Study of the potential association of the BCHE rs1803274 genetic polymorphism and serum level of its protein with breast cancer

Association of BCHE gene SNP rs1803274 (K-variant) and rs3495 with obesity in Pakistani population group

BACKGROUND

Obesity plays a crucial role in the development of metabolic disorders including diabetes, coronary and renal diseases. There are several factors involved in the pathology of obesity, including chronic inflammation and exposure to environmental contaminants. Recently, the cholinergic co-hydrolyzing enzyme BChE has been associated with clinical conditions such as diabetes and obesity. This study aims to investigate the levels of BChE and inflammatory markers in the serum, as well as the association between two specific BCHE gene variants (rs1803274 and rs3495) and the risk of obesity in the Pakistani population.

METHODS

The study recruited 350 people with obesity and 200 volunteers with no obesity. Proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) levels were quantified using ELISA kits, while the analysis of BCHE gene SNPs rs1803274 (K-variant) and rs3495 was conducted using the tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation-PCR (tetra-ARM-PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods, respectively. Additionally, clinico-pathological parameters HDL, LDL, BMI, Homa-IR, insulin, glucose, blood pressure was also assessed in subjects of current study.

RESULTS

Results showed significantly higher levels of BChE, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the obesity group compared to the group without obesity. Furthermore, the obesity group exhibited higher blood pressure and LDL levels, as well as lower HDL levels when compared to group without obesity. Logistic regression analysis revealed a relationship between obesity and higher BChE activity, blood pressure, LDL, and lower HDL levels. The study also found a statistically significant association between the BCHE gene SNPs rs1803274 (K-variant) and rs3495 and the risk of obesity (OR = 2.01; CI = 1.21-3.33; p = 0.0063; OR = 1.80; CI = 1.09-2.96, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, the study suggests that BChE and inflammatory cytokines play a significant role in the development and pathogenesis of obesity and can also act as good diagnostic biomarkers for obesity and its related metabolic disorders.

A systematic review of candidate genes and their relevant pathways for metastasis among adults diagnosed with breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Presently incurable, metastatic breast cancer is estimated to occur in as many as 30% of those diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer. Timely and accurate identification of those at risk for developing metastasis using validated biomarkers has the potential to have profound impact on overall survival rates. Our primary goal was to conduct a systematic review and synthesize the existing body of scientific knowledge on the candidate genes and their respective single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with metastasis-related outcomes among patients diagnosed with breast cancer. This knowledge is critical to inform future hypothesis-driven and validation research aimed at enhancing clinical decision-making for breast cancer patients.

METHODS

Using PRISMA guidelines, literature searches were conducted on September 13th, 2023, using PubMed and Embase databases. The systematic review protocol was registered with INPLASY (DOI: https://doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2024.8.0014 ). Covidence software was used to facilitate the screening and article extraction processes. Peer-reviewed articles were selected if authors reported on single nucleotide polymorphisms directly associated with metastasis among adults diagnosed with breast cancer.

FINDINGS

We identified 451 articles after 44 duplicates were removed resulting in 407 articles to be screened for study inclusion. Three reviewers completed the article screening process which resulted in 86 articles meeting the study inclusion criteria. Sampling varied across studies with the majority utilizing a case-control design (n = 75, 87.2%), with sample sizes ranging from 23 to 1,017 participants having mean age 50.65 ± 4.50 (min-max: 20-75). The synthesis of this internationally generated evidence revealed that the scientific area on the underlying biological contributions to breast cancer metastasis remains predominantly exploratory in nature (n = 74, 86%). Of the 12 studies with reported power analyses, only 9 explicitly stated the power values which ranged from 47.88 to 99%.

DISCUSSION

Understanding the underlying biological mechanisms contributing to metastasis is a critical component for precision oncological therapeutics and treatment approaches. Current evidence investigating the contribution of SNPs to the development of metastasis is characterized by underpowered candidate gene studies. To inform individualized precision health practices and improve breast cancer survival outcomes, future hypothesis-driven research is needed to replicate these associations in larger, more diverse datasets.

Polymorphisms of Cytochromes P450 and Glutathione S-Transferases Synergistically Modulate Risk for Parkinson’s Disease

Background

Environmental substances such as pesticides are well-known in link with Parkinson’s disease (PD) risk. Enzymes including cytochromes P450 (CYPs), esterases and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are responsible for the xenobiotic metabolism and may functionally compensate each other for subtypes in the same class. We hypothesize that the genetic effects of each class modulate PD risk stronger in a synergistic way than individually.

Methods

We selected 14 polymorphic loci out of 13 genes which encode enzymes in the classes of CYP, esterase, and GST, and recruited a cohort of 1,026 PD and control subjects from eastern China. The genotypes were identified using improved multiplex ligation detection reaction and analyzed using multiple models.

Results

A total of 13 polymorphisms remained after Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium analysis. None of the polymorphisms were independently associated with PD risk after Bonferroni correction either by logistic regression or genetic models. In contrast, interaction analyses detected increased resistance to PD risk in individuals carrying the rs12441817/CC (CYP1A1) and rs2070676/GG + GC (CYP2E1) genotypes (P = 0.002, OR = 0.393, 95% CI = 0.216–0.715), or carrying the GSTM1-present, GSTT1-null, rs156697/AG + GG (GSTO2) and rs1695/AA (GSTP1) genotypes (P = 0.003, OR = 0.348, 95% CI = 0.171–0.706). The synergistic effect of GSTs on PD was primarily present in females (P = 0.003). No synergistic effect was observed within genotypes of esterases.

Conclusion

We demonstrate a presence of synergistic but not individual impact on PD susceptibility in polymorphisms of CYPs and GSTs. The results indicate that the genetic interplay leads the way to PD development for xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes.