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Moser KA, Madebe RA, Aydemir O, Chiduo MG, Mandara CI, Rumisha SF, Chaky F, Denton M, Marsh PW, Verity R, Watson OJ, Ngasala B, Mkude S, Molteni F, Njau R, Warsame M, Mandike R, Kabanywanyi AM, Mahende MK, Kamugisha E, Ahmed M, Kavishe RA, Greer G, Kitojo CA, Reaves EJ, Mlunde L, Bishanga D, Mohamed A, Juliano JJ, Ishengoma DS, Bailey JA. Describing the current status of Plasmodium falciparum population structure and drug resistance within mainland Tanzania using molecular inversion probes. Mol Ecol 2020; 30:100-113. [PMID: 33107096 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput Plasmodium genomic data is increasingly useful in assessing prevalence of clinically important mutations and malaria transmission patterns. Understanding parasite diversity is important for identification of specific human or parasite populations that can be targeted by control programmes, and to monitor the spread of mutations associated with drug resistance. An up-to-date understanding of regional parasite population dynamics is also critical to monitor the impact of control efforts. However, this data is largely absent from high-burden nations in Africa, and to date, no such analysis has been conducted for malaria parasites in Tanzania countrywide. To this end, over 1,000 P. falciparum clinical isolates were collected in 2017 from 13 sites in seven administrative regions across Tanzania, and parasites were genotyped at 1,800 variable positions genome-wide using molecular inversion probes. Population structure was detectable among Tanzanian P. falciparum parasites, approximately separating parasites from the northern and southern districts and identifying genetically admixed populations in the north. Isolates from nearby districts were more likely to be genetically related compared to parasites sampled from more distant districts. Known drug resistance mutations were seen at increased frequency in northern districts (including two infections carrying pfk13-R561H), and additional variants with undetermined significance for antimalarial resistance also varied by geography. Malaria Indicator Survey (2017) data corresponded with genetic findings, including average region-level complexity-of-infection and malaria prevalence estimates. The parasite populations identified here provide important information on extant spatial patterns of genetic diversity of Tanzanian parasites, to which future surveys of genetic relatedness can be compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara A Moser
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Ozkan Aydemir
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Mercy G Chiduo
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Celine I Mandara
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga, Tanzania.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre/Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Susan F Rumisha
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Frank Chaky
- National Malaria Control Program (NMCP), Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Madeline Denton
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Patrick W Marsh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Robert Verity
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver J Watson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Billy Ngasala
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Sigsbert Mkude
- National Malaria Control Program (NMCP), Dodoma, Tanzania
| | | | - Ritha Njau
- World Health Organization Country Office, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Marian Warsame
- Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Renata Mandike
- National Malaria Control Program (NMCP), Dodoma, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Erasmus Kamugisha
- Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences/Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Maimuna Ahmed
- Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences/Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Reginald A Kavishe
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre/Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - George Greer
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International Development, U.S. Embassy, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Chonge A Kitojo
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International Development, U.S. Embassy, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Erik J Reaves
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International Development, U.S. Embassy, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Linda Mlunde
- Jhpiego/Boresha Afya Project, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Ally Mohamed
- National Malaria Control Program (NMCP), Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Jonathan J Juliano
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Deus S Ishengoma
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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2
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Pramanik PK, Alam MN, Roy Chowdhury D, Chakraborti T. Drug Resistance in Protozoan Parasites: An Incessant Wrestle for Survival. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 18:1-11. [PMID: 30685461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, drug resistance in parasites is considered to be one of the foremost concerns in health and disease management. It is interconnected worldwide and undermines the health of millions of people, threatening to grow worse. Unfortunately, it does not receive serious attention from every corner of society. Consequently, drug resistance in parasites is gradually complicating and challenging the treatment of parasitic diseases. In this context, we have dedicated ourselves to review the incidence of drug resistance in the protozoan parasites Plasmodium, Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Entamoeba and Toxoplasma gondii. Moreover, understanding the role of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in drug resistance is essential in the control of parasitic diseases. Therefore, we also focused on the involvement of ABC transporters in drug resistance, which will be a superior approach to find ways for better regulation of diseases caused by parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pijush Kanti Pramanik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Md Nur Alam
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Dibyapriya Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Tapati Chakraborti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India.
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Auburn S, Benavente ED, Miotto O, Pearson RD, Amato R, Grigg MJ, Barber BE, William T, Handayuni I, Marfurt J, Trimarsanto H, Noviyanti R, Sriprawat K, Nosten F, Campino S, Clark TG, Anstey NM, Kwiatkowski DP, Price RN. Genomic analysis of a pre-elimination Malaysian Plasmodium vivax population reveals selective pressures and changing transmission dynamics. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2585. [PMID: 29968722 PMCID: PMC6030216 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04965-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of Plasmodium vivax infection has declined markedly in Malaysia over the past decade despite evidence of high-grade chloroquine resistance. Here we investigate the genetic changes in a P. vivax population approaching elimination in 51 isolates from Sabah, Malaysia and compare these with data from 104 isolates from Thailand and 104 isolates from Indonesia. Sabah displays extensive population structure, mirroring that previously seen with the emergence of artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum founder populations in Cambodia. Fifty-four percent of the Sabah isolates have identical genomes, consistent with a rapid clonal expansion. Across Sabah, there is a high prevalence of loci known to be associated with antimalarial drug resistance. Measures of differentiation between the three countries reveal several gene regions under putative selection in Sabah. Our findings highlight important factors pertinent to parasite resurgence and molecular cues that can be used to monitor low-endemic populations at the end stages of P. vivax elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Auburn
- 0000 0000 8523 7955grid.271089.5Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0811 Australia ,Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF UK
| | - Ernest D. Benavente
- 0000 0004 0425 469Xgrid.8991.9Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT UK
| | - Olivo Miotto
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF UK ,0000 0004 0606 5382grid.10306.34Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK ,0000 0004 1937 0490grid.10223.32Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Richard D. Pearson
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF UK ,0000 0004 0606 5382grid.10306.34Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Roberto Amato
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF UK ,0000 0004 0606 5382grid.10306.34Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Matthew J. Grigg
- 0000 0000 8523 7955grid.271089.5Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0811 Australia ,Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, 88300 Kota Kinabalu Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Bridget E. Barber
- 0000 0000 8523 7955grid.271089.5Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0811 Australia ,Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, 88300 Kota Kinabalu Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Timothy William
- Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, 88300 Kota Kinabalu Sabah, Malaysia ,0000 0004 1772 8727grid.415560.3Clinical Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 88300 Kota Kinabalu Sabah, Malaysia ,Jesselton Medical Centre, 88300 Kota Kinabalu Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Irene Handayuni
- 0000 0000 8523 7955grid.271089.5Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0811 Australia
| | - Jutta Marfurt
- 0000 0000 8523 7955grid.271089.5Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0811 Australia
| | - Hidayat Trimarsanto
- 0000 0004 1795 0993grid.418754.bEijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, 10430 Indonesia ,0000 0001 0746 0534grid.432292.cAgency for Assessment and Application of Technology, Jl. MH Thamrin 8, Jakarta, 10340 Indonesia
| | - Rintis Noviyanti
- 0000 0004 1795 0993grid.418754.bEijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Kanlaya Sriprawat
- 0000 0004 1937 0490grid.10223.32Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot Tak, 63110 Thailand
| | - Francois Nosten
- 0000 0004 1937 0490grid.10223.32Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot Tak, 63110 Thailand ,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LJ UK
| | - Susana Campino
- 0000 0004 0425 469Xgrid.8991.9Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT UK
| | - Taane G. Clark
- 0000 0004 0425 469Xgrid.8991.9Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT UK ,0000 0004 0425 469Xgrid.8991.9Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT UK
| | - Nicholas M. Anstey
- 0000 0000 8523 7955grid.271089.5Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0811 Australia
| | - Dominic P. Kwiatkowski
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF UK ,0000 0004 0606 5382grid.10306.34Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Ric N. Price
- 0000 0000 8523 7955grid.271089.5Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0811 Australia ,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LJ UK
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4
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Moraes Barros RR, Gibson TJ, Kite WA, Sá JM, Wellems TE. Comparison of two methods for transformation of Plasmodium knowlesi: Direct schizont electroporation and spontaneous plasmid uptake from plasmid-loaded red blood cells. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2017; 218:16-22. [PMID: 28988930 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Human infections from Plasmodium knowlesi present challenges to malaria control in Southeast Asia. P. knowlesi also offers a model for other human malaria species including Plasmodium vivax. P. knowlesi parasites can be cultivated in the laboratory, and their transformation is standardly performed by direct electroporation of schizont-infected red blood cells (RBCs) with plasmid DNA. Here we show that the efficiency of direct electroporation is exquisitely dependent on developmental age of the schizonts. Additionally, we show that transformation of P. knowlesi can be achieved without direct electroporation by using the parasite's ability to infect and take up DNA from plasmid-loaded RBCs. Transformation with plasmid-loaded RBCs does not require labor-intensive preparations of schizont-infected RBCs as for direct electroporation, and parasite damage from high voltage discharge is avoided. Further studies of the mechanism of spontaneous DNA uptake may suggest strategies for improved transformation and provide insights into the transport pathways of apicomplexans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto R Moraes Barros
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8132, USA.
| | - Tyler J Gibson
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8132, USA.
| | - Whitney A Kite
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8132, USA.
| | - Juliana M Sá
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8132, USA.
| | - Thomas E Wellems
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8132, USA.
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5
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Sharma S, DeOliveira RB, Kalantari P, Parroche P, Goutagny N, Jiang Z, Chan J, Bartholomeu DC, Lauw F, Hall JP, Barber GN, Gazzinelli RT, Fitzgerald KA, Golenbock DT. Innate immune recognition of an AT-rich stem-loop DNA motif in the Plasmodium falciparum genome. Immunity 2011; 35:194-207. [PMID: 21820332 PMCID: PMC3162998 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) has been implicated in cytokine and type I interferon (IFN) production during malaria in humans and mice, the high AT content of the Plasmodium falciparum genome prompted us to examine the possibility that malarial DNA triggered TLR9-independent pathways. Over 6000 ATTTTTAC ("AT-rich") motifs are present in the genome of P. falciparum, which we show here potently induce type I IFNs. Parasite DNA, parasitized erythrocytes and oligonucleotides containing the AT-rich motif induce type I IFNs via a pathway that did not involve the previously described sensors TLR9, DAI, RNA polymerase-III or IFI16/p204. Rather, AT-rich DNA sensing involved an unknown receptor that coupled to the STING, TBK1 and IRF3-IRF7 signaling pathway. Mice lacking IRF3, IRF7, the kinase TBK1 or the type I IFN receptor were resistant to otherwise lethal cerebral malaria. Collectively, these observations implicate AT-rich DNA sensing via STING, TBK1 and IRF3-IRF7 in P. falciparum malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Sharma
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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6
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Bietz S, Montilla I, Külzer S, Przyborski JM, Lingelbach K. Recruitment of human aquaporin 3 to internal membranes in the Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocyte. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2009; 167:48-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Roepe PD. Molecular and physiologic basis of quinoline drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Future Microbiol 2009; 4:441-55. [PMID: 19416013 PMCID: PMC2724744 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.09.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
30 years before the discovery of the pfcrt gene, altered cellular drug accumulation in drug-resistant malarial parasites had been well documented. Heme released from catabolized hemoglobin was thought to be a key target for quinoline drugs, and additional modifications to quinoline drug structure in order to improve activity against chloroquine-resistant malaria were performed in a few laboratories. However, parasite cell culture methods were still in their infancy, assays for drug susceptibility were not well standardized, and the power of malarial genetics was decades away. The last 10 years have witnessed explosive progress in elucidation of the biochemistry of chloroquine resistance. This review briefly summarizes that progress, and discusses where additional work is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Roepe
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry, Cellular & Molecular Biology, and Center for Infectious Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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8
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Sam-Yellowe TY. The role of the Maurer's clefts in protein transport in Plasmodium falciparum. Trends Parasitol 2009; 25:277-84. [PMID: 19442584 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Maurer's clefts (MCs) are membranous structures that are formed by Plasmodium falciparum and used by the parasite for protein sorting and protein export. Virulence proteins, as well as other proteins used to remodel the erythrocyte, are exported. Discontinuity between major membrane compartments within the infected erythrocyte cytoplasm suggests multiple traffic routes for exported proteins. The sequences of the conserved Plasmodium export element seem insufficient for export of all parasite proteins. The parasite displays remarkable versatility in the types of proteins exported to the MCs and in the functions of the proteins within the MCs. In this Review, protein export to the MCs and the role of the MCs in the transport of proteins to the erythrocyte membrane are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobili Y Sam-Yellowe
- Department of Biological Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, SI 219, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA.
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9
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Lamarque M, Tastet C, Poncet J, Demettre E, Jouin P, Vial H, Dubremetz JF. Food vacuole proteome of the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Proteomics Clin Appl 2008; 2:1361-74. [PMID: 21136929 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200700112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Plasmodium falciparum food vacuole (FV) is a lysosome-like organelle where erythrocyte hemoglobin digestion occurs. It is a favorite target in the development of antimalarials. We have used a tandem mass spectrometry approach to investigate the proteome of an FV-enriched fraction and identified 116 proteins. The electron microscopy analysis and the Western blot data showed that the major component of the fraction was the FV and, as expected, the majority of previously known FV markers were recovered. Of particular interest, several proteins involved in vesicle-mediated trafficking were identified, which are likely to play a key role in FV biogenesis and/or FV protein trafficking. Recovery of parasite surface proteins lends support to the cytostomal pathway of hemoglobin ingestion as a FV trafficking route. We have identified 32 proteins described as hypothetical in the databases. This insight into FV protein content provides new clues towards understanding the biological function of this organelle in P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauld Lamarque
- Dynamique Moléculaire des Interactions Membranaires CNRS UMR 5235, Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
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10
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Sherman IW. References. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)00430-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Bennett TN, Patel J, Ferdig MT, Roepe PD. Plasmodium falciparum Na+/H+ exchanger activity and quinine resistance. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2007; 153:48-58. [PMID: 17353059 PMCID: PMC2747254 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2007.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Revised: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum pfcrt gene cause resistance to the 4-amino quinoline chloroquine (CQ) and other antimalarial drugs. Mutations and/or overexpression of a P. falciparum multidrug resistance gene homologue (pfmdr1) may further modify or tailor the degree of quinoline drug resistance. Recently [Ferdig MT, Cooper RA, Mu JB, et al. Dissecting the loci of low-level quinine resistance in malaria parasites. Mol Microbiol 2004;52:985-97] QTL analysis further implicated a region of P. falciparum chromosome 13 as a partner (with pfcrt) in conferring resistance to the first quinoline-based antimalarial drug, quinine (QN). Since QN resistance (QNR) and CQR are often (but not always) observed together in parasite strains, since elevated cytosolic pH is frequently (but not always) found in CQR parasites, and since the chr 13 segment linked to QNR prominently harbors a gene encoding what appears to be a P. falciparum Na(+)/H(+) exchanger (PfNHE), we have systematically measured cytosolic pH and PfNHE activity for an extended series of parasite strains used in the QTL analysis. Altered PfNHE activity does not correlate with CQR as previously proposed, but significantly elevated PfNHE activity is found for strains with high levels of QNR, regardless their CQR status. We propose that either an elevated pH(cyt) or a higher vacuolar pH-to-cytosolic pH gradient contributes to one common route to malarial QNR that is also characterized by recently defined chr 13-chr 9 pairwise interactions. Based on sequence analysis we propose a model whereby observed polymorphisms in PfNHE may lead to altered Na(+)/H(+) set point regulation in QNR parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler N. Bennett
- Dept. Chemistry, Dept. Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Program in Tumor Biology, Lombardi Cancer Center, and Center for Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University, 37 and O Streets, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Jigar Patel
- Dept. Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
| | | | - Paul D. Roepe
- Dept. Chemistry, Dept. Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Program in Tumor Biology, Lombardi Cancer Center, and Center for Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University, 37 and O Streets, Washington, DC 20057
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: tel 202 687 7300; fax 202 687 6209;
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