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Gallo R, Guarneri F, Ferrucci SM, Stingeni L, Hansel K, Corazza M, Borghi A, Foti C, Romita P, Patruno C, Napolitano M, Morini N, Trave I, Rigano L, Parodi A. Frequency of contact allergy to pentylene glycol. Retrospective cross-sectional study with data from the Società Italiana di Dermatologia Allergologica Professionale e Ambientale (SIDAPA). Contact Dermatitis 2024; 90:314-317. [PMID: 38044040 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosella Gallo
- Dermatologic Clinic, Department of Health Sciences (DiSSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Guarneri
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Silvia Mariel Ferrucci
- Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Stingeni
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Katharina Hansel
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Monica Corazza
- Section of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Borghi
- Section of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Caterina Foti
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Romita
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Cataldo Patruno
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maddalena Napolitano
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences Vincenzo Tiberio, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Nicole Morini
- Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Trave
- Dermatologic Clinic, Department of Health Sciences (DiSSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luigi Rigano
- R&D Department, Institute of Skin and Product Evaluation, Milano, Italy
| | - Aurora Parodi
- Dermatologic Clinic, Department of Health Sciences (DiSSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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2
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Chow EY, Elliott JF. Presence/Absence of Propylene Glycol in Commonly Used Topical Products in the Dermatology Clinic. J Cutan Med Surg 2024; 28:192-193. [PMID: 38214444 PMCID: PMC11015700 DOI: 10.1177/12034754231223149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Y. Chow
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - John F. Elliott
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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3
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Wang P, Williams RJ, Chen W, Wang F, Shamout M, Tanz LJ, Herzig CTA, Oakley LP, Peak CM, Heinzerling A, Al-Shawaf M, Melstrom P, Marynak K, Tynan MA, Agaku IT, Kumagai K. Chemical Composition of Electronic Vaping Products from School Grounds in California. Nicotine Tob Res 2024:ntae042. [PMID: 38407960 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntae042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of electronic vaping products (EVPs) containing nicotine, marijuana, and/or other substances remains prominent among youth; with EVPs containing nicotine being the most commonly used tobacco product among youth since 2014. However, a detailed understanding of the chemical composition of these products is limited. METHODS During February 25th-March 15th, 2019, a total of 576 EVPs, including 233 e-cigarette devices (with 43 disposable vape pens) and 343 e-liquid cartridges/pods/bottled e-liquids, were found or confiscated from a convenience sample of 16 public high schools in California. Liquids inside 251 vape pens and cartridges/pods/bottled e-liquids were analyzed using a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). For comparison, new JUUL pods, the most commonly used e-cigarette among youth during 2018-2019, with different flavorings and nicotine content were purchased and analyzed. RESULTS For e-cigarette cartridges/pods/bottled e-liquids, nicotine was detected in 204 of 208 (98.1%) samples. Propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG) were dominant solvents in nicotine-containing EVPs. Among 43 disposable vape pen devices, cannabinoids such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or cannabidiol (CBD) were identified in 39 of 43 (90.1%) samples, of which 3 contained both nicotine and THC. Differences in chemical compositions were observed between confiscated or collected JUULs and purchased JUULs. Measured nicotine was inconsistent with labels on some confiscated or collected bottled e-liquids. CONCLUSIONS EVPs from 16 participating schools were found to widely contain substances with known adverse health effects among youth, including nicotine and cannabinoids. There was inconsistency between labeled and measured nicotine on the products from schools. IMPLICATIONS This study measured the main chemical compositions of EVPs found at 16 California public high schools. Continued efforts are warranted, including at the school-level, to educate, prevent and reduce youth use of EVPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Air Quality Section, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca J Williams
- California Tobacco Control Program, California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Wenhao Chen
- Air Quality Section, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Flavia Wang
- Air Quality Section, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Mays Shamout
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lauren J Tanz
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Carolyn T A Herzig
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lisa P Oakley
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Corey M Peak
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amy Heinzerling
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Occupational Health Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Maeh Al-Shawaf
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paul Melstrom
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kristy Marynak
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael A Tynan
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Israel T Agaku
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kazukiyo Kumagai
- Air Quality Section, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
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4
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Chi M, Zhao J, Ke J, Liu Y, Wang R, Wang C, Hung SF, Lee TJ, Geng Z, Zeng J. Bipyridine-Confined Silver Single-Atom Catalysts Facilitate In-Plane C-O Coupling for Propylene Electrooxidation. Nano Lett 2024; 24:1801-1807. [PMID: 38277670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The electrooxidation of propylene presents a promising route for the production of 1,2-propylene glycol (PG) under ambient conditions. However, the C-O coupling process remains a challenge owing to the high energy barrier. In this work, we developed a highly efficient electrocatalyst of bipyridine-confined Ag single atoms on UiO-bpy substrates (Ag SAs/UiO-bpy), which exposed two in-plane coordination vacancies during reaction for the co-adsorption of key intermediates. Detailed structure and electronic property analyses demonstrate that CH3CHCH2OH* and *OH could stably co-adsorb in a square planar configuration, which then accelerates the charge transfer between them. The combination of stable co-adsorption and efficient charge transfer facilitates the C-O coupling process, thus significantly lowering its energy barrier. At 2.4 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode, Ag SAs/UiO-bpy achieved a record-high activity of 61.9 gPG m-2 h-1. Our work not only presents a robust electrocatalyst but also advances a new perspective on catalyst design for propylene electrooxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfang Chi
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jiankang Zhao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Ke
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Ruyang Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Chuanhao Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Sung-Fu Hung
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ju Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Zhigang Geng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zeng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243002, P. R. China
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Thomas PT, Issac JS, Girija P, Chandran LS, Arjun DS, Siddik AJ. An in vitro comparison of calcium ions release and diffusion ability of calcium hydroxide-based intracanal medicament in combination with three different vehicles like propolis, chitosan, and propylene glycol. J Conserv Dent Endod 2024; 27:190-194. [PMID: 38463473 PMCID: PMC10923230 DOI: 10.4103/jcde.jcde_258_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Context Calcium hydroxide, which is an intracanal medicament, is widely used in endodontics. Improvements can be made to its effectiveness, as calcium hydroxide is dependent on the vehicle. Aim The study aims to compare and evaluate the release and diffusion ability of calcium hydroxide when mixed with - propolis, chitosan, and propylene glycol. Methods For this study, 33 single-rooted extracted premolar teeth have been decoronated. After the working length and enlargement of the canals had been established, different preparations of calcium hydroxide with vehicles such as propolis, chitosan, and propylene glycol were loaded into the canals. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to analyze the release of calcium ions in three groups, while a digital pH meter was used to determine an acid change. Results Atomic absorption spectrophotometry showed sustained releases of calcium ions and the digital pH meter showed increased diffusion capacity in the propylene glycol paste group in comparison to the other two groups. Conclusion Propylene glycol vehicle made it easier to enter calcium hydroxide into the dentinal tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinku T Thomas
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Azeezia College of Dental Sciences and Research, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - Jyoti Sumi Issac
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Azeezia College of Dental Sciences and Research, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - Parvathy Girija
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Azeezia College of Dental Sciences and Research, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - Lekshmi S Chandran
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Azeezia College of Dental Sciences and Research, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - D S Arjun
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Azeezia College of Dental Sciences and Research, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - A J Siddik
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Azeezia College of Dental Sciences and Research, Kollam, Kerala, India
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Mohan P, Rajeswari J, Kesavan K. Cationic microemulsion of voriconazole for the treatment of fungal keratitis: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Ther Deliv 2024. [PMID: 38180042 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2023-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: This investigation aimed to develop a voriconazole-loaded chitosan-coated cationic microemulsion (CVME) to treat fungal keratitis. Methods: Microemulsions were prepared using water titration, and the optimized microemulsion was coated with chitosan to prepare CVME. The physicochemical parameters, ocular irritation potential, in vitro antifungal efficacy and in vitro release studies were performed. The in vivo antifungal efficacy study was conducted in a fungal infection-induced rabbit eye model. Results: The developed CVME displayed acceptable physicochemical properties and excellent mucoadhesive behavior and showed a sustained release profile. Ex vivo and in vivo studies concluded that higher permeability and improved antifungal efficacy were observed for CVME than drug suspension (DS). Conclusion: The prepared CVME7 is a viable alternative to treating fungal keratitis with existing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parasuraman Mohan
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, C.G., 495009, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vellalar College of Pharmacy, Erode, Tamil Nadu, 638012, India
| | - Jothimani Rajeswari
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, C.G., 495009, India
| | - Karthikeyan Kesavan
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, C.G., 495009, India
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Wang H, Shao Q, Zhang Y, Ding J, Yang M, Yang L, Wang W, Cui P, Dai Z, Ma L. Preparation and Evaluation of Liposomes Containing Ethanol and Propylene Glycol as Carriers for Nicotine. Curr Drug Deliv 2024; 21:249-260. [PMID: 37132146 DOI: 10.2174/1567201820666230428122845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine is a fat-soluble substance that is easily absorbed through the skin and mucosal tissues of the human body. However, its properties, such as light exposure, heat decomposition, and volatilization, restrict its development and application in external preparations. OBJECTIVE This study focused on the preparation of stable nicotine-encapsulated ethosomes. METHODS During their preparation, two water-phase miscible osmotic promoters, ethanol and propylene glycol (PG), were added to obtain a stable transdermal delivery system. Skin nicotine delivery was enhanced through the synergistic action of osmotic promoters and phosphatidylcholine in binary ethosomes. Various characteristics of the binary ethosomes were measured, including the vesicle size, particle size distribution, and zeta potential. In order to optimize the ratio of ethanol and PG, the skin permeability test was performed on mice in vitro in a Franz diffusion cell to compare cumulative skin permeabilities. The penetration depth and fluorescence intensity of rhodamine-B-entrapped vesicles in isolated mouse skin samples were observed using laser confocal scanning microscopy. RESULTS When ethanol:PG was used in a ratio of 5:5 (w/w), binary ethosomes were found to be the most stable, had the highest encapsulation rate (86.13 ± 1.40), smallest particle size (106.0 ± 11.0) nm, maximum transdermal depth (180 μm), and maximum fluorescence intensity (160 AU). Nicotineencapsulated ethosomes (ethanol: PG = 5:5, w/w) were an efficient and stable transdermal delivery system. CONCLUSION The nicotine-encapsulated ethosomes containing ethanol and PG are considered to be safe and reliable as a transdermal administration agent, which does not irritate the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xi'an Mental Health Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qing Shao
- Xi'an Mental Health Center Department of Pharmacy Xi\'an China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xi'an Mental Health Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, Xi'an Mental Health Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Miaomiao Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xi'an Mental Health Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xi'an Mental Health Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xi'an Mental Health Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pengfei Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Xi'an Mental Health Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zunxiao Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, Xi'an Mental Health Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Xi'an Central Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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8
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Zhang M, Zhuang X, Li S, Wang Y, Zhang X, Li J, Wu D. Designed Fabrication of Phloretin-Loaded Propylene Glycol Binary Ethosomes: Stability, Skin Permeability and Antioxidant Activity. Molecules 2023; 29:66. [PMID: 38202649 PMCID: PMC10780158 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Binary ethosome vesicles have been developed as flexible lipid vesicles for the enhanced physicochemical stability and skin delivery of drugs. This work aimed to prepare phloretin-loaded propylene glycol ethosomes (PHL-PGEs) to improve their stability, skin permeability and antioxidant activity. PHL-PGEs were prepared via the ethanol injection method and optimized using different weight ratios of ethanol to propylene glycol (PG). When the ethanol/PG mass ratio changed from 10:0 to 0:10, the encapsulation efficiency and stability of ethosomes increased. At a PHL concentration of 1mg/mL, the EE% was 89.42 ± 2.42 and the DL% was 4.21 ± 0.04, which exhibited their highest values. The encapsulation of the PHL in the PHL-PGEs was strengthened via XRD analysis and FTIR analysis. The results of the in vitro percutaneous permeability test demonstrated that the combined use of ethanol and PG exhibited a notable enhancement in skin permeability, and the skin retention of PHL-PGEs was 1.06 times that of PHL-ethosomes (PHL-Es) and 2.24 times that of the PHL solution. An in vitro antioxidant activity study indicated that solubility and antioxidant activity was potentiated via the nanoencapsulation of phloretin. Therefore, these results confirm the potential of this nanocarrier to enhance physicochemical stability, skin permeability and antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China; (M.Z.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (J.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Pharmacotoxicological Evaluation, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
| | - Xue Zhuang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China; (M.Z.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Siqi Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China; (M.Z.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Yansong Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China; (M.Z.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China; (M.Z.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (J.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Pharmacotoxicological Evaluation, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
| | - Jinlian Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China; (M.Z.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (J.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Pharmacotoxicological Evaluation, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
| | - Dongmei Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China; (M.Z.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (J.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Pharmacotoxicological Evaluation, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
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9
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Styles CT, Zhou J, Flight KE, Brown JC, Lewis C, Wang X, Vanden Oever M, Peacock TP, Wang Z, Millns R, O'Neill JS, Borodavka A, Grove J, Barclay WS, Tregoning JS, Edgar RS. Propylene glycol inactivates respiratory viruses and prevents airborne transmission. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e17932. [PMID: 37970627 PMCID: PMC10701621 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202317932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are vulnerable as they transmit between hosts, and we aimed to exploit this critical window. We found that the ubiquitous, safe, inexpensive and biodegradable small molecule propylene glycol (PG) has robust virucidal activity. Propylene glycol rapidly inactivates a broad range of viruses including influenza A, SARS-CoV-2 and rotavirus and reduces disease burden in mice when administered intranasally at concentrations commonly found in nasal sprays. Most critically, vaporised PG efficiently abolishes influenza A virus and SARS-CoV-2 infectivity within airborne droplets, potently preventing infection at levels well below those tolerated by mammals. We present PG vapour as a first-in-class non-toxic airborne virucide that can prevent transmission of existing and emergent viral pathogens, with clear and immediate implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Katie E Flight
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Present address:
University College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Charlotte Lewis
- MRC‐University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUK
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Michael Vanden Oever
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Present address:
Life Edit TherapeuticsMorrisvilleNCUSA
| | | | - Ziyin Wang
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Rosie Millns
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | | | | | - Joe Grove
- MRC‐University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUK
| | - Wendy S Barclay
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Rachel S Edgar
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
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10
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Lefèvre CR, Sacaze E, Damaj L, Rollier P, Lenski M, Le Stradic C, Bendavid C, Reynier P, Dieu X, Prunier D, Moreau C, Homedan C. Laboratory medicine unveiling an unusual cause of D-lactic acidosis as the trigger of decompensation of a rare inborn error of metabolism. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:e263-e267. [PMID: 37327352 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elise Sacaze
- Service de Pédiatrie, CHU de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Léna Damaj
- Service de Pédiatrie, CHU de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Paul Rollier
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CHU de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Marie Lenski
- Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, CHU de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Claude Bendavid
- Laboratoire de Biochimie-Toxicologie, CHU de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Pascal Reynier
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Xavier Dieu
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Delphine Prunier
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Caroline Moreau
- Laboratoire de Biochimie-Toxicologie, CHU de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Chadi Homedan
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
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11
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Jaafar A, Albarazanchi A, Kadhim MJ, Darvin ME, Váczi T, Tuchin VV, Veres M. Impact of e-cigarette liquid on porcine lung tissue-Ex vivo confocal Raman micro-spectroscopy study. J Biophotonics 2023:e202300336. [PMID: 37851480 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Ex vivo porcine lung immersed in e-liquid was investigated in-depth using confocal Raman micro-spectroscopy to assess the e-liquid influence on the lung. It was found that lung-related Raman band intensities at 1002, 1548, 1618 and 1655 cm-1 increased after first and second treatments except the surface, which was attributed to the well-known optical clearing (OC) effect due to alveoli filling with e-liquid resulting in light scattering reduction. The autofluorescence enhancement was explained by oxidative stress induced in lung during exposure to e-liquid. Moreover, e-liquid induced collagen dehydration was revealed by the I937 /I926 Raman band intensity ratio change. The effect was enhanced after the second treatment of the same lung tissue that indicates the possibility of multi-step OC treatment. We hypothesize that the nicotine-flavour-free e-liquids containing glycerol and propylene glycol could potentially be used in clinical protocols as OC agent for enhanced in-depth Raman-guided bronchoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jaafar
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Physics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Abbas Albarazanchi
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | | | - Tamás Váczi
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Valery V Tuchin
- Institute of Physics and Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
- Laboratory of Laser Diagnostics of Technical and Living Systems, Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control, FRC "Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Saratov, Russia
| | - Miklós Veres
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
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12
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Ahmadzadeh‐Gavahan L, Hosseinkhani A, Hamidian G, Jarolmasjed S, Yousefi‐Tabrizi R. Restricted maternal nutrition and supplementation of propylene glycol, monensin sodium and rumen-protected choline chloride during late pregnancy does not affect muscle fibre characteristics of offspring. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2260-2268. [PMID: 37556348 PMCID: PMC10508547 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grazing in arid and semi-arid regions faces pregnant ewes with feed restrictions and hence affects the offspring muscle fibre characteristics. Using feed additives that enhance nutrient availability during foetal muscle development is expected to alter offspring skeletal muscle characteristics. OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the effect of maternal restricted nutrition and supplementation of propylene glycol, monensin sodium and rumen-protected choline chloride on lamb's muscle fibre characteristics. METHODS Forty-eight Ghezel ewes were randomly allocated to one of six diets (N = 8) during the last 6 weeks of gestation: ad libitum feed intake (AL); restricted feeding (RF); restricted feeding containing propylene glycol (PG); restricted feeding containing propylene glycol and monensin sodium (MS); restricted feeding containing propylene glycol and rumen-protected choline chloride (RPC); restricted feeding containing propylene glycol, monensin sodium and rumen-protected choline chloride (PMC). The muscle samples were obtained from the semitendinosus muscle of 2-week-old male lambs (n = 5/treatment) via biopsy and were stained and classified as fibre types I, IIA and IIB. RESULTS Pre-parturient maternal feed restriction and administration of propylene glycol, monensin sodium and rumen-protected choline chloride had no significant effect on fibre-type composition, fibre density of muscle, muscle cross-sectional area and volume density of fibres (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Either maternal dietary restriction or supplementation of nutrient flux-involved additives during late pregnancy did not alter muscle fibre development and had no short-term effects on muscle properties of the resulting offspring as myogenesis occurs in early and mid-gestation, not late gestation. Therefore, maternal nutrition may not be a problematic issue in sheep production in arid and semi-arid areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Hosseinkhani
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of AgricultureUniversity of TabrizTabrizIran
| | - Gholamreza Hamidian
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TabrizTabrizIran
| | | | - Reza Yousefi‐Tabrizi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of AgricultureUniversity of TabrizTabrizIran
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13
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Rayos-Verdugo JY, Rivera-Chaparro F, Castro-Salazar GY, Ramírez-Álvarez M, Romero-Quintana JG, Loyola-Rodríguez JP, Zavala-Alonso NV, Avendaño-Félix M, Soto-Sainz JE, Silva-Benítez EDL. Propylene Glycol Potentiates the Inhibitory Action of CTZ Paste on Antibiotic-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis Isolated from the Root Canal: An In Vitro Study. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2208. [PMID: 37764052 PMCID: PMC10537855 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate if the change of vehicle for CTZ (Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, zinc oxide, and Eugenol) paste improves the inhibition of Enterococcus faecalis in vitro. The vehicles evaluated alone and mixed with CTZ were Eugenol, propylene glycol (PG), super-oxidized solution (SOS), grapefruit-seed extract (GSE), and 0.9% saline solution as a negative control. A clinical isolate of E. faecalis was morphologically and biochemically characterized, and its antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using 20 antimicrobial agents. Once characterized, the clinical isolate was cultivated to perform the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method with paper discs embedded with the different vehicles mixed or used alone, and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, and the means were compared using Tukey test with a significance level of p < 0.05. For vehicles used alone, GSE presented the greatest inhibition showing a statistically significant difference with the rest of the vehicles. When vehicles were mixed with the CTZ paste, PG showed a greater inhibition with a statistically significant difference from the rest of the vehicles. In conclusion, the vehicle used to mix the CTZ paste plays an important role in the inhibition of E. faecalis in vitro; therefore, we consider that this can be an important factor to achieve success in the use of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Yareli Rayos-Verdugo
- Especialidad de Odontopediatría, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán 80040, Mexico;
| | - Fernando Rivera-Chaparro
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán 80040, Mexico; (F.R.-C.); (J.G.R.-Q.)
| | - Gloria Yolanda Castro-Salazar
- Especialidad de Endodoncia, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán 80040, Mexico; (G.Y.C.-S.); (M.R.-Á.); (M.A.-F.); (J.E.S.-S.)
| | - Maricela Ramírez-Álvarez
- Especialidad de Endodoncia, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán 80040, Mexico; (G.Y.C.-S.); (M.R.-Á.); (M.A.-F.); (J.E.S.-S.)
- Maestría en Rehabilitación Oral Avanzada, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán 80040, Mexico;
| | - José Geovanni Romero-Quintana
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán 80040, Mexico; (F.R.-C.); (J.G.R.-Q.)
| | - Juan Pablo Loyola-Rodríguez
- Maestría en Rehabilitación Oral Avanzada, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán 80040, Mexico;
- Maestría en Odontología Integral del Niño y el Adolescente, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán 80040, Mexico
| | - Norma Verónica Zavala-Alonso
- Maestría en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Estomatología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico;
| | - Mariana Avendaño-Félix
- Especialidad de Endodoncia, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán 80040, Mexico; (G.Y.C.-S.); (M.R.-Á.); (M.A.-F.); (J.E.S.-S.)
- Maestría en Rehabilitación Oral Avanzada, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán 80040, Mexico;
| | - Jesús Eduardo Soto-Sainz
- Especialidad de Endodoncia, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán 80040, Mexico; (G.Y.C.-S.); (M.R.-Á.); (M.A.-F.); (J.E.S.-S.)
- Maestría en Rehabilitación Oral Avanzada, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán 80040, Mexico;
| | - Erika de Lourdes Silva-Benítez
- Especialidad de Endodoncia, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán 80040, Mexico; (G.Y.C.-S.); (M.R.-Á.); (M.A.-F.); (J.E.S.-S.)
- Maestría en Rehabilitación Oral Avanzada, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán 80040, Mexico;
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Abou-Taleb HA, Aldosari BN, Zaki RM, Afzal O, Tulbah AS, Shahataa MG, Abo El-Ela FI, Salem HF, Fouad AG. Formulation and Therapeutic Evaluation of Isoxsuprine-Loaded Nanoparticles against Diabetes-Associated Stroke. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2242. [PMID: 37765211 PMCID: PMC10536800 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the second-leading cause of death. Hyperglycemia, which is characteristic of diabetes mellitus, contributes to the development of endothelial dysfunction and increases the risk of stroke. Isoxsuprine is an efficient beta-adrenergic agonist that improves blood flow to the ischemic aria and stops the infarct core from growing. However, low bioavailability, a short biological half-life, and first-pass hepatic metabolism reduce the therapeutic efficacy of oral isoxsuprine. Therefore, the authors focused on developing isoxsuprine-loaded liposomes containing ethanol and propylene glycol (ILEP) formulation as nasal drops for the treatment of ischemic stroke in diabetic patients. Different ILEP formulations were optimized using Design Expert software, and the selected formulation was examined in vivo for its anti-stroke effect using a rat model of diabetes and stroke. The optimized ILEP, composed of 15% propylene glycol, 0.16% cholesterol, 10% ethanol, and 3.29% phospholipid, improved the sustainability, permeation, and targeting of isoxsuprine. Furthermore, the in vivo studies verified the improved neurological behavior and decreased dead shrunken neurons and vascular congestion of the rats treated with the optimized ILEP formulation, demonstrating its anti-stroke activity. In conclusion, our study found that treatment with an optimized ILEP formulation prevented the initiation and severity of stroke, especially in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A. Abou-Taleb
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Merit University (MUE), Sohag 1646080, Egypt;
| | - Basmah Nasser Aldosari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Randa Mohammed Zaki
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Obaid Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Alaa S. Tulbah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah 21421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mary Girgis Shahataa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt;
| | - Fatma I. Abo El-Ela
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt;
| | - Heba F. Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt;
| | - Amr Gamal Fouad
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt;
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15
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Hirama Y, Onishi S, Shibata R, Ishida H, Mori T, Ota N. Antiviral Effect of Propylene Glycol against Envelope Viruses in Spray and Volatilized Forms. Viruses 2023; 15:1421. [PMID: 37515109 PMCID: PMC10385749 DOI: 10.3390/v15071421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is highly contagious and continues to spread worldwide. To avoid the spread of infection, it is important to control its transmission routes. However, as methods to prevent airborne infections are lacking, people are forced to take measures such as keeping distance from others or wearing masks. Here, we evaluate the antiviral activity of propylene glycol (PG), which is safe, odorless, and volatile. PG showed pronounced antiviral activity against the influenza virus (IAV) at concentrations above 55% in the liquid phase. Given its IAV inactivation mechanism, which involves increasing the fluidity of the viral membrane, PG is expected to have a broad effect on enveloped viruses. PG showed antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. We also developed a system to evaluate the antiviral effect of PG in spray and volatilized forms. PG was found to be effective against aerosol IAV in both forms; the effective PG concentration against IAV in the vapor phase was 87 ppmv (0.27 mg/L). These results demonstrate that PG is an effective means for viral inactivation in various situations for infection control. This technology is expected to control the spread of current and future infectious diseases capable of causing outbreaks and pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Hirama
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tokyo 321-3497, Japan
| | - Shintaro Onishi
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tokyo 321-3497, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Shibata
- Sensory Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3 Bunka, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Ishida
- Sensory Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3 Bunka, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan
| | - Takuya Mori
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tokyo 321-3497, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Ota
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tokyo 321-3497, Japan
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16
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Cakircali R, Karakaya-Bilen E, Guner B, Mecitoglu Z, Ortac CT, Keskin A, Orman A, Gümen A. Effects of daily propylene glycol drenching during Ovsynch protocol on fertility and metabolic parameters in lactating dairy cows. Reprod Domest Anim 2023. [PMID: 37307275 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Negative energy balance (NEB) caused by restricted feed intake leads to body condition loss (BCS), increased metabolic stress and reduced fertility in dairy cows. Propylene glycol (PG) is a precursor of ruminal propionate for gluconeogenesis used to increase metabolic adaptation to the early postpartum period. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of daily drenching of PG during fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) protocol on beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), glucose, adiponectin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) concentrations, follicle size, and pregnancy rate in dairy cows. Cows (n = 148) were randomly divided into 2 groups and received either 300 mL of PG (PG-OVS, n = 76) or 300 mL of water (CON-OVS, n = 72) each day of Ovsynch protocol (GnRH-7 days-PGF2α -56 hours-GnRH-16-18-hour FTAI) between days 57 ± 3 to 67 ± 3 postpartum for the first service. Body condition scores (14 days before expected calving, at calving, on days 21 and 42 postpartum) were recorded. Blood samples were collected days 7 ± 3, 21 ± 3 postpartum, at the beginning of the Ovsynch (days 57 ± 3) and at the time of FTAI (days 67 ± 3) for measurements of BHBA, glucose, adiponectin, and IGF1 concentrations. Ultrasonographic examinations were done to measure follicle size at the beginning of Ovsynch and FTAI and to determine pregnancy on days 30 and 60 following FTAI. There were no differences (p > 0.05) in glucose, adiponectin, and IGF1 concentrations between the groups during the study. Although there was no difference (p > 0.05) in BHBA concentrations on postpartum day 7 ± 3, 21 ± 3, and 57 ± 3 between groups, BHBA concentrations at the time of insemination was lower (p < 0.05) in the PG-OVS (0.72 ± 0.03 mmol/L) than the CON-OVS group (0.81 ± 0.03 mmol/L). Follicle sizes at the beginning of Ovsynch (PG-OVS, 14.5 ± 0.48 mm; CON-OVS, 14.3 ± 0.59 mm) and FTAI (PG-OVS, 17.8 ± 0.52 mm; CON-OVS, 17.7 ± 0.42 mm) were not different (p < 0.05). Pregnancy rate of the cows in the PG-OVS group (46.1%, 35/76) was higher (p = 0.05) than of the cows in the CON-OVS (30.6%, 22/72) on day 30 following FTAI. In conclusion, decreasing serum BHBA concentrations at the time of FTAI by means of daily drenching of PG during the Ovsynch protocol, increased the pregnancy rate at first service in lactating dairy cows. On the other hand, blood glucose was not related with pregnancy rates in our study, probably as a result of our sampling time and more rapid fluctuations of blood glucose concentrations when compared to BHBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Cakircali
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ebru Karakaya-Bilen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Siirt University, Gures, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Baris Guner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Balıkesir University, Cagis, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Zafer Mecitoglu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Cihan Tolga Ortac
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Abdulkadir Keskin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Abdulkadir Orman
- Department of of Zootechnics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Gümen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey
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17
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Abstract
The use of electronic nicotine delivery systems, specifically electronic cigarettes (e-cig), has risen dramatically within the last few years; the demographic purchasing these devices is now predominantly adolescents that are not trying to quit the use of traditional combustible cigarettes, but rather are new users. The composition and appearance of these devices has changed since their first entry into the market in the late 2000s, but they remain composed of a battery and aerosol delivery system that is used to deliver breakdown products of propylene glycol/vegetable glycerin, flavorings, and potentially nicotine or other additives. Manufacturers have also adjusted the type of nicotine that is used within the liquid to make the inhalation more palatable for younger users, further affecting the number of youth who use these devices. Although the full spectrum of cardiovascular and cardiometabolic consequences of e-cig use is not fully appreciated, data is beginning to show that e-cigs can cause both short- and long-term issues on cardiac function, vascular integrity and cardiometabolic issues. This review will provide an overview of the cardiovascular, cardiometabolic, and vascular implications of the use of e-cigs, and the potential short- and long-term health effects. A robust understanding of these effects is important in order to inform policy makers on the dangers of e-cigs use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Mears
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center (M.J.M., H.L.H., P.B., P.V., K.I.S., L.E.W.), the Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Harrison L Hookfin
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center (M.J.M., H.L.H., P.B., P.V., K.I.S., L.E.W.), the Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Priya Bandaru
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center (M.J.M., H.L.H., P.B., P.V., K.I.S., L.E.W.), the Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Pablo Vidal
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center (M.J.M., H.L.H., P.B., P.V., K.I.S., L.E.W.), the Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center (M.J.M., H.L.H., P.B., P.V., K.I.S., L.E.W.), the Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Loren E Wold
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center (M.J.M., H.L.H., P.B., P.V., K.I.S., L.E.W.), the Ohio State University, Columbus
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine (L.E.W.), the Ohio State University, Columbus
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18
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Patel K, Palmer A, Nixon R. Allergic contact dermatitis from propylene glycol: A case series from Australia. Contact Dermatitis 2023. [PMID: 37100088 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Propylene glycol (PG) is used in a variety of cosmetics, food and pharmaceuticals. PG is a known sensitizer but also irritating when patch tested (PT). OBJECTIVES The aims were to investigate the frequency of contact sensitization to PG and to identify cases of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). METHODS A retrospective study was performed on patients PT at the Skin Health Institute (SHI), Victoria, Australia to PG 5% pet. and PG 10% aq. between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2020. RESULTS In all, 6761 patients were PT to PG and 21 (0.31%) reacted. Of those 21 individuals, 9 (42.9%) had a relevant reaction. 75% of relevant positive reactions were in patients PT to PG 10% aq. The most common source of PG exposure was topical medicaments (77.8% of relevant reactions) and moisturizers, with the largest group being topical corticosteroids. CONCLUSION Contact sensitization to PG in the patch test population remains uncommon, although it is possible that testing with concentrations of 5%-10% PG did not identify all reactions. Topical corticosteroids were the most important cause. Patients with suspected contact dermatitis to topical corticosteroids should be PT to PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Patel
- Skin Health Institute, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Kim MD, Chung S, Baumlin N, Sun L, Silswal N, Dennis JS, Yoshida M, Sabater J, Horrigan FT, Salathe M. E-cigarette aerosols of propylene glycol impair BK channel activity and parameters of mucociliary function. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 324:L468-L479. [PMID: 36809074 PMCID: PMC10042605 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00157.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Propylene glycol (PG) is a common delivery vehicle for nicotine and flavorings in e-cigarette (e-cig) liquids and is largely considered safe for ingestion. However, little is known about its effects as an e-cig aerosol on the airway. Here, we investigated whether pure PG e-cig aerosols in realistic daily amounts impact parameters of mucociliary function and airway inflammation in a large animal model (sheep) in vivo and primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) in vitro. Five-day exposure of sheep to e-cig aerosols of 100% PG increased mucus concentrations (% mucus solids) of tracheal secretions. PG e-cig aerosols further increased the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in tracheal secretions. In vitro exposure of HBECs to e-cig aerosols of 100% PG decreased ciliary beating and increased mucus concentrations. PG e-cig aerosols further reduced the activity of large conductance, Ca2+-activated, and voltage-dependent K+ (BK) channels. We show here for the first time that PG can be metabolized to methylglyoxal (MGO) in airway epithelia. PG e-cig aerosols increased levels of MGO and MGO alone reduced BK activity. Patch-clamp experiments suggest that MGO can disrupt the interaction between the major pore-forming BK subunit human Slo1 (hSlo1) and the gamma regulatory subunit LRRC26. PG exposures also caused a significant increase in mRNA expression levels of MMP9 and interleukin 1 beta (IL1B). Taken together, these data show that PG e-cig aerosols cause mucus hyperconcentration in sheep in vivo and HBECs in vitro, likely by disrupting the function of BK channels important for airway hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Kim
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Samuel Chung
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Nathalie Baumlin
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Neerupma Silswal
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - John S Dennis
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Makoto Yoshida
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Juan Sabater
- Department of Research, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, Florida, United States
| | - Frank T Horrigan
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Matthias Salathe
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
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20
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Dagla I, Gikas E, Tsarbopoulos A. Two Fast GC-MS Methods for the Measurement of Nicotine, Propylene Glycol, Vegetable Glycol, Ethylmaltol, Diacetyl, and Acetylpropionyl in Refill Liquids for E-Cigarettes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041902. [PMID: 36838889 PMCID: PMC9961753 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of e-cigarettes (ECs) has become increasingly popular worldwide, even though scientific results have not established their safety. Diacetyl (DA) and acetylpropionyl (AP), which can be present in ECs, are linked with lung diseases. Ethyl maltol (EM)-the most commonly used flavoring agent-can be present in toxic concentrations. Until now, there is no methodology for the determination of nicotine, propylene glycol (PG), vegetable glycerin (VG), EM, DA, and acetylpropionyl in e-liquids that can be used as a quality control procedure. Herein, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied for the development of analytical methodologies for these substances. Two GC-MS methodologies were developed and fully validated, fulfilling the standards for the integration in a routine quality control procedure by manufacturers. As proof of applicability, the methodology was applied for the analysis of several e-liquids. Differences were observed between the labeled and the experimental levels of PG, VG, and nicotine. Three samples contained EM at higher concentrations compared to the other samples, while only one contained DA. These validated methodologies can be used for the quality control analysis of EC liquid samples regarding nicotine, PG, and VG amounts, as well as for the measurement of the EM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Dagla
- Bioanalytical Laboratory, GAIA Research Center, The Goulandris Natural History Museum, 14562 Kifissia, Greece
| | - Evagelos Gikas
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Anthony Tsarbopoulos
- Bioanalytical Laboratory, GAIA Research Center, The Goulandris Natural History Museum, 14562 Kifissia, Greece
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-210-746-2702
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21
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Szumała P, Kaplińska J, Makurat-Kasprolewicz B, Mania S. Microemulsion Delivery Systems with Low Surfactant Concentrations: Optimization of Structure and Properties by Glycol Cosurfactants. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:232-240. [PMID: 36354760 PMCID: PMC9811459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Extensive use of microemulsions as delivery systems raises interest in the safe ingredients that can form such systems. Here, we assessed the use of two glycols, i.e., propylene glycol and pentylene glycol, and their mixtures to manipulate the properties and structure of microemulsions. Obtained systems with glycols were extensively characterized in terms of capacity to incorporate water phase, droplet size, polydispersity, structure type, and rheological and thermal properties. The results of these studies indicate that the composition, structure, and viscosity of the microemulsions can be changed by appropriate quantification of glycols. It has been shown that the type of glycol used and its amount may favor or worsen the formation of microemulsions with the selected oils. In addition, a properly selected composition of oils and glycols resulted in the formation of microemulsions with a reduced content of surfactants and consequently improved the safety of using microemulsions as delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Szumała
- Department
of Colloid and Lipid Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland,. Tel: +48 58 347 1523. Fax: +48 58 348 6278
| | - Jolanta Kaplińska
- Department
of Colloid and Lipid Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Balbina Makurat-Kasprolewicz
- Department
of Colloid and Lipid Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland,Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Szymon Mania
- Department
of Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology of Food, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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22
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Iwasaki T, Uchiyama R, Nosaka K. Difference in Anti-microbial Activity of Propan-1,3-diol and Propylene Glycol. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2023; 71:74-77. [PMID: 36596515 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c22-00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Propan-1,3-diol (PD) and propan-1,2-diol (propylene glycol, PG) are very similar compounds because their structures, safety data, and anti-microbial activities are almost the same. Actually, both compounds are made up of three carbon atoms and two hydroxyl groups. Regarding their safety, they do not have serious hazard data for animals, and LD50 values (in rats) of both are similar. As for the anti-microbial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of both PD and PG are approximately 10% (v/v). In this study, we used the preservatives-effectiveness test (PET) to evaluate the anti-microbial activities of PD and PG, because both compounds are used in cosmetics as preservatives. The results indicated that PD was more effective as an anti-microbial agent compared with PG, and the effect of PD was marked against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the membrane of Escherichia coli was injured by PD and PG, but the damage by PD was more marked. The damage of the cell membrane may be the cause of high anti-microbial activity of PD in PET. These results suggest that PD has greater potential as a preservative, and PD should be recommended as an additive for food and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Iwasaki
- 2nd Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University.,Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Ryosuke Uchiyama
- 2nd Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
| | - Kazuto Nosaka
- 2nd Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
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23
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Yakan A, Özkan H, Kaya U, Keçeli HH, Dalkiran S, Karaaslan I, Ünal N, Akçay A, Arslan K, Akyüz B, Güngör G, Çamdeviren B, Küçükoflaz M, Sariözkan S, Özbeyaz C. Effects of propylene glycol used at different doses in Akkaraman lambs rations on metabolism-related parameters and liver gene and protein expression during different feeding periods. Anim Sci J 2023; 94:e13886. [PMID: 37963598 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the metabolic effects of propylene glycol (PG) over 60, 90, and 120 days in lambs. Seventy-two weaned male lambs were allocated into three groups: control (Con), PG1.5 (1.5 mL/kg live weight0.75 ), and PG3 (3 mL/kg live weight0.75 ). Blood samples were collected at the beginning and slaughter days. Biochemical parameters (glucose, triglycerides, ALT, AST, LDH, BUN, and insulin) and gene and protein levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), diacylglycerol o-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), carbohydrate responsive element binding protein (ChREBP), and sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1c (SREBP-1c) in the liver were determined. Glucose in PG1.5 was increased on Day 60, while significant differences were observed in biochemical parameters except for insulin on the 60, 90, and 120 days. Biochemical parameters such as ALT, AST, LDH, and BUN increased over time, while triglycerides decreased. DGAT1 gene and protein levels were lower, while SREBP-1c and PPARγ were higher in PG groups on Day 60. While SREBP-1c was lower in PG1.5, ChREBP was higher in PG3 on Day 90. PPARγ, DGAT1, and ChREBP were upregulated in PG3 on Day 120. Positive correlations were found between proteins. The long-term use of PG in lambs did not have detrimental effects on metabolism. The study provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the metabolic effects of PG in lambs, shedding light on its potential applications in lamb production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akın Yakan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Genetics, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Hüseyin Özkan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Genetics, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Ufuk Kaya
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Hasan Hüseyin Keçeli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Genetics, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Sevda Dalkiran
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Genetics, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Irem Karaaslan
- Technology and Research & Development Center (MARGEM), Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Necmettin Ünal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Science, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkiye
| | - Aytaç Akçay
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkiye
| | - Korhan Arslan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Genetics, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkiye
| | - Bilal Akyüz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Genetics, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkiye
| | - Güven Güngör
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkiye
| | - Baran Çamdeviren
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Genetics, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Mehmet Küçükoflaz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Health Economics and Management, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkiye
| | - Savaş Sariözkan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Health Economics and Management, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkiye
| | - Ceyhan Özbeyaz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Science, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkiye
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24
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Nadar A, Muliya VS, Pai S, Pentapati KC. A comparative evaluation of calcium ion release and pH change using calcium hydroxide nanoparticles as intracanal medicament with different vehicles - An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2023; 26:47-51. [PMID: 36908721 PMCID: PMC10003273 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_387_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Nano-calcium hydroxide (NCH) has been proven to have several advantages over normal calcium hydroxide, supporting in its possible use as an intracanal medicament. Aim The aim is to evaluate and compare calcium ion release and pH change using NCH with different vehicles as intracanal medicament. Subjects and Methods Sixty freshly extracted premolars were decoronated at the cementoenamel junction level and the length was standardized. Canals were enlarged to F3 size using protaper rotary system. The samples were divided into three groups (n = 20), namely NCH + distilled water (Group 1), NCH + propylene glycol (Group 2), and NCH + chitosan (CT) (Group 3). Each sample was suspended in 6 ml of distilled water using silicone putty with only the apical third of the roots immersed. The pH and calcium ions were assessed at 24 h, 7 days, 15 days, and 30 days using a pH meter and ultraviolet spectrophotometer, respectively. Statistical Analysis Comparison of mean calcium release and pH change was made using Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA with post-hoc Dunn's test. The level of significance was set at 5%. Results A significant difference was seen in the calcium ion release and pH change among the three groups at 24 h, 7 days, 15 days, and 30 days. Conclusions NCH mixed with propylene glycol showed alkaline pH and adequate release of calcium ions till 30 days. NCH mixed with CT exhibited a high pH at the end of 30 days. Both combinations proved their efficacy as intracanal medicaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashima Nadar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Vidya Saraswathi Muliya
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Swathi Pai
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, KVG Dental College and Hospital, Sullia, Karnataka, India
| | - Kalyana Chakravarthy Pentapati
- Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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25
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Di Prima G, Belfiore E, Migliore M, Scarpaci AG, Angellotti G, Restivo I, Allegra M, Arizza V, De Caro V. Green Extraction of Polyphenols from Waste Bentonite to Produce Functional Antioxidant Excipients for Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Purposes: A Waste-to-Market Approach. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11. [PMID: 36552701 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In an ever-growing perspective of circular economy, the development of conscious, sustainable and environmental-friendly strategies to recycle the waste products is the key point. The scope of this work was to validate the waste bentonite from the grape processing industries as a precious matrix to extract polyphenols by applying a waste-to-market approach aimed at producing novel functional excipients. The waste bentonite was recovered after the fining process and opportunely pre-treated. Subsequently, both the freeze dried and the so-called "wet" bentonites were subjected to maceration. PEG200 and Propylene Glycol were selected as solvents due to their ability to dissolve polyphenols and their wide use in the cosmetic/pharmaceutical field. The extracts were evaluated in terms of yield, density, pH after water-dilution, total phenolic (Folin-Ciocalteu) and protein (Bradford) contents, antioxidant power (DPPH), amount of some representative polyphenols (HPLC-DAD), cytocompatibility and stability. Both solvents validated the bentonite as a valuable source of polyphenols and led to colored fluids characterized by an acidic pH after water-dilution. The best extract was obtained from the wet bentonite with PEG200 and highlighted the highest phenolic content and consequently the strongest antioxidant activity. Additionally, it displayed proliferative properties and resulted almost stable over time. Hence, it might be directly used as polyphenols-enriched functional novel raw material for cosmetic and pharmaceutics purposes.
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26
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Porukova I, Samoilov V, Ramazanov D, Kniazeva M, Maximov A. In Situ-Generated, Dispersed Cu Catalysts for the Catalytic Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol. Molecules 2022; 27. [PMID: 36557910 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study is dedicated to the experimental verification of a concept for the hydrogenolysis of glycerol over in situ-generated Cu dispersed particles (Cu-DP). The Cu-DP were generated by in situ reduction of a precursor salt (Cu(OAc)2, CuSO4, CuCl2) in the presence of KOH and were active in glycerol conversion under hydrogen (T = 200-220 °C, p(H2) = 1-4 MPa), where 1,2-propylene glycol (PG) and lactic acid (LA) were detected to be the main products. The influence of the reaction conditions (temperature, hydrogen pressure, reaction time, catalyst-to-feed ratio and the KOH/Cu ratio) on the yields of the products is described. It was shown that the selectivity between the PG and LA could be tuned by changing p(H2) or by the KOH amount, i.e., higher yields of LA corresponded to lower p(H2) and higher alkalinity of the reaction media. The activity of the in situ-generated Cu-DP was found to be comparable to that of an industrial Cu-Cr2O3 catalyst. The Cu-DP catalysts were characterized by XRD, XPS, HRTEM and SEM. During the reaction, the catalyst evolved by the sintering and recrystallization of the separate Cu-DP; the crystallite sizes after 1 and 15 h reaction times amounted to 35 and 49 nm, respectively.
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27
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Zhu YY, Liang J, Xiao WQ, Ren ZY, Zhong WL, Li HH, Xi C, Wu HC, DU SY. [Enhancing effects of chemical permeation enhancer propylene glycol and ultrasonic technology on transdermal permeation of Baimai Ointment]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2022; 47:6607-6614. [PMID: 36604909 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20220422.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to improve the transdermal permeation quantity of Baimai Ointment by investigating the enhancing effects of physical and chemical permeation promoting methods on transdermal permeation of Baimai Ointment. The improved Franz diffusion cell method was used for in vitro transdermal experiment. The abdominal skin of mice was used, and the skin was treated with 3% propylene glycol in the chemical enhancement group. Ultrasonic technology was introduced in the physical enhancement group. The conditions of ultrasonic technology were optimized by single factor trial. Taking Q_(EF) and ER as the indexes of penetration promotion performance, the enhancing effects of the two methods were compared. The results showed that the promotion performance of 3% propylene glycol for ammonium glycyrrhizinate, nardosinone and curcumin of the chemical enhancement group were 1.74, 1.60, and 3.73 times higher than those of the blank group, respectively. The overall permeation efficiency of the Baimai Ointment was significantly improved. The comprehensive promoting effect on each component was curcumin>ammonium glycyrrhizinate>nardosinone. In the physical enhancement group, the penetration promoting effect of ultrasonic power 1.0 W was better than that of 2.0 W and 0.5 W, ultrasonic time 5 min was better than 3 min and 8 min, and the ultrasonic frequency 1 MHz was better than 3 MHz. Therefore, the optimal ultrasonic condition was 1.0 W-5 min-1 MHz. Under this condition, in terms of the transdermal permeation for ammonium glycyrrhizinate, the Q_(EF) and ER of the ultrasonic technology were better than those of 3% propylene glycol. In terms of the transdermal permeation for nardosinone and curcumin, the QEF and ER of 3% propylene glycol were better than those of the ultrasonic technology. Therefore, 3% propylene glycol combined with ultrasonic technology can be used to promote permeation of Baimai Ointment that contains both water-soluble and fat-soluble components in the clinical application. This study provides a theoretical basis for the clinical application of Baimai Ointment and other transdermal preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yin Zhu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinses Medicine Beijing 102488, China
| | - Jun Liang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinses Medicine Beijing 102488, China
| | - Wu-Qing Xiao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinses Medicine Beijing 102488, China
| | - Zhi-Yu Ren
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinses Medicine Beijing 102488, China
| | - Wan-Ling Zhong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinses Medicine Beijing 102488, China
| | - Hua-Hua Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinses Medicine Beijing 102488, China
| | - Cheng Xi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinses Medicine Beijing 102488, China
| | - Hui-Chao Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Beijing 102488, China
| | - Shou-Ying DU
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinses Medicine Beijing 102488, China
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28
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Shah KA, Li G, Song L, Gao B, Huang L, Luan D, Iqbal H, Cao Q, Menaa F, Lee BJ, Alnasser SM, Alshahrani SM, Cui J. Rizatriptan-Loaded Oral Fast Dissolving Films: Design and Characterizations. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122687. [PMID: 36559181 PMCID: PMC9780891 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Rizatriptan (RZT) is an efficient anti-migraine drug which belongs to the class of selective 5 HT (1B/1D) serotonin receptor agonists. Nevertheless, RZT elicits several adverse effects and RZT nasal sprays have a limited half-life, requiring repeated doses that could cause patient noncompliance or harm to the nasopharynx and cilia. The current research aimed to develop orally disintegrating films (ODFs) of RZT employing maltodextrin (MTX) and pullulan (PUL) as film-forming polymers, as well as propylene glycol (PG) as a plasticizer. The ODFs were prepared by solvent casting method (SCM). The technique was optimized using Box-Behnken design (BBD), contemplating the ratios of PUL: MTX and different levels of PG (%) as factor variables. The influence of these factors was systematically analyzed on the selected dependent variables, including film thickness, disintegration time (D-time), folding endurance (FE), tensile strength (TS), percent elongation (%E), moisture content (%), and water uptake (%). In addition, the surface morphology, solid state analysis, drug content uniformity (%), drug release (%), and pH of the RZT-ODFs were also studied. The results demonstrated a satisfactory stable RZT-ODFs formulation that exhibited surface homogeneity and amorphous RZT in films with no discernible interactions between the model drug and polymeric materials. The optimized film showed a rapid D-time of 16 s and remarkable mechanical features. The in vitro dissolution kinetics showed that 100% RZT was released from optimized film compared to 61% RZT released from conventional RZT formulation in the initial 5 min. An animal pharmacokinetic (PK) investigation revealed that RZT-ODFs had a shorter time to achieve peak plasma concentration (Tmax), a higher maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), and area under the curve (AUC0-t) than traditional oral mini capsules. These findings proposed a progressive approach for developing anti-migraine drugs that could be useful in reducing the complications of dysphagia in geriatric and pediatric sufferers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiramat Ali Shah
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guifeng Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Children Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, China
| | - Lina Song
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Binbin Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Linyu Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Dazhi Luan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Haroon Iqbal
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Qingri Cao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Farid Menaa
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Nanomedicine and Advanced Technologies, California Innovations Corporation, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (J.C.); Tel.: +86-13812653785 (J.C.)
| | - Beom-Jin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sulaiman M. Alnasser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Uniazah College of Pharmacy, Qasim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan M. Alshahrani
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jinghao Cui
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (J.C.); Tel.: +86-13812653785 (J.C.)
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29
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Sanches AG, da Silva MB, Fernandes TFS, Pedrosa VMD, Wong MCC, Gratão PL, Teixeira GHDA. Reducing chilling injury in 'Palmer' mangoes submitted to quarantine cold treatment. J Sci Food Agric 2022; 102:6112-6122. [PMID: 35474219 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment with low temperatures can be used to quarantine mangoes against fruit-fly infestation. However, mangoes can develop chilling injury (CI) when stored at temperatures below 13 °C. We demonstrated that the immersion in polyol solutions can alleviate CI symptoms in 'Palmer' mangoes stored at 8 °C. These suggest that polyols can be used to reduce CI in mangoes during quarantine at low temperatures. Thus, we investigated the efficacy of applying 0.1% (v/v) glycerol, propylene glycol, or sorbitol to 'Palmer' mangoes subjected to cold treatment (1.0 °C) for 28 days. Mangoes were then ripened at 23 °C for 7 days. RESULTS Among these polyols, sorbitol was the most effective in alleviating CI for up to 14 days of cold treatment. Mangoes treated with sorbitol showed lower levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), and reduced polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity. These fruit also had elevated levels of ascorbate (AsA), especially in the epicarp, and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity. CONCLUSION Sorbitol can reduce the CI, but to an unsatisfying level, and it should be combined with other treatments storage at low temperature. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Guimarães Sanches
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Campus de Jaboticabal. Departamento de Ciências da Produção Agrícola, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Maryelle Barros da Silva
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Campus de Jaboticabal. Departamento de Ciências da Produção Agrícola, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Thiago Feliph Silva Fernandes
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Campus de Jaboticabal. Departamento de Ciências da Produção Agrícola, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Maria Dantas Pedrosa
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Campus de Jaboticabal. Departamento de Ciências da Produção Agrícola, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Casares Wong
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Campus de Jaboticabal. Departamento de Ciências da Produção Agrícola, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Priscila Lupino Gratão
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Campus de Jaboticabal. Departamento de Biologia Aplicadas à Agropecuária, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Henrique de Almeida Teixeira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Campus de Jaboticabal. Departamento de Ciências da Produção Agrícola, Jaboticabal, Brazil
- University of Idaho (U of I), Kimberly Research and Extension Center, Kimberly, ID, USA
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Mohamed MBM, Dahabiyeh LA, Sahib MN. Design and evaluation of molecular organogel based on folic acid as a potential green drug carrier for oral route. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2022; 48:367-373. [PMID: 36094171 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2022.2118316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The low molecular weight organogels are interesting carriers for pharmaceutical compounds. However, their uses are limited due to the toxicity burden of the organic solvent used. Hence, this study aimed to prepare organogel using folic acid (FA) in different concentrations as a gelator for propylene glycol (PG) biocompatible solvent. METHODS The simple mixing method followed by incubation in a water bath at 90 °C was used to prepare organogels. Then, formulations were assessed using different methods including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dropping method, attenuated total reflectance - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), oscillatory rheology studies, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and in vitro dissolution study. RESULTS Gel formation and its consistency were highly depending on FA concentration. The results showed that increasing the concentration of FA in the organogel led to accelerating the gelation process, and the least amount of FA that could gel the PG was 0.25% w/w. However, higher concentrations were needed to create an organogel with excellent properties. The DSC and dropping studies revealed stable organogels formulations at body temperature. The ATR-FTIR showed interactions between the pteridine ring of FA and PG. The strain amplitude and frequency sweep tests demonstrated an increase in storage modulus values as the concentration of FA increased at 37 °C, which were frequency independent at high frequencies. In addition, the SEM exposed the fabrics like the structure of these organogels. Furthermore, the in vitro dissolution of organogel was pH-dependent, with a high possibility of taking place in the large intestine. CONCLUSION FA/PG organogel formulation is a promising carrier for drug and nutraceuticals compound for the oral delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lina A Dahabiyeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Snitker S, Andersen A, Lindskov PS, van Marle S, Sode BF, Sparre T. Comparison of the injection-site experience of semaglutide in a single-dose and a multidose pen-injector. Diabetes Obes Metab 2022; 24:1643-1646. [PMID: 35434913 PMCID: PMC9545130 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Shah KA, Gao B, Kamal R, Razzaq A, Qi S, Zhu QN, Lina S, Huang L, Cremin G, Iqbal H, Menaa F, Cui JH. Development and Characterizations of Pullulan and Maltodextrin-Based Oral Fast-Dissolving Films Employing a Box-Behnken Experimental Design. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:3591. [PMID: 35629620 DOI: 10.3390/ma15103591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Migraine is a neurological disorder characterized by severe headaches, visual aversions, auditory, and olfactory disorders, accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Zolmitriptan (ZMT®) is a potent 5HT1B/1D serotonin receptor agonist frequently used for the treatment of migraine. It has erratic absorption from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), but its oral bioavailability is low (40-45%) due to the hepatic metabolism. This makes it an ideal candidate for oral fast dissolving formulations. Hence, the current study was undertaken to design and develop oral fast-dissolving films (OFDFs) containing ZMT for migraine treatment. The OFDFs were formulated by the solvent casting method (SCM) using Pullulan (PU) and maltodextrin (MDX) as film-forming agents and propylene glycol (PG) as a plasticizer. The strategy was designed using Box-Behnken experimental design considering the proportion of PU:MDX and percentage of PG as independent variables. The effectiveness of the OFDF's was measured based on the following responses: drug release at five min, disintegration time (D-time), and tensile strength (TS). The influence of formulation factors, including percent elongation (%E), thickness, water content, moisture absorption, and folding endurance on ZMT-OFDFs, were also studied. The results showed a successful fabrication of stable ZMT-OFDFs, with surface uniformity and amorphous shape of ZMT in fabricated films. The optimized formulation showed a remarkable rapid dissolution, over 90% within the first 5 min, a fast D-time of 18 s, and excellent mechanical characteristics. Improved maximum plasma concentration (C max) and area under the curve (AUC 0-t) in animals (rats) treated with ZMT-OFDFs compared to those treated with an intra-gastric (i-g) suspension of ZMT were also observed. Copolymer OFDFs with ZMT is an exciting proposition with great potential for the treatment of migraine headache. This study offers a promising strategy for developing ZMT-OFDFs using SCM. ZMT-OFDFs showed remarkable rapid dissolution and fast D-time, which might endeavor ZMT-OFDFs as an auspicious alternative approach to improve patient compliance and shorten the onset time of ZMT in migraine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J T Roberts
- 12358 Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Gillian C de Gannes
- 12358 Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
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Peterson MY, Han J, Warshaw EM. Allergic contact dermatitis from di propylene glycol in hydrocortisone lotion. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 87:112-114. [PMID: 35320588 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malina Yamashita Peterson
- Department of Dermatology, Park Nicollet Health Services, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Joohee Han
- Department of Dermatology, Park Nicollet Health Services, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Erin M Warshaw
- Department of Dermatology, Park Nicollet Health Services, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Andersen A, Reimer R, Dawes K, Becker A, Hutchens N, Miller S, Dogan M, Hundley B, A Mills J, D Long J, Philibert R. DNA methylation differentiates smoking from vaping and non-combustible tobacco use. Epigenetics 2022; 17:178-190. [PMID: 33588690 PMCID: PMC8865289 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2021.1890875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing use of non-combusted forms of nicotine such as e-cigarettes poses important public health questions regarding their specific risks relative to combusted tobacco products such as cigarettes. To fully delineate these risks, improved biomarkers that can distinguish between these forms of nicotine use are needed. Prior work has suggested that methylation status at cg05575921 may serve as a specific biomarker of combusted tobacco smoke exposure. We hypothesized combining this epigenetic biomarker with conventional metabolite assays could classify the type of nicotine product consumption. Therefore, we determined DNA methylation and serum cotinine values in samples from 112 smokers, 35 e-cigarette users, 19 smokeless tobacco users, and 269 controls, and performed mass spectroscopy analyses of urine samples from all nicotine users and 22 verified controls to determine urinary levels of putatively nicotine product-specific substances; propylene glycol, 2-cyanoethylmercapturic acid (CEMA), and anabasine. 1) Cigarette smoking was associated with a dose dependent demethylation of cg05575921 and increased urinary CEMA and anabasine levels, 2) e-cigarette use did not demethylate cg05575921, 3) smokeless tobacco use also did not demethylate cg05575921 but was positively associated with anabasine levels 4) CEMA and cg05575921 levels were highly correlated and 5) propylene glycol levels did not reliably distinguish use groups. Cg05575921 assessments distinguish exposure to tobacco smoke from smokeless sources of nicotine including e-cigarettes and smokeless tobacco, neither of which are associated with cg05575921 demethylation. A combination of methylomic and metabolite profiling may allow for accurate classification use status of a variety of nicotine containing products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Andersen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Rachel Reimer
- College of Public Health, Des Moines University, Des Moines, USA
| | - Kelsey Dawes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Ashley Becker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | | | | | - Meesha Dogan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
- Behavioral Diagnostics LLC, Coralville, USA
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Brandon Hundley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - James A Mills
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Long
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Robert Philibert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
- Behavioral Diagnostics LLC, Coralville, USA
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
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Widjiastuti I, Retnaningsih FD, Ramadhinta Y, Widona SN, Sukaton. The correlation of dentin elastic moduli and pH after exposed to combination of calcium hydroxide-propolis- propylene glycol. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2022; 13:66-69. [PMID: 35223444 PMCID: PMC8820342 DOI: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_261_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research states that adding propolis to powdered dental materials can increase the mechanical strength of the material. To analyze the differences and correlation of dentin elastic moduli and pH value after the exposure of calcium hydroxide, a mixture of propolis and calcium hydroxide, also a mixture of propylene glycol (PG), calcium hydroxide, and propolis. The dentine of bovine incisors was exposed into various compositions of a mixture of propolis, PG, and calcium hydroxide. The measurement of pH value and dentin elasstic moduli was performed after 7 days. To find difference among groups, one-way ANOVA was used, and Honestly significant difference (HSD) Tukey to compare each groups, followed by Pearson to define the correlation. A statistically meaningful difference was recorded between the groups (P < 0.05), and there was correlation between dentin elastic moduli and pH value. The more alkaline the environment, the more rigid the dentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Widjiastuti
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia,Address for correspondence: Dr. Ira Widjiastuti, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jalan Mayjen Prof. Dr. Moestopo no 47, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. E-mail:
| | | | - Yashinta Ramadhinta
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Salsabila Nunki Widona
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Sukaton
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Chen JY, Canchola A, Lin YH. Carbonyl Composition and Electrophilicity in Vaping Emissions of Flavored and Unflavored E-Liquids. Toxics 2021; 9:345. [PMID: 34941780 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9120345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that propylene glycol (PG), vegetable glycerin (VG), and flavoring chemicals can thermally degrade to form carbonyls during vaping, but less is known about carbonyl emissions produced by transformation of flavoring chemicals and the interactive effects among e-liquid constituents. This study characterized carbonyl composition and levels in vaping emissions of PG-VG (e-liquid base solvents) and four e-liquid formulations flavored with trans-2-hexenol, benzyl alcohol, l-(-)-menthol, or linalool. Utilizing gas chromatography (GC)- and liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) methods, 14 carbonyls were identified and quantified. PG-VG emitted highest levels of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein. However, flavored e-liquids contributed to the production of a wider variety of carbonyls, with some carbonyls directly corresponding to the oxidation of alcohol moieties in flavoring compounds (e.g., trans-2-hexenol and benzyl alcohol transformed into trans-2-hexenal and benzaldehyde, respectively). Detections of formaldehyde-GSH and trans-2-hexenal-GSH adducts signify interactions of carbonyls with biological nucleophiles. The global reactivity descriptors (I, A, μ, η, and ω) and condensed Fukui parameters (fk0, fk-, fk+, and dual-descriptor) were computed to elucidate site reactivities of selected simple and α,β-unsaturated carbonyls found in vaping emissions. Overall, this study highlights carbonyl emissions and reactivities and their potential health risk effects associated with vaping.
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Hong SH, Cho Y, Kang SW. Formation of Water-Channel by Propylene Glycol into Polymer for Porous Materials. Membranes (Basel) 2021; 11:881. [PMID: 34832110 PMCID: PMC8623885 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a porous membrane with a cellulose acetate (CA) matrix was fabricated using propylene glycol with a water pressure treatment without a metal salt as an additive. The water pressure treatment of the fabricated CA membrane with propylene glycol yielded nanopores. The nanopores were formed as the additives in the CA chains led to plasticization. The weakened chains of the parts where the plasticization occurred were broken by the water pressure, which generated the pores. Compared to the previous study with glycerin as an additive, the size of the hydration region was controlled by the number of hydrophilic functional groups. When water pressure was applied to the CA membrane containing propylene glycol as an additive, the hydration area was small, so it was effective to control the pore size and the number of nano pores than glycerin. In addition, the number of nanopores and pore size could be easily adjusted by the water pressure. The porosity of the membrane was increased owing to the trace amount of propylene glycol, confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and porosimetry. The interaction between the CA and propylene glycol was verified by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Consequently, it was the optimum composition to generate pores at the CA/propylene glycol 1:0.2 ratio, and porosity of 69.7% and average pore diameter of 300 nm was confirmed. Since it is a membrane with high porosity and nano sized pores, it is expected to be applied in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Ho Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea;
| | - Younghyun Cho
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - Sang Wook Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea;
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Engineering, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea
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Salem HF, Gamal A, Saeed H, Tulbah AS. The Impact of Improving Dermal Permeation on the Efficacy and Targeting of Liposome Nanoparticles as a Potential Treatment for Breast Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1633. [PMID: 34683926 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy in women. This work focuses on developing deformable liposomes as a potential carrier for breast cancer treatment and studying the impact of improving dermal permeation on the efficacy and targeting of liposomes. Raloxifene (RXF), an oestrogen antagonist, was used as a model drug. Using Box-Behnken design, different formulations of RXF-loaded deformable liposome (RLDL) were prepared using different propylene glycol, phospholipid and cholesterol concentrations. The percentage of entrapment efficiency (Y1), particle size (Y2), zeta potential (Y3) and steady-state flux (Y4) of the prepared formulations were all evaluated. Y1 and Y4 were significantly increased and Y2 and Y3 were significantly decreased when the propylene glycol concentration was increased. The optimization was obtained and the optimum formulation was that including phospholipid (1.40% w/w), cholesterol (0.15% w/w) and propylene glycol (10% v/v). The selected optimum formulation displayed a % EE of 78.34 ± 1.04% with a steady-state flux of 4.21 ± 0.02 µg/cm2/h. In order to investigate bioavailability, antitumor effectiveness and permeation, the optimum formulation was selected and included in a carbopol gel. The optimum gel formulation had 2.77 times higher bioavailability and, as a result, considerable antitumor action as compared to oral RXF. In conclusion, optimum RLDL gel may be an effective breast cancer treatment.
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Oldham MJ, Bailey PC, Castro N, Lang Q, Salehi A, Rostami AA. Prediction of potential passive exposure from commercial electronic nicotine delivery systems using exhaled breath analysis and computational fluid dynamic techniques. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 34544050 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac2884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Use of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling to predict temporal and spatial constituent exposure for non-electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) users (passive exposure) provides a more efficient methodology compared to conducting actual exposure studies. We conducted a clinical study measuring exhaled breath concentrations of glycerin, propylene glycol, nicotine, benzoic acid, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, menthol and carbon monoxide from use of eight different commercial ENDS devices and a non-menthol and menthol cigarette. Because baseline adjusted levels of other constituents were not consistently above the limit of detection, the mean minimum and maximum per puff exhaled breath concentrations (N= 20/product) of glycerin (158.7-260.9µg), propylene glycol (0.941-3.58µg), nicotine (0.10-1.06µg), and menthol (0.432-0.605µg) from use of the ENDS products were used as input parameters to predict temporal and spatial concentrations in an environmental chamber, office, restaurant, and car using different ENDS use scenarios. Among these indoor locations and ENDS use scenarios, the car with closed windows resulted in the greatest concentrations while opening the car windows produced the lowest concentrations. The CFD predicted average maximum glycerin and propylene glycol concentration ranged from 0.25 to 1068µg m-3and 1.5 pg m-3to 13.56µg m-3,respectively. For nicotine and menthol the CFD predicted maximum concentration ranged from 0.16 pg m-3to 4.02µg m-3and 0.068 pg m-3to 2.43µg m-3, respectively. There was better agreement for CFD-predicted nicotine concentrations than glycerin and propylene glycol with published reports highlighting important experimental and computational variables. Maximum measured nicotine levels from environmental tobacco smoke in offices, restaurants, and cars exceeded our maximum average CFD predictions by 7-97 times. For all the measured exhaled breath constituents and CFD predicted constituents, except for propylene glycol and glycerin, concentrations were less from use of ENDS products compared to combustible cigarettes. NCT number: NCT04143256.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Oldham
- Product Stewardship, JUUL Labs, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Patrick C Bailey
- Scientific Affairs, JUUL Labs, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Castro
- Modelling and Simulation, Altria Client Services, LLC, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Qiwei Lang
- Regulatory Sciences, JUUL Labs, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Armin Salehi
- Modelling and Simulation, Altria Client Services, LLC, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Ali A Rostami
- Modelling and Simulation, Altria Client Services, LLC, Richmond, VA, United States of America
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Pérez JJ, Watson CH, Blount BC, Valentín-Blasini L. Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Selective Detection of Glycols and Glycerol in the Liquids and Aerosols of E-Cigarette, or Vaping, Products. Front Chem 2021; 9:709495. [PMID: 34414162 PMCID: PMC8369378 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.709495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term health effects of using e-cigarette, or vaping, products (EVPs; also known as e-cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery systems, and vape pens) remain largely unknown. The inhalation of excipients, such as propylene glycol (PG) and glycerin (GLY), may have long-term health effects. In addition to the direct health effects of PG and GLY, glycerin-containing products can be contaminated with toxic ethylene glycol (EG) and diethylene glycol (DEG). To assess this issue, we developed a simple, versatile, high-throughput isotope dilution gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantifying these common excipients and contaminants. The method is applicable to both the liquid contents and machine-generated aerosols of EVPs. Our rigorous method validation demonstrates that the new method is specific, precise, accurate, and rugged/robust. The calibration range is linear from 0.1–7 mg for the excipients and 2.5–1,000 µg for the contaminants. These ranges encompass expected excipients levels in EVP e-liquids and their machine-generated aerosols and the relevant maximum residue safety limit of 1 mg/g, or 0.1% (w/w), for the contaminants. The calculated limits of detection for PG, GLY, EG, and DEG were determined as 0.0109 mg, 0.0132 mg, 0.250 µg, and 0.100 µg, respectively. The method was applied to the aerosol emissions analysis of 141 EVPs associated with the 2019 lung injury outbreak, and found typical levels of PG (120.28–689.35 mg/g of aerosol) and GLY (116.83–845.96 mg/g of aerosol) in all nicotine-containing products; PG (81.58–491.92 mg/g of aerosol) and GLY (303.86–823.47 mg/g of aerosol) in 13% of cannabidiol (CBD) products; PG (74.02–220.18 mg/g of aerosol) and GLY (596.43–859.81 mg/g of aerosol) in products with neither nicotine nor CBD; and none detected in tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) products. No products contained glycol contaminants above the recommended maximum residue safety limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J Pérez
- Tobacco Products Laboratory, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Clifford H Watson
- Tobacco Products Laboratory, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Tobacco Products Laboratory, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Liza Valentín-Blasini
- Tobacco Products Laboratory, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Puskarich MA, McHugh C, Flott TL, Karnovsky A, Jones AE, Stringer KA. Serum Levels of Branched Chain Amino Acids Predict Duration of Cardiovascular Organ Failure in Septic Shock. Shock 2021; 56:65-72. [PMID: 33156242 PMCID: PMC8089113 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis shifts cardiac metabolic fuel preference and this disruption may have implications for cardiovascular function. A greater understanding of the role of metabolism in the development and persistence of cardiovascular failure in sepsis could serve to identify novel pharmacotherapeutic approaches. METHODS Secondary analysis of prospective quantitative proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) metabolomic data from patients enrolled in a phase II randomized control trial of L-carnitine in septic shock. Participants with a sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score of > = 5, lactate > = 2, and requiring vasopressor support for at least 4 h were eligible for enrollment. The independent prognostic value of metabolites to predict survival with shock resolution within 48 h and vasopressor free days were assessed. Concentrations of predictive metabolites were compared between participants with and without shock resolution at 48 h. RESULTS Serum 1H-NMR metabolomics data from 228 patients were analyzed. Eighty-one (36%) patients met the primary outcome; 33 (14%) died prior to 48 h. The branched chain amino acids (BCAA), valine, leucine, and isoleucine were univariate predictors of the primary outcome after adjusting for multiple hypothesis testing, while valine remained significant after controlling for SOFA score. Similar results were observed when analyzed based on vasopressor free days, and persisted after controlling for confounding variables and excluding non-survivors. BCAA concentrations at 48 h significantly discriminated between those with shock resolution versus persistent shock. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with septic shock, BCAA concentrations independently predict time to shock resolution. This study provides hypothesis generating data into the potential contribution of BCAAs to the pathophysiology of cardiovascular failure in sepsis, opening areas for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Puskarich
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Minnesota, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Cora McHugh
- The NMR Metabolomics Laboratory and the Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Thomas L. Flott
- The NMR Metabolomics Laboratory and the Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Alla Karnovsky
- Michigan Regional Comprehensive Metabolomics Resource Core ((MRC)), Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Alan E. Jones
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Kathleen A. Stringer
- The NMR Metabolomics Laboratory and the Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care (MCIRCC), School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Barakat L, Dereure O, Raison-Peyron N. A police case: Finding propylene glycol guilty as culprit allergen. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:475-476. [PMID: 33993509 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Barakat
- Department of Dermatology, Montpellier University Hospital and Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Dereure
- Department of Dermatology, Montpellier University Hospital and Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Nadia Raison-Peyron
- Department of Dermatology, Montpellier University Hospital and Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
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Eversole A, Crabtree M, Spindle TR, Baassiri M, Eissenberg T, Breland A. E-cigarette Solvent Ratio and Device Power Influence Ambient Air Particulate Matter. TOB REGUL SCI 2021; 7:177-183. [PMID: 34423081 PMCID: PMC8375624 DOI: 10.18001/trs.7.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Electronic cigarette (ECIG)-generated aerosol contains particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5). Particles of this size may be injurious to the health of those who inhale them. Few studies have assessed the relationship between ECIG aerosol PM2.5 and ECIG liquid ingredients or ECIG device power. METHODS Two studies were conducted in which participants generated aerosols with ECIGs: in one, ECIG liquids contained various vegetable glycerin/propylene glycol ratios and in the other, ECIG devices varied by electrical power output. RESULTS Results indicate that, in general, PM2.5 increases as the ratio of vegetable glycerin to propylene glycol increases, or as device power increases. CONCLUSIONS Regulating ECIG PM2.5 emissions to protect non-users requires an understanding of all the factors that influence these emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Eversole
- Alisha Eversole, Graduate Student, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Melanie Crabtree, Research Assistant, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Tory R. Spindle, Instructor, Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Mohamad Baassiri, Research Engineer, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. Thomas Eissenberg, Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Alison Breland, Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA
| | - Melanie Crabtree
- Alisha Eversole, Graduate Student, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Melanie Crabtree, Research Assistant, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Tory R. Spindle, Instructor, Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Mohamad Baassiri, Research Engineer, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. Thomas Eissenberg, Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Alison Breland, Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA
| | - Tory R Spindle
- Alisha Eversole, Graduate Student, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Melanie Crabtree, Research Assistant, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Tory R. Spindle, Instructor, Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Mohamad Baassiri, Research Engineer, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. Thomas Eissenberg, Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Alison Breland, Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA
| | - Mohamad Baassiri
- Alisha Eversole, Graduate Student, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Melanie Crabtree, Research Assistant, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Tory R. Spindle, Instructor, Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Mohamad Baassiri, Research Engineer, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. Thomas Eissenberg, Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Alison Breland, Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA
| | - Thomas Eissenberg
- Alisha Eversole, Graduate Student, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Melanie Crabtree, Research Assistant, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Tory R. Spindle, Instructor, Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Mohamad Baassiri, Research Engineer, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. Thomas Eissenberg, Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Alison Breland, Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA
| | - Alison Breland
- Alisha Eversole, Graduate Student, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Melanie Crabtree, Research Assistant, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Tory R. Spindle, Instructor, Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Mohamad Baassiri, Research Engineer, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. Thomas Eissenberg, Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Alison Breland, Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA
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Ahmed M, Jagadesh SK, Alhajhusain MA, Mutnuri S. Intoxication with Fireball Whiskey causing severe lactic acidosis. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2021; 34:521-522. [PMID: 34219946 DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2021.1906828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Propylene glycol is a viscous, colorless liquid that has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for use as a preservative in foods and as a solvent in pharmaceuticals. Compared with methanol and ethylene glycol, it is regarded as a relatively safe alcohol. There have been several reports of severe lactic acidosis in the setting of iatrogenic unintentional overdosing of medications that use propylene glycol as a diluent, including lorazepam and diazepam. The laboratory findings may include high metabolic acidosis and high osmolal gap. Propylene glycol is also one of the ingredients used in Fireball Whiskey. We present two cases of severe lactic acidosis in the setting of Fireball Whiskey use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moeed Ahmed
- Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska
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Abstract
Toxic alcohol ingestion can be fatal or produce irreversible tissue damage and hence timely recognition and treatment are very important. The physician has to often rely on clinical features and different lab values in order to derive the possible causative agent consumed. Gas chromatography is the definitive diagnostic test to detect the toxic alcohol but is unfortunately not available to run in house in most hospital laboratories in the acute clinical setting. We present a 41-year-old gentleman who was brought to the ED for further evaluation of vomiting and upper abdominal pain. Our clinical impression was that the patient had possible mixed toxic alcohol ingestion. General principles and treatment of alcohol intoxication include gastric lavage or use of activated charcoal. Administration of ethanol or fomepizole to delay or prevent generation of toxic metabolites needs to be initiated while sufficient alcohol remains and metabolized and measurement of blood alcohol concentrations and/or serum osmolality can be helpful. Dialysis is helpful in removing unmetabolized alcohol and possibly toxic metabolites and delivering base to patients to ameliorate metabolic acidosis.
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47
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Wang K, Nan XM, Zhao YG, Tong JJ, Jiang LS, Xiong BH. Effects of propylene glycol on in vitro ruminal fermentation, methanogenesis, and microbial community structure. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:2924-2934. [PMID: 33455765 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of propylene glycol (PG) on in vitro ruminal fermentation, methanogenesis, and microbial community structure. A completely randomized design was conducted in the in vitro incubation, and 4 culture PG dose levels (0, 7.5, 15, and 22.5 μL/g of dry matter) were used in the trial. Based on the fermentation results, the control group (0 μL/g of dry matter, CON) and the second treatment group (15.0 μL/g of dry matter, TRT) were chosen for further analysis to explore the effects of PG on the bacterial and archaeal community structure. The concentrations of propanol, propanal, and succinate increased linearly, whereas the concentration of l-lactate decreased linearly as PG doses increased. The molar proportion of propionate demonstrated a linear increase with increasing PG doses. In contrast with propionate, the molar proportion of acetate and butyrate, and acetate-to-propionate ratio decreased linearly with increasing PG doses. The addition of PG markedly decreased methane production without negative effects on nutrient degradability. In the archaeal level, the relative abundance of Methanobrevibacter tended to decrease, but that of Methanomassiliicoccus significantly increased in TRT group. At the bacterial level, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Prevotella in TRT group was numerically higher than that in CON group. The analysis of the Negativicutes class showed that the relative abundance of Succiniclasticum tended to increase, whereas that of Selenomonas tended to decrease in TRT group. These results demonstrated that PG might be used as an inhibitor to mitigate methane emission. However, the small decrease in methane production will limit the application of PG as a methane inhibitor in production practices. Further research is needed to determine whether use together with other inhibitors may improve the effects of PG on the utilization of reducing equivalents ([H]) and methane production.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - X M Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Y G Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - J J Tong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - L S Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - B H Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Schwotzer D, Gigliotti A, Irshad H, Dye W, McDonald J. Phytol, not propylene glycol, causes severe pulmonary injury after inhalation dosing in Sprague-Dawley rats. Inhal Toxicol 2021; 33:33-40. [PMID: 33441006 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2020.1867260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The use of vaping pens for inhalation of cannabinoid derived products is rising and has become a popular alternative to smoking combustible products. For efficient product delivery, additives are sometimes added and vaping pens often may include compounds like Phytol or Propylene Glycol as thinning agents. This study aimed at comparing Phytol and Propylene Glycol with respect to potential toxicity and safe use in vaping products.Methods: Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to 5 mg/L of Phytol or Propylene Glycol for up to 6 hours over up to 14 days and monitored for clinical signs and changes in body weight. Gross necropsy and histopathology of respiratory tissue was performed to assess potential adverse effects.Results: Phytol exposed animals expressed severe clinical signs, body weight loss and mortality after one or two exposure days, leading to termination of all dose groups for this compound. Lung weights were increased and respiratory tissue was severely affected, demonstrating dose-responsive tissue degeneration, necrosis, edema, hemorrhage and inflammation. Propylene Glycol exposed animals did not show any adverse reactions after 14 days of high dose exposure.Conclusions: For Phytol, a low observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) was determined at ≤109.0/10.9 mg/kg/day presented/deposited dose and therefore its use as excipient in vaping product is not recommend; a safe exposure range was not established for Phytol. Propylene Glycol, in contrast, is considered safe with a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) at 1151.7/115.2 mg/kg/day presented/deposited dose in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wendy Dye
- Lovelace Biomedical, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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49
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Azimi P, Keshavarz Z, Lahaie Luna M, Cedeno Laurent JG, Vallarino J, Christiani DC, Allen JG. An Unrecognized Hazard in E-Cigarette Vapor: Preliminary Quantification of Methylglyoxal Formation from Propylene Glycol in E-Cigarettes. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:E385. [PMID: 33419122 PMCID: PMC7825490 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Up to 95% of the liquid volume in an e-cigarette consists of propylene glycol. Previous research has shown that propylene glycol can generate diacetyl and formaldehyde when heated. New research shows that propylene glycol can also generate methylglyoxal, an alpha di-carbonyl compound recently shown to cause epithelial necrosis at even lower concentrations than diacetyl, the flavoring chemical associated with bronchiolitis obliterans ("Popcorn Lung"). We analyzed chemical emissions from 13 JUUL pod flavors. Diacetyl and methylglyoxal was detected in 100% of samples with median concentration (range) of 20 µg/m3 (less than limit of quantification: 54 µg/m3) and 4219 µg/m3 (677-15,342 µg/m3), respectively. We also detected acetaldehyde (median concentration: 341 µg/m3) and propionaldehyde (median concentration: 87 µg/m3) in all samples. The recent evidence that methylglyoxal is more cytotoxic to airway epithelial cells than diacetyl makes this an urgent public health concern. Current smokers considering e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation tool, and never users, who may be under the impression that e-cigarettes are harmless, need information on emissions and potential risks to make informed decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parham Azimi
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (P.A.); (Z.K.); (M.L.L.); (J.G.C.L.); (J.V.); (D.C.C.)
| | - Zahra Keshavarz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (P.A.); (Z.K.); (M.L.L.); (J.G.C.L.); (J.V.); (D.C.C.)
| | - Marianne Lahaie Luna
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (P.A.); (Z.K.); (M.L.L.); (J.G.C.L.); (J.V.); (D.C.C.)
- Occupational & Environmental Health Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Jose Guillermo Cedeno Laurent
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (P.A.); (Z.K.); (M.L.L.); (J.G.C.L.); (J.V.); (D.C.C.)
| | - Jose Vallarino
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (P.A.); (Z.K.); (M.L.L.); (J.G.C.L.); (J.V.); (D.C.C.)
| | - David C. Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (P.A.); (Z.K.); (M.L.L.); (J.G.C.L.); (J.V.); (D.C.C.)
| | - Joseph G. Allen
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (P.A.); (Z.K.); (M.L.L.); (J.G.C.L.); (J.V.); (D.C.C.)
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50
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Capel MB, Bach KD, Mann S, McArt JAA. A randomized controlled trial to evaluate propylene glycol alone or in combination with dextrose as a treatment for hyperketonemia in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:2185-2194. [PMID: 33309356 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to investigate the effect of i.v. dextrose as an adjunct therapy to oral propylene glycol on the resolution of hyperketonemia (HYK; blood β-hydroxybutyrate ≥1.2 mmol/L), disease incidence, and early lactation milk yield. Cows (n = 1,249) between 3 and 16 d in milk (DIM) from 4 New York dairy farms were screened once weekly for HYK for 2 wk. Those with HYK and no previous history of retained placenta, metritis, or HYK were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: 300 mL of oral 100% propylene glycol for 3 d (PG3); 300 mL of oral 100% propylene glycol for 3 d plus 500 mL i.v. 50% dextrose on d 1 (PG3D1); or 300 mL of oral 100% propylene glycol for 3 d plus 500 mL i.v. 50% dextrose on all 3 d (PG3D3). Cows with a blood β-hydroxybutyrate <1.2 mmol/L at initial screening were re-screened the following week and randomly assigned to the above treatment groups if blood β-hydroxybutyrate was ≥1.2 mmol/L. Cows were assessed for post-treatment HYK resolution 1 and 2 wk after initial HYK diagnosis. We collected farm-diagnosed occurrence of adverse events (sold, died, metritis, displaced abomasum, or ketosis) during the first 60 DIM and milk yield data from the first 10 wk of lactation from herd management software. We used mixed-effects multivariable Poisson regression models to assess the risk of post-treatment HYK resolution at 1 and 2 wk following initial HYK diagnosis and adverse event occurrence among treated cows. We used repeated-measures ANOVA to assess differences in average daily milk yield between treatments. The overall HYK incidence was 30.1% (n = 373). Sixty-four percent of cows (n = 237) were assigned to a treatment group in the first week (3 to 9 DIM), and 36% (n = 136) assigned the second week (10 to 16 DIM). The incidence of 1 or more adverse events during the first 60 DIM was 9.4% (n = 35). We found no effect of treatment on risk of post-treatment HYK resolution at wk 1 (PG3 56.9%, PG3D1 45.0%, PG3D3 50.0%) or wk 2 (PG3 60.0%, PG3D1 52.1%, PG3D3 59.5%) following initial diagnosis, or for risk of adverse event occurrence (PG3 7.4%, PG3D1 8.0%, PG3D3 12.6%). Average daily milk yield (mean ± SE) was similar between treatment groups (PG3: 42.7 ± 0.6 kg/d, PG3D1: 42.4 ± 0.6 kg/d, PG3D3: 42.6 ± 0.6 kg/d). The addition of dextrose for 1 or 3 d provided no improvement in resolution of ketosis assessed once weekly, reduction in adverse events during the first 60 d of lactation, or a difference in average daily milk yield during the first 10 wk of lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Capel
- Perry Veterinary Clinic, Perry, NY 14530
| | - K D Bach
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - S Mann
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - J A A McArt
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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