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Souza AS, Bezerra MA, Cerqueira UMFM, Rodrigues CJO, Santos BC, Novaes CG, Almeida ERV. An introductory review on the application of principal component analysis in the data exploration of the chemical analysis of food samples. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:1323-1336. [PMID: 38585573 PMCID: PMC10991959 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01509-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Principal component analysis (PCA) is currently one of the most used multivariate data analysis techniques for evaluating information from food analysis. In this review, a brief introduction to the theoretical principles that underlie PCA will be given, in addition to presenting the most commonly used computer programs. An example from the literature was discussed to illustrate the use of this chemometric tool and interpretation of graphs and parameters obtained. A list of recently published articles will also be presented, in order to show the applicability and potential of the technique in the food analysis field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Santos Souza
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Anísio Teixeira, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia 45029-094 Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT E&A, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia 40170-115 Brazil
| | - Marcos Almeida Bezerra
- Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Campus de Jequié, Rua José Moreira Sobrinho, Jequié, Bahia 45206-190 Brazil
| | | | - Caiene Jesus Oliveira Rodrigues
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Anísio Teixeira, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia 45029-094 Brazil
| | - Bianca Cotrim Santos
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Anísio Teixeira, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia 45029-094 Brazil
| | - Cleber Galvão Novaes
- Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Campus de Jequié, Rua José Moreira Sobrinho, Jequié, Bahia 45206-190 Brazil
| | - Erica Raina Venâncio Almeida
- Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Campus de Jequié, Rua José Moreira Sobrinho, Jequié, Bahia 45206-190 Brazil
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Dippong T, Cadar O, Kovacs MH, Dan M, Senila L. Chemical Analysis of Various Tea Samples Concerning Volatile Compounds, Fatty Acids, Minerals and Assessment of Their Thermal Behavior. Foods 2023; 12:3063. [PMID: 37628061 PMCID: PMC10453188 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea is the most consumed drink worldwide due to its pleasant taste and various beneficial effects on human health. This paper assesses the physicochemical analysis of different varieties of tea (leaves, flowers, and instant) after prior drying and fine grinding. The thermal decomposition behavior of the tea components shows that the tea has three stages of decomposition, depending on temperature. The first stage was attributed to the volatilization of water, while the second stage involved the degradation of volatiles, polyphenols, and fatty acids. The degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin content occurs at the highest temperature of 400 °C in the third stage. A total of 66 volatile compounds, divided into eight classes, were identified in the tea samples. The volatile compounds were classified into nine odor classes: floral, fruity, green, sweet, chemical, woody, citrus, roasted, and alcohol. In all flower and leaf tea samples, monounsaturated (MUFAs), polyunsaturated (PUFAs), and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) were identified. A high content of omega-6 was quantified in acacia, Saint John's Wort, rose, and yarrow, while omega-3 was found in mint, Saint John's Wort, green, blueberry, and lavender samples. The flower and leaf tea samples studied could be a good dietary source of polyphenolic compounds, essential elements. In instant tea samples, a low quantity of polyphenols and major elements were identified. The physicochemical analysis demonstrated that both flower and leaf teas have high-quality properties when compared to instant tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dippong
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 76 Victoriei Street, 430122 Baia Mare, Romania;
| | - Oana Cadar
- INCDO-INOE 2000, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.C.); (M.H.K.)
| | - Melinda Haydee Kovacs
- INCDO-INOE 2000, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.C.); (M.H.K.)
| | - Monica Dan
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Lacrimioara Senila
- INCDO-INOE 2000, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.C.); (M.H.K.)
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Reyrolle M, Bareille G, Epova EN, Barre J, Bérail S, Pigot T, Desauziers V, Gautier L, Le Bechec M. Authenticating teas using multielement signatures, strontium isotope ratios, and volatile compound profiling. Food Chem 2023; 423:136271. [PMID: 37167668 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
High value food products are subject to adulterations and frauds. This study aimed to combine, in our knowledge for the first time, inorganic chemical tracers (multi-elements and Sr isotopy) with volatile organic compound (VOCs) to discriminate the geographic origin, the varieties and transformation processes to authenticate 26 tea samples. By measuring Sr isotope ratio using the multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS), 6 out of 11 regions were successfully discriminated. The combination with the ICP-MS inorganic pattern allowed to discriminate 4 more regions with a significance level of 0.05. VOCs fingerprints, obtained with selected ion flow tube mass spectrometer (SIFT-MS), were not correlated with origin but with the cultivar and transformation processes. Green, oolong, and dark teas were clearly differentiated, with hexanal and hexanol contributing to the discrimination of oxidation levels. With this multi-instrumental approach, it is possible to certify the geographical origin and the tea conformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Reyrolle
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IMT Mines Ales, IPREM, Pau, France; Institut des sciences analytiques et de Physicochimie pour l'environnement et les Matériaux, UMR5254, Hélioparc, 2 avenue du Président Angot, 64053, Pau cedex 9, France
| | - Gilles Bareille
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IMT Mines Ales, IPREM, Pau, France; Institut des sciences analytiques et de Physicochimie pour l'environnement et les Matériaux, UMR5254, Hélioparc, 2 avenue du Président Angot, 64053, Pau cedex 9, France
| | - Ekaterina N Epova
- Advanced Isotopic Analysis (A.I.A.), Hélioparc, 2 avenue du Président Angot, 64000, Pau, France
| | - Julien Barre
- Advanced Isotopic Analysis (A.I.A.), Hélioparc, 2 avenue du Président Angot, 64000, Pau, France
| | - Sylvain Bérail
- Advanced Isotopic Analysis (A.I.A.), Hélioparc, 2 avenue du Président Angot, 64000, Pau, France
| | - Thierry Pigot
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IMT Mines Ales, IPREM, Pau, France; Institut des sciences analytiques et de Physicochimie pour l'environnement et les Matériaux, UMR5254, Hélioparc, 2 avenue du Président Angot, 64053, Pau cedex 9, France
| | - Valerie Desauziers
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IMT Mines Ales, IPREM, Pau, France; Institut des sciences analytiques et de Physicochimie pour l'environnement et les Matériaux, UMR5254, Hélioparc, 2 avenue du Président Angot, 64053, Pau cedex 9, France
| | - Lydia Gautier
- T Edition, 63 rue Vercingétorix, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Mickael Le Bechec
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IMT Mines Ales, IPREM, Pau, France; Institut des sciences analytiques et de Physicochimie pour l'environnement et les Matériaux, UMR5254, Hélioparc, 2 avenue du Président Angot, 64053, Pau cedex 9, France.
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Wyatt NLP, Costa VC, de Souza JR, Ferde M, Costa FS, Neris JB, Brandão GP, Guedes WN, Carneiro MTWD. Unsupervised pattern-recognition and radiological risk assessment applied to the evaluation of behavior of rare earth elements, Th, and U in monazite sand. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:83417-83425. [PMID: 35763145 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21632-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Brazilian coast is rich in monazite which is found in beach sand deposits. In this study, the composition of the monazite sands from beaches of State of Espírito Santo, Brazil, was investigated. The concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs), Th, and U were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In the studied region, the mean concentration of investigated elements increased in the following order: Tm < Yb < Ho < Lu < Eu < Er < Tb < Dy < U < Y < Th < Gd < Sm < Pr < Nd < La < Ce. The sampling sites were classified into three clusters and discriminated by the concentrations of REEs, Th, and U found. In general, the radiological risk indices were higher than the established limits, and the risk of developing cancer was estimated to be higher than the world average.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Luiza P Wyatt
- Spectrometry Atomic Laboratory (LEA)/LabPetro, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Vinicius C Costa
- Spectrometry Atomic Laboratory (LEA)/LabPetro, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Jefferson R de Souza
- Spectrometry Atomic Laboratory (LEA)/LabPetro, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Merisnet Ferde
- Spectrometry Atomic Laboratory (LEA)/LabPetro, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Floriatan S Costa
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Jordan B Neris
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal Do São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Geisamanda P Brandão
- Spectrometry Atomic Laboratory (LEA)/LabPetro, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Tereza W D Carneiro
- Spectrometry Atomic Laboratory (LEA)/LabPetro, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil.
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Batista MAS, Santos LN, Chagas BC, Lôbo IP, Novaes CG, Guedes WN, de Jesus RM, Amorim FAC, Pacheco CSV, Moreira LS, da Silva EGP. Artificial neural network employment for element determination in Mugil cephalus by ICP OES in Pontal Bay, Brazil. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3713-3721. [PMID: 32729853 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00799d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fish are important sources of protein, making them very significant in the human diet. Although the consumption of this food is beneficial for health, it is essential that the product does not contain inorganic components above the limits recommended by the current legislation. Therefore, a method for determination of elements in fish (Mugil cephalus) samples was optimized. A simplex centroid mixture design with restriction was applied for optimization of the acid digestion of samples in an open system under reflux in order to evaluate the best ratio between the reagents HNO3, H2O2 and H2O. The results indicated that more intense analyte signals were obtained when a mixture containing 3.6 mL of HNO3 (65% v/v), 0.4 mL of H2O2 (30% v/v) and 6.0 mL of H2O was used. The accuracy of the method was assessed with a CRM of oyster tissue (NIST 1566b). The method presented relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 3.54%; 3.82%; 4.81% and 3.50% for Zn, Fe, Cu and S, respectively. The detection limits were 0.002 mg kg-1 for Cu and Zn and 0.02 mg kg-1 for Fe and S. The proposed method was applied for the determination of Zn, Fe, Cu and S in fish samples. A Kohonen Self-Organizing Map (KSOM) with K-means implementation was applied to better delimit the boundary between groups and the spatial and temporal influence on how concentrations of the chemical elements were perceived. To verify the separation, the Davies-Bouldin and Silhouette indices were used, obtaining 0.5374 and 0.8541, respectively, indicating satisfactory separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milana Aboboreira Simões Batista
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Km 16 BR-415, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-900, Brazil.
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