid-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts reaction was used to copolymerize dibenzofuran (DBF), dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DBC) and isatin to yield a series of poly(oxindole benzofuran dibenzo-18-crown-6)s (P(O-Fx-Cy)s). The hydrophilic and π-conjugated DBF units provide the membranes with additional free volume, while the bulky DBC units promote a favorable microphase morphology and impart resistance to hydroxide attack. Quaternization is achieved via a ring-opening reaction with glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (GTA) without requiring a catalyst. The resulting side chains, featuring alkyltrimethylammonium cations with hydroxyl groups in the β-position, introduce hydrogen-bonding networks and enhance OH- conductivity. The optimized P(O-F50%-C50%)-GTA membrane exhibits a well-developed microphase structure, achieving a Cl- conductivity of up to 103 mS cm-2 at 80 °C. Moreover, the presence of DBC groups mitigates the degradation of the hydroxyl-containing side chains, enabling the membrane to retain 81 % of its original conductivity after 600 h of alkaline stability testing in 1 M KOH at 80 °C. In a PGM-free AEMWE, the P(O-F50%-C50%)-GTA membrane attains a current density of 3.8 A cm-2 at 2 V and 80 °C. These findings shows the potential of incorporating DBF and DBC moieties in the polymer main chain, along with the GTA-functionalized side chains, offering a promising pathway for advancing AEMs in AEMWE applications.

Separators and Membranes for Advanced Alkaline Water Electrolysis

Traditionally, alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) uses diaphragms to separate anode and cathode and is operated with 5-7 M KOH feed solutions. The ban of asbestos diaphragms led to the development of polymeric diaphragms, which are now the state of the art material. A promising alternative is the ion solvating membrane. Recent developments show that high conductivities can also be obtained in 1 M KOH. A third technology is based on anion exchange membranes (AEM); because these systems use 0-1 M KOH feed solutions to balance the trade-off between conductivity and the AEM's lifetime in alkaline environment, it makes sense to treat them separately as AEM WE. However, the lifetime of AEM increased strongly over the last 10 years, and some electrode-related issues like oxidation of the ionomer binder at the anode can be mitigated by using KOH feed solutions. Therefore, AWE and AEM WE may get more similar in the future, and this review focuses on the developments in polymeric diaphragms, ion solvating membranes, and AEM.

Triptycene Branched Poly(aryl-co-aryl piperidinium) Electrolytes for Alkaline Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells and Water Electrolyzers

Alkaline polymer electrolytes (APEs) are essential materials for alkaline energy conversion devices such as anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) and water electrolyzers (AEMWEs). Here, we report a series of branched poly(aryl-co-aryl piperidinium) with different branching agents (triptycene: highly-rigid, three-dimensional structure; triphenylbenzene: planar, two-dimensional structure) for high-performance APEs. Among them, triptycene branched APEs showed excellent hydroxide conductivity (193.5 mS cm-1 @80 °C), alkaline stability, mechanical properties, and dimensional stability due to the formation of branched network structures, and increased free volume. AEMFCs based on triptycene-branched APEs reached promising peak power densities of 2.503 and 1.705 W cm-2 at 75/100 % and 30/30 % (anode/cathode) relative humidity, respectively. In addition, the fuel cells can run stably at a current density of 0.6 A cm-2 for 500 h with a low voltage decay rate of 46 μV h-1 . Importantly, the related AEMWE achieved unprecedented current densities of 16 A cm-2 and 14.17 A cm-2 (@2 V, 80 °C, 1 M NaOH) using precious and non-precious metal catalysts, respectively. Moreover, the AEMWE can be stably operated under 1.5 A cm-2 at 60 °C for 2000 h. The excellent results suggest that the triptycene-branched APEs are promising candidates for future AEMFC and AEMWE applications.

Poly(Ethylene Piperidinium)s for Anion Exchange Membranes

The lack of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) that possess both high hydroxide conductivity and stable mechanical and chemical properties poses a major challenge to the development of high-performance fuel cells. Improving one side of the balance between conductivity and stability usually means sacrificing the other. Herein, we used facile, high-yield chemical reactions to design and synthesize a piperidinium polymer with a polyethylene backbone for AEM fuel cell applications. To improve the performance, we introduced ionic crosslinking into high-cationic-ratio AEMs to suppress high water uptake and swelling while further improving the hydroxide conductivity. Remarkably, PEP80-20PS achieved a hydroxide conductivity of 354.3 mS cm-1 at 80 °C while remaining mechanically stable. Compared with the base polymer PEP80, the water uptake of PEP80-20PS decreased by 69 % from 813 % to 350 %, and the swelling decreased substantially by 85 % from 350.0 % to 50.2 % at 80 °C. PEP80-20PS also showed excellent alkaline stability, 84.7 % remained after 35 days of treatment with an aqueous KOH solution. The chemical design in this study represents a significant advancement toward the development of simultaneously highly stable and conductive AEMs for fuel cell applications.

Subnanometer Ion Channel Anion Exchange Membranes Having a Rigid Benzimidazole Structure for Selective Anion Separation

Ion-conductive polymers having a well-defined phase-separated structure show the potential application of separating mono- and bivalent ion separation. In this work, three side-chain-type poly(arylene ether sulfone)-based anion exchange membranes (AEMs) have been fabricated to investigate the effect of the stiffness of the polymer backbone within AEMs on the Cl^-/NO₃^- and Cl^-/SO₄^2- separation performance. Our investigations via small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), positron annihilation, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) demonstrate that the as-prepared AEM with a rigid benzimidazole structure in the backbone bears subnanometer ion channels resulting from the arrangement of the rigid polymer backbone. In particular, SAXS results demonstrate that the rigid benzimidazole-containing AEM in the wet state has an ion cluster size of 0.548 nm, which is smaller than that of an AEM with alkyl segments in the backbone (0.760 nm). Thus, in the electrodialysis (ED) process, the former exhibits a superior capacity of separating Cl^-/SO₄^2- ions relative to latter. Nevertheless, the benzimidazole-containing AEM shows an inability to separate the Cl^-/NO₃^- ions, which is possibly due to the similar ion size of the two. The higher rotational energy barrier (4.3 × 10^-3 Hartree) of benzimidazole units and the smaller polymer matrix free-volume (0.636%) in the AEM significantly contribute to the construction of smaller ion channels. As a result, it is believed that the rigid benzimidazole structure of this kind is a benefit to the construction of stable subnanometer ion channels in the AEM that can selectively separate ions with different sizes.