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Ranpara A, Stefaniak AB, Fernandez E, Bowers LN, Arnold ED, LeBouf RF. Influence of puff topographies on e-liquid heating temperature, emission characteristics and modeled lung deposition of Puff Bar ™. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2023; 57:450-466. [PMID: 37969359 PMCID: PMC10641718 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2023.2190786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Puff Bar™, one of the latest designs of e-cigarettes, heats a mixture of liquid using a battery-powered coil at certain temperatures to emit aerosol. This study presents a mass-based characterization of emissions from seven flavors of Puff Bar™ devices by aerosolizing with three puff topographies [(puff volume: 55 < 65 < 75-mL) within 4-seconds at 30-seconds interval]. We evaluated the effects of puff topographies on heating temperatures; characterized particles using a cascade impactor; and measured volatile carbonyl compounds (VCCs). Modeled dosimetry and calculated mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMADs) were used to estimate regional, total respiratory deposition of the inhaled aerosol and exhaled fractions that could pose secondhand exposure risk. Temperatures of Puff Bar™ e-liquids increased with increasing puff volumes: 55mL (116.6 °C), 65 mL (128.3 °C), and 75mL (168.9 °C). Flavor types significantly influenced MMADs, total mass of particles, and VCCs (μg/puff: 2.15-2.30) in Puff Bar™ emissions (p < 0.05). Increasing puff volume (mL:55 < 65 < 75) significantly increased total mass (mg/puff: 4.6 < 5.6 < 6.2) of particles without substantially changing MMADs (~1μm:1.02~0.99~0.98). Aerosol emissions were estimated to deposit in the pulmonary region of e-cigarette user (41-44%), which could have toxicological importance. More than 2/3 (67-77%) of inhaled particles were estimated to be exhaled by users, which could affect bystanders. The VCCs measured contained carcinogens-formaldehyde (29.6%) and acetaldehyde (16.4%)-as well as respiratory irritants: acetone (23.9%), isovaleraldehyde (14.5%), and acrolein (4.9%). As Puff Bar™ emissions contain respirable particles and harmful chemicals, efforts should be made to minimize exposures, especially in indoor settings where people (including vulnerable populations) spend most of their life-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Ranpara
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Health Science Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Elizabeth Fernandez
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Lauren N. Bowers
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Elizabeth D. Arnold
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ryan F. LeBouf
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Guo X, Ehindero T, Lau C, Zhao R. Impact of glycol-based solvents on indoor air quality-Artificial fog and exposure pathways of formaldehyde and various carbonyls. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13100. [PMID: 36168228 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Artificial fog is commonly employed in the entertainment industry and indoor household celebrations. The fog is generated from glycol-based solvents, which can also be found in e-cigarettes and personal care products. Although potential health impacts of glycol inhalation are frequently cited by studies of e-cigarette smoking, the dynamics and the chemical composition of glycol-based aerosols have never been studied systematically. The objective of this work is to investigate the impact of glycol-based aerosol on indoor air quality. Specifically, we targeted artificial fogs generated with common glycols, including propylene glycol (PG) and triethylene glycol (TEG). With the aid of a novel aerosol collecting and monitoring instrument setup, we obtained time-resolved aerosol profiles and their chemical compositions in an experimental room. Artificial fog has given rise to a significant amount of ultra-fine particulate matter, demonstrating its negative impact on indoor air quality. Additionally, we found a high concentration (9.75 mM) of formaldehyde and other carbonyls in fog machine fluids stored for months. These compounds are introduced to the indoor air upon artificial fog application. We propose that carbonyls have accumulated from the oxidative decomposition of glycols, initiated by OH radicals and singlet oxygens (1 O2 ) and likely sustained by autooxidation. Oxidation of glycols by indoor oxidants has never been reported previously. Such chemical processes can represent an unrecognized source of toxic carbonyl compounds which is also applicable to other glycol-based solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Toluwatise Ehindero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chester Lau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ran Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Holt AK, Poklis JL, Peace MR. A Retrospective Analysis of Chemical Constituents in Regulated and Unregulated E-Cigarette Liquids. Front Chem 2021; 9:752342. [PMID: 34778207 PMCID: PMC8581558 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.752342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
E-cigarette or vaping use-associated lung injury (EVALI) was identified with the incidents of a multi-state outbreak of acute lung injuries associated with the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) and attributed to vitamin E acetate in off-market cannabis-based e-liquids. Aside from EVALI, hypersecretion of mucus, irritated nasal passages, and watery, red eyes have been defined as complaints associated with vaping standard nicotine-based e-liquids. The chemical composition of e-liquids varies between manufacturers and robust oversight of ingredients is lacking. Manufacturers use chemicals deemed "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) by the FDA, a designation for chemicals used in foodstuffs to be ingested. Most "GRAS" chemicals are associated with at least one Global Harmonization System (GHS) warning class, ranging from irritant to toxic. Untargeted chemical analysis is critical to evaluate e-liquid products to determine chemical composition; equally important is the quantitation of components to help elucidate the potential harms from exceeding recommended exposure limits. Untargeted screening of e-liquids was accomplished using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Direct Analysis in Real Time-AccuTOF™ mass spectrometry (DART-ToF-MS) and has identified 350 chemical constituents from 241 products analyzed. Nicotine, caffeine, menthol, and vitamin E were confirmed and quantitated by GC-MS, ethanol was confirmed and quantitated by headspace-gas chromatography-dual flame ionization detection (HS-GC-FID), and olivetol and cannabinoids were confirmed and quantitated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Maximum identified concentrations of nicotine, caffeine, menthol, vitamin E, ethanol, olivetol, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and cannabidiol were 56.4, 26.9, 4.28, 307.9, 217.2, 399.6, 497.7, and 332.6 mg/ml, respectively. Evaluation of untargeted analysis and quantitation of unlabeled chemical components of e-liquids is essential to improving etiology of acute lung injury and less severe impacts of vaping, both short-term and long-term. The historical documentation of unlabeled ingredients can provide some insight for a retrospective analysis of health consequences and inform policy discussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaina K. Holt
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,Integrative Life Sciences Doctoral Program, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Justin L. Poklis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Michelle R. Peace
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,*Correspondence: Michelle R. Peace,
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Azimi P, Keshavarz Z, Lahaie Luna M, Cedeno Laurent JG, Vallarino J, Christiani DC, Allen JG. An Unrecognized Hazard in E-Cigarette Vapor: Preliminary Quantification of Methylglyoxal Formation from Propylene Glycol in E-Cigarettes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:E385. [PMID: 33419122 PMCID: PMC7825490 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Up to 95% of the liquid volume in an e-cigarette consists of propylene glycol. Previous research has shown that propylene glycol can generate diacetyl and formaldehyde when heated. New research shows that propylene glycol can also generate methylglyoxal, an alpha di-carbonyl compound recently shown to cause epithelial necrosis at even lower concentrations than diacetyl, the flavoring chemical associated with bronchiolitis obliterans ("Popcorn Lung"). We analyzed chemical emissions from 13 JUUL pod flavors. Diacetyl and methylglyoxal was detected in 100% of samples with median concentration (range) of 20 µg/m3 (less than limit of quantification: 54 µg/m3) and 4219 µg/m3 (677-15,342 µg/m3), respectively. We also detected acetaldehyde (median concentration: 341 µg/m3) and propionaldehyde (median concentration: 87 µg/m3) in all samples. The recent evidence that methylglyoxal is more cytotoxic to airway epithelial cells than diacetyl makes this an urgent public health concern. Current smokers considering e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation tool, and never users, who may be under the impression that e-cigarettes are harmless, need information on emissions and potential risks to make informed decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parham Azimi
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (P.A.); (Z.K.); (M.L.L.); (J.G.C.L.); (J.V.); (D.C.C.)
| | - Zahra Keshavarz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (P.A.); (Z.K.); (M.L.L.); (J.G.C.L.); (J.V.); (D.C.C.)
| | - Marianne Lahaie Luna
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (P.A.); (Z.K.); (M.L.L.); (J.G.C.L.); (J.V.); (D.C.C.)
- Occupational & Environmental Health Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Jose Guillermo Cedeno Laurent
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (P.A.); (Z.K.); (M.L.L.); (J.G.C.L.); (J.V.); (D.C.C.)
| | - Jose Vallarino
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (P.A.); (Z.K.); (M.L.L.); (J.G.C.L.); (J.V.); (D.C.C.)
| | - David C. Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (P.A.); (Z.K.); (M.L.L.); (J.G.C.L.); (J.V.); (D.C.C.)
| | - Joseph G. Allen
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (P.A.); (Z.K.); (M.L.L.); (J.G.C.L.); (J.V.); (D.C.C.)
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Jiang H, Ahmed CMS, Martin TJ, Canchola A, Oswald IWH, Garcia JA, Chen JY, Koby KA, Buchanan AJ, Zhao Z, Zhang H, Chen K, Lin YH. Chemical and Toxicological Characterization of Vaping Emission Products from Commonly Used Vape Juice Diluents. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2157-2163. [PMID: 32618192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports have linked severe lung injuries and deaths to the use of e-cigarettes and vaping products. Nevertheless, the causal relationship between exposure to vaping emissions and the observed health outcomes remains to be elucidated. Through chemical and toxicological characterization of vaping emission products, this study demonstrates that during vaping processes, changes in chemical composition of several commonly used vape juice diluents (also known as cutting agents) lead to the formation of toxic byproducts, including quinones, carbonyls, esters, and alkyl alcohols. The resulting vaping emission condensates cause inhibited cell proliferation and enhanced cytotoxicity in human airway epithelial cells. Notably, substantial formation of the duroquinone and durohydroquinone redox couple was observed in the vaping emissions from vitamin E acetate, which may be linked to acute oxidative stress and lung injuries reported by previous studies. These findings provide an improved molecular understanding and highlight the significant role of toxic byproducts in vaping-associated health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Jiang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States.,Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - C M Sabbir Ahmed
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Thomas J Martin
- Abstrax Tech, 15550 Rockfield Boulevard, Suite B120, Irvine, California 92618, United States
| | - Alexa Canchola
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Iain W H Oswald
- Abstrax Tech, 15550 Rockfield Boulevard, Suite B120, Irvine, California 92618, United States
| | - Jose Andres Garcia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jin Y Chen
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Kevin A Koby
- Abstrax Tech, 15550 Rockfield Boulevard, Suite B120, Irvine, California 92618, United States
| | - Anthony J Buchanan
- SepSolve Analytical Ltd., 4 Swan Court, Forder Way, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire, PE7 8GX, United Kingdom
| | - Zixu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Haofei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Kunpeng Chen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ying-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States.,Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Abstract
With the rapid increase in electronic cigarette (e-cig) users worldwide, secondhand exposure to e-cig aerosols has become a serious public health concern. We summarize the evidence on the effects of e-cigs on indoor air quality, chemical compositions of mainstream and secondhand e-cig aerosols, and associated respiratory and cardiovascular effects. The use of e-cigs in indoor environments leads to high levels of fine and ultrafine particles similar to tobacco cigarettes (t-cigs). Concentrations of chemical compounds in e-cig aerosols are generally lower than those in t-cig smoke, but a substantial amount of vaporized propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, nicotine, and toxic substances, such as aldehydes and heavy metals, has been reported. Exposures to mainstream e-cig aerosols have biologic effects but only limited evidence shows adverse respiratory and cardiovascular effects in humans. Long-term studies are needed to better understand the dosimetry and health effects of exposures to secondhand e-cig aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiao Li
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, USA;
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, USA;
| | - Tian Xia
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, USA
| | - Yifang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, USA;
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Uchiyama S, Noguchi M, Sato A, Ishitsuka M, Inaba Y, Kunugita N. Determination of Thermal Decomposition Products Generated from E-Cigarettes. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:576-583. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigehisa Uchiyama
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6, Minami, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0197, Japan
- Faculty and Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Mayumi Noguchi
- Faculty and Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Ayana Sato
- Faculty and Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Miho Ishitsuka
- Faculty and Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yohei Inaba
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6, Minami, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0197, Japan
| | - Naoki Kunugita
- School of Health Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
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Palmisani J, Di Gilio A, Palmieri L, Abenavoli C, Famele M, Draisci R, de Gennaro G. Evaluation of Second-Hand Exposure to Electronic Cigarette Vaping under a Real Scenario: Measurements of Ultrafine Particle Number Concentration and Size Distribution and Comparison with Traditional Tobacco Smoke. TOXICS 2019; 7:E59. [PMID: 31775282 PMCID: PMC6958336 DOI: 10.3390/toxics7040059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to evaluate the impact of e-cig second-hand aerosol on indoor air quality in terms of ultrafine particles (UFPs) and potential inhalation exposure levels of passive bystanders. E-cig second-hand aerosol characteristics in terms of UFPs number concentration and size distribution exhaled by two volunteers vaping 15 different e-liquids inside a 49 m3 room and comparison with tobacco smoke are discussed. High temporal resolution measurements were performed under natural ventilation conditions to simulate a realistic exposure scenario. Results showed a systematic increase in UFPs number concentration (part cm-3) related to a 20-min vaping session (from 6.56 × 103 to 4.01 × 104 part cm-3), although this was one up to two order of magnitude lower than that produced by one tobacco cigarette consumption (from 1.12 × 105 to 1.46 × 105 part cm-3). E-cig second-hand aerosol size distribution exhibits a bimodal behavior with modes at 10.8 and 29.4 nm in contrast with the unimodal typical size distribution of tobacco smoke with peak mode at 100 nm. In the size range 6-26 nm, particles concentration in e-cig second-hand aerosol were from 2- (Dp = 25.5 nm) to 3800-fold (Dp = 9.31 nm) higher than in tobacco smoke highlighting that particles exhaled by users and potentially inhaled by bystanders are nano-sized with high penetration capacity into human airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanda Palmisani
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.D.G.); (L.P.); (G.d.G.)
| | - Alessia Di Gilio
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.D.G.); (L.P.); (G.d.G.)
| | - Laura Palmieri
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.D.G.); (L.P.); (G.d.G.)
| | - Carmelo Abenavoli
- National Institute of Health, National Centre for Chemicals, Cosmetic products and Consumer Health Protection, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy; (C.A.); (M.F.); (R.D.)
| | - Marco Famele
- National Institute of Health, National Centre for Chemicals, Cosmetic products and Consumer Health Protection, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy; (C.A.); (M.F.); (R.D.)
| | - Rosa Draisci
- National Institute of Health, National Centre for Chemicals, Cosmetic products and Consumer Health Protection, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy; (C.A.); (M.F.); (R.D.)
| | - Gianluigi de Gennaro
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.D.G.); (L.P.); (G.d.G.)
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[Exposure of vapers to formaldehyde and acrolein: A systematic review]. Rev Mal Respir 2019; 36:752-800. [PMID: 31285084 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although recognized as less dangerous than conventional cigarettes, the toxicity of the electronic cigarette vapor's toxicity remains to be fully assessed. This review explores vapers' exposition to formaldehyde and acrolein. METHOD Systematic PubMed search for reports regarding formaldehyde or acrolein or their metabolites in electronic cigarette vapor, in vapers, or in ambient air. RESULTS Fifty-two publications were selected. Found in almost all studies on vaper, formaldehyde is 8 times out of 11 - and acrolein constantly - in lower amounts than those found in conventional cigarettes. Acrolein's metabolite is found in all studies in vapers. The concentrations of formaldehyde and/or acrolein generated during vapor production may be affected by the characteristics of the E-liquid, voltage, vaping topography, and by the flavor additives. CONCLUSION In the current state of knowledge, we must continue to support and help smokers to quit smoking, and for those who are engaged in a harm reduction approach, to minimize the duration of their electronic cigarette use.
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