Postnatal care – Current issues and future challenges

Midwives' experiences of receiving maternity care and predictors of their overall birth experiences

BACKGROUND

Limited research has been conducted on midwives' experiences of receiving maternity care. Midwives may bring a degree of their own personal lives to their work, including their own birthing experience.

AIM

To explore midwives' experiences of giving birth and receiving maternity care and predictors of overall birth experience.

PARTICIPANTS

Midwives who, after completing their midwifery education, experienced their first birth within the Australian maternity care system, were female, over the age of 18, and fluent in English.

METHODS

Data from an online national survey were analysed using descriptive statistics, multiple regression analysis, and Kendall's tau correlation studies.

FINDINGS

In total, 447 midwives' responses were included. Overall, 85 % of midwives reported positive birth experiences, 12.5 % a negative or traumatic birth experience, and 2.5 % neither positive nor negative. Five significant predictors of overall birth experience were: having a normal vaginal birth, maternity care providers who instilled a sense of confidence in their professional competence, receiving the maternity care options of their choice, being able to use professional knowledge to question and negotiate with care providers, and having control over their care. Overall, 27.1 % of midwives reported feeling coerced at any one or more points of time. Satisfaction with postnatal care was most strongly correlated with overall birth experience.

DISCUSSION

Midwives appear to experience birth as an overall positive experience, and this could be due to their high level of agency and autonomy in choosing a known and trusted individual care provider; however, knowledge of possible complications could explain high levels of reported coercion. Midwives may need to invest more in getting good postnatal support in place, as this appeared to have the greatest impact on their overall birth experience.

A mixed methods study of the postnatal care journey from birth to discharge in a maternity service in New South Wales, Australia

BACKGROUND

Service gaps continue in hospital and community-based postnatal care despite a high prevalence of physical and mental health concerns reported by women following birth. The aim of this study was to describe the postnatal journey and the care provided to women and their babies who were at low risk for health complications from birth to discharge from the maternity service.

METHODS

A mixed methods design was used to map the postnatal journey, for the woman and baby, from birth to discharge from the maternity service. Data were collected through activity diaries completed by 15 women and telephone interviews with the women two weeks after birth.

RESULTS

The average hospital postnatal stay was 70 h and, in this time, the women received on average, a total of 3 h of direct care from a health professional. That is, 4.3% of the in-hospital postnatal stay was spent interacting with a health professional. Approximately 53 min of care in the postnatal unit was directed at the mother's health, 50 min on the baby's health needs, 43 min supporting breastfeeding and 20 min on discharge information. Most reported that hospital based postnatal care was helpful, although they reported that staff on the postnatal unit were rushed and mostly the midwife caring for them was unfamiliar to them. Breastfeeding support in the first 12-24 h was limited, with women wanting more one-on-one access to midwives. Some women received home-based midwifery care, and on average each home visit by a midwife was 29 min. Women who received home-based midwifery care reported that this care was very helpful. Women reported that home-based midwives were more likely to engage women in conversations about their social and emotional needs than hospital-based midwives. All mothers were offered a home visit from a child and family health nurse and most visited a general practitioner in the first week.

CONCLUSIONS

Women often experience limited time in direct interaction with midwives in the postnatal unit in hospital. Those who received midwifery care at home were more satisfied with this care, Women are requesting more support from professionals in the early postnatal period.

'Like a torch that enlightens new parents along a narrow and winding path into parenthood' - Midwives' experiences by an interview study

BACKGROUND

The core of postnatal care is that midwives recognise the needs of women and new-born babies and provide the highest possible quality of care and medical safety to optimise the health and well-being of new families. The study aimed to describe midwives' experiences in providing postnatal care for families during the first week after the birth of their baby.

METHODS

An interview study included 18 midwives who interchangeably worked within the models of traditional hospital care, hotel-based care, home-based care, hospital-based check-ups, and specialist care at a breastfeeding clinic at one university hospital in Sweden. Data collected were analysed using thematic analysis according to Braun and Clarke.

FINDINGS

The main theme: 'Like a torch that enlightens new parents along a narrow and winding path into parenthood - a midwife's transitional support' was explored and comprised two themes: (1) Strengthening parents' self-confidence in their parental role by handling over parental responsibility; and (2) Challenging to facilitate parents' understanding of their parental role.

CONCLUSIONS

Midwives expressed that supporting parents in the parental transition was a delicate task and included balancing mothers', babies', and partners' needs. The midwives guided parents into parenthood during postnatal care in a strategic manner by strengthening parents in their parental role. Postnatal care delivered by midwives is crucial for new parents and their babies.

Client-centered flexible planning of home-based postpartum care: A randomized controlled trial on the quality of care

BACKGROUND

Standardization of health systems often hinders client-centered care. This study investigates whether allowing more flexibility in the planning range of the Dutch home-based postpartum care service improves its quality of care, as innovative approach to client-centered care.

METHODS

A randomized controlled trial was conducted (2017-2019), in which pregnant women who intended to breastfeed were assigned into two groups (1:1). The intervention group was allowed to receive care up to the 14th-day postpartum, instead of the first 8-10 consecutive days ("usual care"). Primary outcome measure was the proportion of newborns still receiving exclusively breastmilk on final caring day of the service. This so-called successful breastfeeding rate is currently used by the Dutch health sector to measure the quality of care. Secondary outcome measures were self-care experience, overall care experience, and exclusive breastfeeding duration rate.

RESULTS

Based on data from 1275 participants, there was no difference in exclusive breastfeeding on final caring day (86,7% intervention group vs. 88,9% control group, RR: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.98-1.07). Both groups showed similar self-care experiences. Women in the intervention group had slightly poorer overall care experience and lower exclusive breastfeeding duration rates.

CONCLUSIONS

This study found no effect on the quality of care when allowing more flexibility in the planning range of home-based postpartum care. Women can, therefore, be offered more flexibility to suit them. Given the confusion in interpreting the sector's current main quality indicator, we call for an inclusive dialogue on how to best measure the quality of home-based postpartum care.

Home-based postnatal midwifery care facilitated a smooth succession into motherhood: A Swedish interview study

INTRODUCTION

If a family is discharged from a hospital earlier after birth, close supervision by a skilled midwife is essential. The aim was to describe mothers' overall experience receiving postnatal care in a Swedish home-based midwifery care model.

METHODS

A descriptive qualitative study was conducted. Mothers meeting the inclusion criteria for a new home-based postnatal care model at a hospital in Stockholm, Sweden, were included. In total, 24 healthy mothers participated in a semi-structured telephone interview, averaging 58 minutes. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis, according to Braun and Clarke.

RESULTS

The main theme explored, 'The home-based postnatal care model facilitated a smooth succession into motherhood', is explained by the themes: 1) Mothers felt 'not left adrift' when cared for by the home-based postnatal midwives; 2) Professional midwives with authority guided the way into motherhood; and 3) The home, a safe and secure space for new mothers.

CONCLUSIONS

Mothers valued the well-structured home-based postnatal midwifery care. Important for mothers was to receive health checks, adequate information, and that midwives have a kind and individual approach to the families. Midwives play an important role for mothers in the early days after the birth of their baby.

Maternity care during a pandemic: Can a hybrid telehealth model comprising group interdisciplinary education support maternal psychological health?

Background

The transition to parenthood is one of the most challenging across the life course, with profound changes that can impact psychological health. In response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), came the rapid implementation of remote antenatal care, i.e., telehealth, with fewer in-person consultations. A change in service delivery in addition to the cancellation of antenatal education represented a potential threat to a woman’s experience – with likely adverse effects on mental health and wellbeing.

Aim

To explore a hybrid model of pregnancy care, i.e., telehealth and fewer in-person health assessments, coupled with concurrent small group interdisciplinary education delivered via video conferencing, extending into the postnatal period.

Methods

Using a quasi-experimental design with an interrupted time series and a control group, this population-based study recruited low-risk women booking for maternity care at one community health site affiliated with a large public hospital in Victoria, Australia.

Findings

Whilst there was no difference in stress and anxiety scores, a significant interactive effect of the hybrid model of care with time was seen in the DASS depression score (−1.17, 95% CI: −1.81, −0.53) and the EPDS (−0.83, 95% CI: −1.5, −0.15).

Discussion

The analyses provide important exploratory findings regarding the positive effects of a hybrid model of care with interdisciplinary education in supporting mental health of first-time mothers.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that small group online education scheduled in conjunction with individual pregnancy health assessments can be executed within a busy antenatal clinic with promising results and modest but dedicated staff support.

Characteristics and co-admissions of mothers and babies admitted to residential parenting services in the year following birth in NSW: a linked population data study (2000-2012)

Background

There is a tiered healthcare system in Australia to support maternal and child health, including, non-psychiatric day stay and residential parenting services (RPS) such as Tresillian and Karitane (in New South Wales [NSW]). RPS are unique to Australia, and currently there is limited information regarding the healthcare trajectory of women accessing RPS and if they are more likely to have admissions to other health facilities within the first-year post-birth. This study aimed to examine differences in hospital co-admissions for women and babies admitted to RPS in NSW in the year following birth compared to non-RPS admitted women.

Methods

A linked population data study of all women giving birth in NSW 2000–2012. Statistical differences were calculated using chi-square and student t-tests.

Results

Over the 12-year timeframe, 32,071 women and 33,035 babies were admitted to RPS, with 5191 of these women also having one or more hospital admissions (7607 admissions). The comparator group comprised of 99,242 women not admitted to RPS but having hospital admissions over the same timeframe (136,771 admissions). Statistically significant differences between cohorts were observed for the following parameters (p ≤ .001). Based upon calculated percentages, women who were admitted to RPS were more often older, Australian born, socially advantaged, private patients, and having their first baby. RPS admitted women also had more multiple births and labour and birth interventions (induction, instrumental birth, caesarean section, epidural, episiotomy). Their infants were also more often male and admitted to Special Care Nursery/Neonatal Intensive Care. Additionally, RPS admitted women had more admissions for mental health and behavioural disorders, which appeared to increase over time. There was no statistical difference between cohorts regarding the number of women admitted to a psychiatric facility; however, women attending RPS were more likely to have mood affective, or behavioural and personality disorder diagnoses.

Conclusion

Women accessing RPS in the year post-birth were more socially advantaged, had higher birth intervention and more co-admissions and treatment for mental health disorders than those not accessing RPS. More research is needed into the impact of birth intervention and mental health issues on subsequent parenting difficulties.

Mothers' experiences of client-centred flexible planning in home-based postpartum care: A promising tool to meet their diverse and dynamic needs

OBJECTIVE

To explore mothers' perspectives and experiences when facilitating greater flexibility in the planning range of home-based postpartum care, as an innovative tool to more client-centred care.

DESIGN

A qualitative study design with semi-structured in-depth interviews.

SETTING

The study was executed in collaboration with a postpartum care organisation in the Netherlands. It was part of a larger research project that studied the health effects of a new way of planning home-based postpartum care. This so-called 'flexible planning' made spreading and pausing of care possible up to the 14^th day postpartum instead of the standard care planning up to the 8^th day postpartum.

PARTICIPANTS

Mothers eligible to be interviewed for this study were participants of the larger research project who were allowed to plan their care according to the flexible planning. Twenty-one mothers were recruited through purposive sampling, of which ten were first-time mothers.

FINDINGS

Mothers valued the flexible planning as the timing of care could be tailored to their personal preferences and contexts. Yet, two main challenges were found: 1. mothers experienced difficulties in communicating and translating their dynamic needs into a care planning and 2. they felt discomfort in assigning tasks to care workers. Besides, our findings showed that care workers' practical as well as their emotional support (i.e. 'doing' vs. 'being') are greatly important in responding to mothers' needs.

KEY CONCLUSIONS

A flexible planning is a promising tool to facilitate more client-centred care in the postpartum care period. Yet, the hectic and overwhelming nature of the first few postpartum days can complicate the forward planning of care. In addition, not knowing what to expect from the postpartum care period and having a main focus on care workers 'doing' can lead to unclear and undesired working relations.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

When planning care in practice, a dialogue should be held between care workers and parents in which both their fields of expertise are respected. Above all, our study elucidated that novel care innovations like ours need to be co-created directly from the start with all involved parties to truly be successful.

Women's experiences of their interactions with health care providers during the postnatal period in Australia: a qualitative systematic review protocol

OBJECTIVE

The objective of the review is to explore and evaluate women's experiences of interactions with health care providers during their postnatal period.

INTRODUCTION

The postnatal period is a transformative time for women. Women experience significant change and adaptation, which could impact upon parenting confidence, health, and psychological outcomes during this time. The interaction women have with their health care providers during the postnatal period plays an integral role in improving these health outcomes.

INCLUSION CRITERIA

This qualitative review will explore the experiences of primiparous and multiparous women during the postnatal period with a key focus on evaluating the interactions they have with health care providers. It will include all studies that utilize qualitative methods (such as interviews and focus groups). Articles that explore the postnatal care experiences of women who have endured a pregnancy loss, given birth to a baby with complex needs, or those that solely focus on describing the neonatal and intensive care experiences, will not be included.

METHODS

PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Emcare, and PsycINFO will be searched. Studies published from 2000 onwards and written in English will be assessed for inclusion. Studies that are selected initially will be assessed for methodological quality by two independent reviewers utilizing the JBI critical appraisal instrument for qualitative research.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER

PROSPERO CRD42020186384.

Quality improvement in postnatal care: Findings from two cohorts of women in Sweden

INTRODUCTION

Postnatal care is an important area of midwifery practice. Changes in the length of postnatal stay, models of postnatal care, and the content of care have influenced women's satisfaction. The aim of this study was to describe women's assessment of postnatal care in a Swedish hospital in 2017, and to compare this with women who gave birth in 2006 in the same hospital.

METHODS

A comparative study was conducted of two cohorts of women who gave birth in 2006 and 2017 in a hospital in the middle-north part of Sweden with 1700 annual births. Data were collected by questionnaires, where data from 2017 were compared with data from 2006.

RESULTS

In all, 366 women who gave birth in 2006 and 342 in 2017 responded. There was a reduction in time of discharge in 2017 and more women went home directly from the labour ward and fewer women had their postnatal stay in the hotel ward, compared to postnatal women in 2006. A higher percentage of women were 'Very satisfied' with the overall aspects of postnatal care in 2017 compared to women in 2006. The content of postnatal care showed statistically significant improvements over time for the majority of variables studied, but some women reported not receiving information/help with specific postnatal aspects. Multiparous women, women older than 35 years, and women who had had a caesarean section received less information and practical help.

CONCLUSIONS

The study showed an increase in overall satisfaction with postnatal care over time and most areas were improved. Continuous work is therefore needed in order to improve postnatal care and put the women and their families at the centre of care. More research is needed to try new models of care that will increase satisfaction with postnatal care.

The unintended consequences of client-centred flexible planning in home-based postpartum care: a shift in care workers' tasks and responsibilities

OBJECTIVE

To explore care workers' experiences with a flexible planning of home-based postpartum care as an innovative instrument to facilitate more client-centred care.

DESIGN

A mixed-methods design with a primarily qualitative approach followed by a quantitative follow-up, according to the Priority-Sequence model.

SETTING

This study is part of a larger research project researching the health effects of a flexible planning in postpartum care. The new planning enables clients and care workers to spread and/or pause the care over 14 days postpartum instead of the standard planning of eight to ten consecutive days.

PARTICIPANTS

Maternity home care workers who provide care according the flexible planning. Eight care workers were interviewed, another eight care workers participated in the focus group discussion, and 59 care workers filled in the survey.

FINDINGS

Two main unintended consequences of the flexible planning were found: 1. care workers experienced an undesirable 'shift in their tasks' along the course of the postpartum period and 2. were heavily worried about 'making enough contracted hours'. Consequently, care workers unwillingly performed much more domiciliary activities compared to the standard planning, especially during the final days of care.

KEY CONCLUSIONS

The predominant nursing tasks and responsibilities of care workers appeared insufficient to respond to clients' altering needs. In addition, shorter working days and on-call duties caused an undesired excessive high-level of flexibility among care workers. Consequently, care was paradoxically determined by organisational structures rather than clients' individual needs.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

Our study elucidated that co-creation together with health professionals is a prerequisite for successfully implementing innovations as their way of working and personal lives are profoundly affected.

Powerless responsibility: A feminist study of women's experiences of caring for their late preterm babies

PROBLEM

There is minimal research exploring women's experiences of caring for a late preterm baby. The emphasis in the literature is mostly baby centric.

BACKGROUND

The number of babies born late preterm is rising and women's views are largely unknown.

AIM

What are the experiences of women who are caring for a late preterm baby?

METHODS

A feminist lens was the key philosophical underpinning. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 14 women.

FINDINGS

Women who become mothers' of late preterm babies have a complex journey. It begins with separation, with babies being cared for in unfamiliar and highly technical environments where the perceived experts are healthcare professionals. Women's needs are side-lined, and they are required to care for their babies within parameters determined by others. Institutional and professional barriers to mothering/caring are numerous.

DISCUSSION

Some of the women who were separated from their babies immediately after birth had difficulties conceiving themselves as mothers, and others faced restrictions when trying to access their babies. Women described care that was centred on their babies. They were allowed and expected to care for their babies, but only with 'powerless responsibility'. Many women appeared to be excluded from decisions and were not always provided with full information about their babies.

CONCLUSION

Women whose babies are born late preterm would benefit from greater consideration in relation to their needs, rather than the focus being almost exclusively on their babies.

Women's successful transition to motherhood during the early postnatal period: A qualitative systematic review of postnatal and midwifery home care literature

OBJECTIVE

To undertake a systematic review of available qualitative research literature to determine what women need to successfully transition to motherhood during the early postnatal period and whether postnatal home care delivered by midwives supports this process.

DESIGN

The transition from woman to mother is a significant occurrence, one that requires adjustments on physical, psychological and social levels. A qualitative systematic review design was chosen to ensure both humanistic and interactive concepts related to what women need to successfully transition to motherhood during the early postnatal period were identified. The systematic and structured search uncovered 33 research articles for detailed review. Two team members, using the qualitative research checklist from the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme, appraised the quality of the research articles. A total of 19 articles met the quality criteria and were included in the data evaluation process.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

Research teams from Asia-Pacific, Europe, Middle East and North America generated the 19 qualitative journal articles.

MEASUREMENTS AND FINDINGS

Data evaluation included identification of research aim, presence of a research question, type of methodology, data collection processes, sample information, data analysis techniques and study outcomes. Data was analysed using an inductive content analysis approach. Four themes were identified from the qualitative systematic review process including: women and midwives connecting, identification and meeting of women's individual needs, family and cultural influences and, education and support.

KEY CONCLUSIONS

The ability of women to connect with midwives during the early postnatal period assisted them overcome barriers and to successfully transitioning to motherhood. Although all four themes were determined to be key to effective postnatal transition, overwhelmingly the findings showed postnatal midwifery home care to be important in women's successful transition to motherhood in the early postnatal period.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

Strategies are needed ensure women have access to midwives in the early postnatal period.

Expectations and experiences of hospital postnatal care in the UK: a systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies

OBJECTIVES

To report on women's and families' expectations and experiences of hospital postnatal care, and also to reflect on women's satisfaction with hospital postnatal care and to relate their expectations to their actual care experiences.

DESIGN

Systematic review.

SETTING

UK.

PARTICIPANTS

Postnatal women.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES

Women's and families' expectations, experiences and satisfaction with hospital postnatal care.

METHODS

Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL Plus), Science Citation Index, and Social Sciences Citation Index were searched to identify relevant studies published since 1970. We incorporated findings from qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods studies. Eligible studies were independently screened and quality-assessed using a modified version of the National Institutes of Health Quality Assessment Tool for quantitative studies and the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme for qualitative studies. Data were extracted on participants' characteristics, study period, setting, study objective and study specified outcomes, in addition to the summary of results.

RESULTS

Data were included from 53 studies, of which 28 were quantitative, 19 were qualitative and 6 were mixed-methods studies. The methodological quality of the included studies was mixed, and only three were completely free from bias. Women were generally satisfied with their hospital postnatal care but were critical of staff interaction, the ward environment and infant feeding support. Ethnic minority women were more critical of hospital postnatal care than white women. Although duration of postnatal stay has declined over time, women were generally happy with this aspect of their care. There was limited evidence regarding women's expectations of postnatal care, families' experience and social disadvantage.

CONCLUSION

Women were generally positive about their experiences of hospital postnatal care, but improvements could still be made. Individualised, flexible models of postnatal care should be evaluated and implemented.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42017057913.

Changing the current health system's vision for disease prevention and health promotion

AIM

Using the case of Israel, we examine the confluence of current philosophies of health care along with the historical trends of health promotion/disease prevention services to consider strategies for increasing inclusiveness and for updating and improving their service delivery.

BACKGROUND

Health services in Israel are at a crossroads. Plans to integrate the historic, nurse-operated, nationwide programme, providing health promotion/disease prevention services to pregnant women and young children for all residents (Tipat Halav) into the National Health Service System's existing Sickness Funds are under discussion.

SOURCES OF EVIDENCE

Using a discourse approach, this paper examines the current and historical context of health promotion/disease prevention services. Our history shows an increasingly treatment-based perspective and dwindling support for inclusive services. In the current health system, Tipat Halav nurses solely provide inclusive health promotion/disease prevention services to pregnant women and young children. Informed by the World Health Organization, a reorientation to health promotion/disease prevention is essential in an ageing society where chronic rather than infectious diseases are the reigning health problems.

CONCLUSION

Israel needs to reorganize the health system using a public health approach that both incorporates existing structures and establishes new ones, such as creating a network to elicit community input, and instituting nurse-operated clinics designed to provide health promotion/disease prevention services for all ages and all residents.

IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH AND NURSING POLICY

The newly created health system framework demands activism among all health professionals to legislate for an inclusive, holistic orientation. Master's level clinical programmes in community health nursing are vital to ensure the provision of optimal health promotion/disease prevention services.

Student midwives' experiences in relation to assessment of maternal postnatal genital tract health: A case study analysis

OBJECTIVE

to explore student midwives' experiences of postnatal genital tract assessment within midwifery preregistration curricula.

DESIGN

a single, instrumental case study design was employed involving final year student midwives. Ethical approval was gained from the Higher Education Institution at the data collection site. Sampling was purposeful and data were collected using a survey (n = 25); narrative style in depth interviews (n = 11), review of programme documentation and a student midwife / researcher data workshop.

SETTING

one Higher Education Institution in the north of England.

FINDINGS

three themes were identified from the data analysis, awareness of assessment methods, accessing learning opportunities and actualisation of learning. The awareness theme highlights that most students were aware of potential signs and symptoms associated with genital tract assessment and health however; difficulties were identified concerning assessment of lochia, encountering sequential assessments and recognising potential for deterioration. This awareness was influenced by access to practice based learning opportunities. Access differed due to variation in postnatal provision, service pressures and variety in mentor practices regarding selecting and creating learning opportunities. This study suggests actualisation of learning and confidence in genital tract assessment was achieved when opportunities to integrate theory and practice occurred. Actualisation was hindered by limited allocation of curriculum time specifically for postnatal maternal assessment content and assessment strategies in comparison to other aspects of midwifery knowledge.

CONCLUSIONS

student midwives' experiences, awareness and learning actualisation varied in relation to the development of knowledge and confidence in maternal postnatal genital tract assessment. While clinical and theoretical learning opportunities were available, access and experience varied and limitations were identified. A number of recommendations are outlined to enhance the students learning experiences in practice and HEI settings, which address placement planning, mentor preparation, the student voice and supporting curricula documentation.

The Perfect Storm of Trauma: The experiences of women who have experienced birth trauma and subsequently accessed residential parenting services in Australia

BACKGROUND

There appears to be a chasm between idealised motherhood and reality, and for women who experience birth trauma this can be more extreme and impact on mental health. Australia is unique in providing residential parenting services to support women with parenting needs such as sleep or feeding difficulties. Women who attend residential parenting services have experienced higher rates of intervention in birth and poor perinatal mental health but it is unknown how birth trauma may impact on early parenting.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

This study aims to explore the early parenting experiences of women who have accessed residential parenting services in Australia and consider their birth was traumatic.

METHODS

In-depth interviews were conducted with eight women across Australia who had experienced birth trauma and accessed residential parenting services in the early parenting period. These interviews were conducted both face to face and over the telephone. The data was analysed using thematic analysis.

FINDINGS

One overarching theme was identified: "The Perfect Storm of Trauma" which identified that the participants in this study who accessed residential parenting services were more likely to have entered pregnancy with pre-existing vulnerabilities, and experienced a culmination of traumatic events during labour, birth, and in the early parenting period. Four subthemes were identified: "Bringing Baggage to Birth", "Trauma through a Thousand Cuts", "Thrown into the Pressure Cooker", and "Trying to work it all out".

CONCLUSION

How women are cared for during their labour, birth and postnatal period impacts on how they manage early parenthood. Support is crucial for women, including practical parenting support, and emotional support by health professionals and peers.

Reflections on maternal health care within the Victorian Maternal and Child Health Service

Women suffer significant morbidity following childbirth and there is a lack of focussed, primary maternal health care to support them. Victorian Maternal and Child Health (MCH) nurses are ideally suited to provide additional care for women when caring for the family with a new baby. With additional training and support, MCH nurses could better fill this health demand and practice gap. This discussion paper reviews what we know about maternal morbidity, current postnatal services for women and the maternal healthcare gap, and makes recommendations for enhancing MCH nursing practice to address this deficit.

Sense of coherence among healthy Norwegian women in postnatal care: Dimensionality reliability and construct validity of the Orientation to Life Questionnaire

OBJECTIVE

Salutogenesis focuses on identifying the causes of health rather than the causes of illness, and in this way offers a health promotion framework for maternity services. The application of salutogenesis theory in empirical studies of healthy women in maternity care appears to be rare, and mostly incomplete. The objective of this study is to examine the psychometric properties of the Orientation to Life Questionnaire (OLQ) assessing sense of coherence (SOC) in a population of healthy Norwegian women during the postnatal period.

METHODS

Self-reported cross-sectional data were collected from 183 women six weeks into the postnatal period. The data were analysed by descriptive statistics and confirmative factor analysis.

RESULTS

Discriminant validity was supported by significant negative correlations between SOC, meaningfulness, comprehensibility, manageability, anxiety and depression. Inter-item consistency with Cronbach's alpha (0.62-0.87) and composite reliability (0.60-0.92) revealed acceptable to good values approving the reliability. The original one-dimensional concept of sense of coherence was confirmed in this study. However, in accordance with previous research, some misspecifications in reference to correlated error variances between the items OLQ2 and OLQ3 were discovered.

CONCLUSION

This study lends support to the original one-dimensional construct of sense of coherence, and sheds more light upon the troublesome pair of items OLQ2-OLQ3. Further studies are required. However, based on our results, a rewording or deletion of one of these two items seems necessary in order to achieve a reliable and valid instrument measuring SOC among healthy postnatal women.