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Matic N, Stefanovic A, Leung V, Lawson T, Ritchie G, Li L, Champagne S, Romney MG, Lowe CF. Practical challenges to the clinical implementation of saliva for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:447-450. [PMID: 33236269 PMCID: PMC7685775 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-04090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
Due to global shortages of flocked nasopharyngeal swabs and appropriate viral transport media during the COVID-19 pandemic, alternate diagnostic specimens for SARS-CoV-2 detection are sought. The accuracy and feasibility of saliva samples collected and transported without specialized collection devices or media were evaluated. Saliva demonstrated good concordance with paired nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 detection in 67/74 cases (90.5%), though barriers to saliva collection were observed in long-term care residents and outbreak settings. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was stable in human saliva at room temperature for up to 48 h after initial specimen collection, informing appropriate transport time and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Matic
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Providence Health Care, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard St., Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Aleksandra Stefanovic
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Providence Health Care, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard St., Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Victor Leung
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Providence Health Care, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard St., Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Tanya Lawson
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Providence Health Care, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard St., Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Gordon Ritchie
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Providence Health Care, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard St., Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Lynne Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sylvie Champagne
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Providence Health Care, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard St., Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Marc G Romney
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Providence Health Care, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard St., Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Christopher F Lowe
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Providence Health Care, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard St., Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Matic N, Lawson T, Ritchie G, Stefanovic A, Leung V, Champagne S, Romney MG, Lowe CF. Automated molecular testing of saliva for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 100:115324. [PMID: 33529938 PMCID: PMC7826079 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
With surging global demand for SARS-CoV-2 testing capacity, laboratories seek automated, high-throughput molecular solutions, particularly for specimens not requiring specialized collection devices or viral transport media. Saliva specimens submitted from patients under investigation for COVID-19 from March to July 2020 were processed in the laboratory with sterile phosphate-buffered saline in a 1:2 dilution and tested using manual extraction and a commercial assay for detection of the SARS-CoV-2 E gene (LightMix®) in comparison to the Roche cobas® SARS-CoV-2 Test on the cobas® 6800 instrument. 34.4% (22/64) of saliva samples were positive for SARS-CoV-2. Positive and negative concordance between the LightMix® and cobas® assays were 100%. The overall invalid rate for saliva on the cobas® 6800 (1/128, 0.78%) was similar to the baseline invalid rate observed for nasopharyngeal swabs/viral transport media. Saliva is a feasible specimen type for SARS-CoV-2 testing on the cobas® 6800 platform, with potential to improve turnaround time and enhance testing capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Matic
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Virology, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Tanya Lawson
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Virology, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Gordon Ritchie
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Virology, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Stefanovic
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Virology, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Victor Leung
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Virology, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sylvie Champagne
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Virology, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Marc G Romney
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Virology, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Christopher F Lowe
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Virology, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Liu X, Jiang L, Li L, Yu H, Nie S, Xie M, Gong J. The Role of Neurotransmitters in the Protection of Caenorhabditis Elegans for Salmonella Infection by Lactobacillus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:554052. [PMID: 33134188 PMCID: PMC7550654 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.554052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a common foodborne disease. We previously reported the protection of Caenorhabditis elegans from Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 infection by Lactobacillus zeae LB1. However, the mechanism is not fully understood. C. elegans exhibits behavior plasticity when presented with diverse pathogenic or commensal bacteria. Whether it can exert approach avoidance to S. Typhimurium through altering its neurological activity remains to be determined. In the current study, both the wild type and mutants defective in serotonin or dopamine production of C. elegans were used to investigate olfactory preference of the nematode to L. zeae LB1, DT104, and Escherichia coli OP50 by choice assays, and its resistance to DT104 infection and the protection offered by L. zeae LB1 using a life-span assay. The expression of target genes in C. elegans was also examined by real-time quantitative PCR. Results showed that pre-exposure to L. zeae LB1 did not elicit aversive olfactory behavior of the nematode toward DT104. Both mutants tph-1 and cat-2 succumbed faster than the wild type when infected with DT104. While pre-exposure to L. zeae LB1 significantly increased the survival of both the wild type and mutant tph-1, it provided no protection to mutant cat-2. Supplementation of dopamine resulted in both the resistance of mutant cat-2 to S. Typhimurium infection and the protection from L. zeae LB1 to the same mutant. Gene expression data also supported the observations in the life-span assay. These results suggest that both serotonin and dopamine play a positive role in the host defense of C. elegans to S. Typhimurium infection and that the L. zeae LB1 protection is not dependent on modifying olfactory preference of the nematode but mediated by dopamine that may have involved the regulation of p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase and insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhen Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Health Food Design & Nutrition Regulation, School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China.,Guelph Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Leming Jiang
- Guelph Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Linyan Li
- Guelph Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hai Yu
- Guelph Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Shaoping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Mingyong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,National R&D Center for Freshwater Fish Processing, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
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