1
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de Souza F, Gupta RK. Bacteria for Bioplastics: Progress, Applications, and Challenges. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:8666-8686. [PMID: 38434856 PMCID: PMC10905720 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Bioplastics are one of the answers that can point society toward a sustainable future. Under this premise, the synthesis of polymers with competitive properties using low-cost starting materials is a highly desired factor in the industry. Also, tackling environmental issues such as nonbiodegradable waste generation, high carbon footprint, and consumption of nonrenewable resources are some of the current concerns worldwide. The scientific community has been placing efforts into the biosynthesis of polymers using bacteria and other microbes. These microorganisms can be convenient reactors to consume food and agricultural wastes and convert them into biopolymers with inherently attractive properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, and appreciable mechanical and chemical properties. Such biopolymers can be applied to several fields such as packing, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, medical, biomedical, and agricultural. Thus, intending to elucidate the science of microbes to produce polymers, this review starts with a brief introduction to bioplastics by describing their importance and the methods for their production. The second section dives into the importance of bacteria regarding the biochemical routes for the synthesis of polymers along with their advantages and disadvantages. The third section covers some of the main parameters that influence biopolymers' production. Some of the main applications of biopolymers along with a comparison between the polymers obtained from microorganisms and the petrochemical-based ones are presented. Finally, some discussion about the future aspects and main challenges in this field is provided to elucidate the main issues that should be tackled for the wide application of microorganisms for the preparation of bioplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe
Martins de Souza
- National
Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburgh
State University, 1204 Research Road, Pittsburgh, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Ram K. Gupta
- National
Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburgh
State University, 1204 Research Road, Pittsburgh, Kansas 66762, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Pittsburgh State University, 1701 South Broadway Street, Pittsburgh, Kansas 66762, United States
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2
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Parati M, Khalil I, Tchuenbou-Magaia F, Adamus G, Mendrek B, Hill R, Radecka I. Building a circular economy around poly(D/L-γ-glutamic acid)- a smart microbial biopolymer. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 61:108049. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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3
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Li D, Hou L, Gao Y, Tian Z, Fan B, Wang F, Li S. Recent Advances in Microbial Synthesis of Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11050739. [PMID: 35267372 PMCID: PMC8909396 DOI: 10.3390/foods11050739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a natural, safe, non-immunogenic, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly glutamic biopolymer. γ-PGA has been regarded as a promising bio-based materials in the food field, medical field, even in environmental engineering field, and other industrial fields. Microbial synthesis is an economical and effective way to synthesize γ-PGA. Bacillus species are the most widely studied producing strains. γ-PGA biosynthesis involves metabolic pathway of racemization, polymerization, transfer, and catabolism. Although microbial synthesis of γ-PGA has already been used extensively, productivity and yield remain the major constraints for its industrial application. Metabolic regulation is an attempt to solve the above bottleneck problems and meet the demands of commercialization. Therefore, it is important to understand critical factors that influence γ-PGA microbial synthesis in depth. This review focuses on production strains, biosynthetic pathway, and metabolic regulation. Moreover, it systematically summarizes the functional properties, purification procedure, and industrial application of γ-PGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (Y.G.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Lizhen Hou
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (Y.G.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Yaxin Gao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (Y.G.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Zhiliang Tian
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (Y.G.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Bei Fan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (Y.G.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengzhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (F.W.); (S.L.); Tel.: +86-010-62815977 (F.W.); +86-010-62810295 (S.L.)
| | - Shuying Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (Y.G.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
- Correspondence: (F.W.); (S.L.); Tel.: +86-010-62815977 (F.W.); +86-010-62810295 (S.L.)
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4
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Wojtowicz K, Steliga T, Kapusta P, Brzeszcz J, Skalski T. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Biopreparation in Combination with the Polymer γ-PGA for the Biodegradation of Petroleum Contaminants in Soil. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:400. [PMID: 35057118 PMCID: PMC8778143 DOI: 10.3390/ma15020400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradation is a method of effectively removing petroleum hydrocarbons from the natural environment. This research focuses on the biodegradation of aliphatic hydrocarbons, monoaromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and all three xylene isomers (BTEX) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as a result of soil inoculation with a biopreparation A1 based on autochthonous microorganisms and a biopreparation A1 with the addition of γ-PGA. The research used biopreparation A1 made of the following strains: Dietzia sp. IN133, Gordonia sp. IN138 Mycolicibacterium frederiksbergense IN53, Rhodococcus erythropolis IN119, Rhodococcus sp. IN136 and Pseudomonas sp. IN132. The experiments were carried out in laboratory conditions (microbiological tests, respirometric tests, and in semi-technical conditions (ex-situ prism method). The biodegradation efficiency was assessed on the basis of respirometric tests, chromatographic analyses and toxicological tests. As a result of inoculation of AB soil with the biopreparation A1 within 6 months, a reduction of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) (66.03%), BTEX (80.08%) and PAHs (38.86%) was achieved and its toxicity was reduced. Inoculation of AB soil with the biopreparation A1 with the addition of γ-PGA reduced the concentration of TPH, BTEX and PAHs by 79.21%, 90.19%, and 51.18%, respectively, and reduced its toxicity. The conducted research has shown that the addition of γ-PGA affects the efficiency of the biodegradation process of petroleum pollutants, increasing the degree of TPH biodegradation by 13.18%, BTEX by 10.11% and PAHs by 12.32% compared to pure biopreparation A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Wojtowicz
- Oil and Gas Institute—National Research Institute, Lubicz 25 A, 31-503 Krakow, Poland; (T.S.); (P.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Teresa Steliga
- Oil and Gas Institute—National Research Institute, Lubicz 25 A, 31-503 Krakow, Poland; (T.S.); (P.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Piotr Kapusta
- Oil and Gas Institute—National Research Institute, Lubicz 25 A, 31-503 Krakow, Poland; (T.S.); (P.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Joanna Brzeszcz
- Oil and Gas Institute—National Research Institute, Lubicz 25 A, 31-503 Krakow, Poland; (T.S.); (P.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Tomasz Skalski
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
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5
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Zhang R, Zhang S, Jiang G, Gan L, Xu Z, Tian Y. Optimization of fermentation conditions, purification and rheological properties of poly (γ-glutamic acid) produced by Bacillus subtilis 1006-3. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 52:302-310. [PMID: 34236935 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2021.1941103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the optimal fermentation condition, purification and rheological properties of extracellular polymers produced by Bacillus subtilis 1006-3. An optimum temperature of 30.2 °C, inoculation amount of 6.1%, and pH of 8.2 were determined via Response Surface Methodology. The result of amino acid analysis and gel electrophoresis indicated that the obtained polymer contained only glutamic acid, with a wide molecular weight range. This polymer was finally determined as γ-PGA by infrared spectroscopy. The γ-PGA solution displayed a behavior of pseudoplastic non-Newtonian fluid with shear thinning properties, which can be described by the Ostward-de Waele power law model. The apparent viscosity of γ-PGA solution increased with the increase in its concentration from 1% to 10%. The deviation in pH from neutral value, and the addition of NaCl or MgCl2 can reduce the apparent viscosity of γ-PGA solution, and it was more sensitive to Mg2+ than to Na+ addition. At the concentration of 4, 6, and 8%, γ-PGA solution showed predominantly viscous response in the range of 0.1-100 rad/s angular frequency (G″>G'). These results indicated the potential application of the γ-PGA as a thickening agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoshi Zhang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Shihao Zhang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Guangyang Jiang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Longzhan Gan
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Xu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yongqiang Tian
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, P. R. China
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6
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Balogun-Agbaje OA, Odeniyi OA, Odeniyi MA. Drug delivery applications of poly-γ-glutamic acid. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00280-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a biopolymer of microbial origin, consisting of repeating units of l-glutamic acid and/or D-glutamic acid. The biopolymer has found use in the fields of agriculture, food, wastewater, and medicine, owing to its non-toxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible properties. Due to its biodegradability, γ-PGA is being tipped to dislodge synthetic plastics in drug delivery application. High cost of production, relative to plastics, is however a clog in the wheel of achieving this.
Main body of abstract
This review looked at the production, nanoparticles fabrication, and drug delivery application of γ-PGA. γ-PGA production optimization by modifying the fermentation medium to tailor towards the production of desirable polymer at reduced cost and techniques for the formulation of γ-PGA nanoparticle as well as its characterization were discussed. This review also evaluated the application of γ-PGA and its nanoparticles in the delivery of drugs to action site. Characterization of γ-PGA and its nanoparticles is a crucial step towards determining the applicability of the biopolymer. γ-PGA has been used in the delivery of active agents to action sites.
Conclusion
This review highlights some of the efforts that have been made in the appraisal of γ-PGA and its nanoparticles for drug delivery. γ-PGA is a candidate for future extensive use in drug delivery.
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7
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Park SA, Bhatia SK, Park HA, Kim SY, Sudheer PDVN, Yang YH, Choi KY. Bacillus subtilis as a robust host for biochemical production utilizing biomass. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:827-848. [PMID: 33622141 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1888069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is regarded as a suitable host for biochemical production owing to its excellent growth and bioresource utilization characteristics. In addition, the distinct endogenous metabolic pathways and the suitability of the heterologous pathways have made B. subtilis a robust and promising host for producing biochemicals, such as: bioalcohols; bioorganic acids (lactic acids, α-ketoglutaric acid, and γ-aminobutyric acid); biopolymers (poly(γ-glutamic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), and polysaccharides and monosaccharides (N-acetylglucosamine, xylooligosaccharides, and hyaluronic acid)); and bioflocculants. Also for producing oligopeptides and functional peptides, owing to its efficient protein secretion system. Several metabolic and genetic engineering techniques, such as target gene overexpression and inactivation of bypass pathways, have led to the improvement in production titers and product selectivity. In this review article, recent progress in the utilization of robust B. subtilis-based host systems for biomass conversion and biochemical production has been highlighted, and the prospects of such host systems are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo A Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Application, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun A Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Seo Yeong Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | | | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Application, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Young Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
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8
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Motta Nascimento B, Nair NU. Characterization of a membrane enzymatic complex for heterologous production of poly-γ-glutamate in E. coli. Metab Eng Commun 2020; 11:e00144. [PMID: 32963960 PMCID: PMC7490850 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2020.e00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA) produced by many Bacillus species is a polymer with many distinct and desirable characteristics. However, the multi-subunit enzymatic complex responsible for its synthesis, PGA Synthetase (PGS), has not been well characterized yet, in native nor in recombinant contexts. Elucidating structural and functional properties are crucial for future engineering efforts aimed at altering the catalytic properties of this enzyme. This study focuses on expressing the enzyme heterologously in the Escherichia coli membrane and characterizing localization, orientation, and activity of this heterooligomeric enzyme complex. In E. coli, we were able to produce high molecular weight PGA polymers with minimal degradation at titers of approximately 13 mg/L in deep-well microtiter batch cultures. Using fusion proteins, we observed, for the first time, the association and orientation of the different subunits with the inner cell membrane. These results provide fundamental structural information on this poorly studied enzyme complex and will aid future fundamental studies and engineering efforts. Successfully expressed active poly-γ-glutamate synthetase (PGS) in E. coli. Confirmed PGS localization at inner membrane of E. coli. Elucidated topology of PGS components in E. coli membrane. Culture and expression in microplates might allow future screening of a high number of samples. Faster production of poly-γ-glutamate in E. coli supernatant compared to B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Motta Nascimento
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Nikhil U Nair
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
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9
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Poly-γ-glutamic acid production by Bacillus subtilis 168 using glucose as the sole carbon source: A metabolomic analysis. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 130:272-282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Muriel Mundo JL, Liu J, Tan Y, Zhou H, Zhang Z, McClements DJ. Characterization of electrostatic interactions and complex formation of ɣ-poly-glutamic acid (PGA) and ɛ-poly-l-lysine (PLL) in aqueous solutions. Food Res Int 2020; 128:108781. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Halmschlag B, Steurer X, Putri SP, Fukusaki E, Blank LM. Tailor-made poly-γ-glutamic acid production. Metab Eng 2019; 55:239-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Coherent Aspects of Multifaceted Eco-friendly Biopolymer - Polyglutamic Acid from the Microbes. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.13.2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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13
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Ratha P, Jhon DY. Factors increasing poly-γ-glutamic acid content of cheongguk-jang fermented by Bacillus subtilis 168. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 28:103-110. [PMID: 30815300 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0424-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cheongguk-jang is a Korean traditional food produced by natural fermentation of boiled soybean. In cheongguk-jang, bacilli are dominant bacteria and produce highly viscous poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), which improves human health functions. The purpose of this experiment was to find maximum production condition for the γ-PGA content during fermentation of cheongguk-jang with Bacillus subtilis 168. The most viscous cheongguk-jang was produced when soybean was cooked at 121 °C for 60 min in the presence of 50%(w/w) added water, followed by fermentation at 40 °C for 2 days. Additional conditions for maximum production of γ-PGA were the addition of 0.1%(w/w) FeCl3·6H2O, 3.0%(w/w) lactose and 3.0%(w/w) yeast extract as nutrients of inorganic salts, carbon source and nitrogen source, respectively. The three conditions did not show cumulative effect on the γ-PGA production and the addition of iron salt induced the most γ-PGA (0.97 ± 0.05%(w/w)), which corresponded to 2.7 times of the content in control cheongguk-jang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pov Ratha
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, 77, Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Young Jhon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, 77, Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
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14
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Purification of extra cellular poly-γ-glutamic acid as an antibacterial agent using anion exchange chromatography. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 113:142-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Lee JM, Kim JH, Kim KW, Lee BJ, Kim DG, Kim YO, Lee JH, Kong IS. Physicochemical properties, production, and biological functionality of poly-γ-d-glutamic acid with constant molecular weight from halotolerant Bacillus sp. SJ-10. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 108:598-607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Selection of an Effective Indicator for Rapid Detection of Microorganisms Producing γ-Polyglutamic Acid and Its Biosynthesis Under Submerged Fermentation Conditions Using Bacillus methylotrophicus. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 185:270-288. [PMID: 29134509 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Microbial production of poly-γ-glutamic acid. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:173. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2338-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Seo BJ, Lee JH, Kang IJ, Shabir N, Khatun A, Yang MS, Park C, Kim B, Kim WI. Effects of high molecular weight poly-γ-glutamic acid on PIGS with porcine preproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/acve-2017-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis sups. chungkookjang produces a higher molecular mass poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA). Recently, previous studies have demonstrated immune stimulation and an antitumor effect of the high molecular mass γ-PGA using various mouse models although these effects have not been shown in other species of animals. Therefore, the current study was conducted to determine the effect of γ-PGA in pigs with and without PRRSV infection. PRRS-negative pigs were intramuscularly injected with 1, 3, or 5 ml of 20 mg/mll γ-PGA, and one group of pigs served as a non-treatment (NT) group. All groups treated with γ-PGA had significantly higher weight gains, and pigs treated with 5 ml of γ-PGA exhibited higher tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-α and IFN-β expression levels compared with the NT group. According to the preliminary results, an animal challenge study was conducted with a highly virulent PRRSV strain, MN184, along with γ-PGA treatment at different time points. Pigs treated with γ-PGA had lower levels of viral loads in the sera and in lungs and gained significantly more weight (p<0.05) compared with the NT group after being challenged with MN184. Moreover, γ-PGA-treatment groups had higher levels of neutralizing antibodies and cytokines related to proinflammatory, humoral and cell-mediated responses than the control group after the PRRSV challenge. Therefore, it was concluded that γ-PGA induces higher levels of immune responses and increases resistance to PRRSV infection in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Joo Seo
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Chonbuk National University , Iksan 54596 , Korea (Republic of)
| | - Jee-Hoon Lee
- Corporate Research and Development Center , Dong Bang Co., Ltd , Suwon 16679 , Korea (Republic of)
| | - Ick-Jae Kang
- Corporate Research and Development Center , Dong Bang Co., Ltd , Suwon 16679 , Korea (Republic of)
| | - Nadeem Shabir
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Chonbuk National University , Iksan 54596 , Korea (Republic of)
| | - Amina Khatun
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Chonbuk National University , Iksan 54596 , Korea (Republic of)
| | - Myeon-Sik Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Chonbuk National University , Iksan 54596 , Korea (Republic of)
| | - Chul Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Chonbuk National University , Iksan 54596 , Korea (Republic of)
| | - Bumseok Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Chonbuk National University , Iksan 54596 , Korea (Republic of)
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Chonbuk National University , Iksan 54596 , Korea (Republic of)
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19
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Tamang JP, Watanabe K, Holzapfel WH. Review: Diversity of Microorganisms in Global Fermented Foods and Beverages. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:377. [PMID: 27047484 PMCID: PMC4805592 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Culturalable and non-culturable microorganisms naturally ferment majority of global fermented foods and beverages. Traditional food fermentation represents an extremely valuable cultural heritage in most regions, and harbors a huge genetic potential of valuable but hitherto undiscovered strains. Holistic approaches for identification and complete profiling of both culturalable and non-culturable microorganisms in global fermented foods are of interest to food microbiologists. The application of culture-independent technique has thrown new light on the diversity of a number of hitherto unknown and non-cultural microorganisms in naturally fermented foods. Functional bacterial groups ("phylotypes") may be reflected by their mRNA expression in a particular substrate and not by mere DNA-level detection. An attempt has been made to review the microbiology of some fermented foods and alcoholic beverages of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti P. Tamang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim UniversityTadong, India
| | - Koichi Watanabe
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Wilhelm H. Holzapfel
- Advance Green Energy and Environment Institute, Handong Global UniversityPohang-si, South Korea
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Cooperative adsorption of critical metal ions using archaeal poly-γ-glutamate. Biometals 2016; 29:527-34. [PMID: 27013333 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-016-9928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Antimony, beryllium, chromium, cobalt (Co), gallium (Ga), germanium, indium (In), lithium, niobium, tantalum, the platinoids, the rare-earth elements (including dysprosium, Dy), and tungsten are generally regarded to be critical (rare) metals, and the ions of some of these metals are stabilized in acidic solutions. We examined the adsorption capacities of three water-soluble functional polymers, namely archaeal poly-γ-glutamate (L-PGA), polyacrylate (PAC), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), for six valuable metal ions (Co(2+), Ni(2+), Mn(2+), Ga(3+), In(3+), and Dy(3+)). All three polymers showed apparently little or no capacity for divalent cations, whereas L-PGA and PAC showed the potential to adsorb trivalent cations, implying the beneficial valence-dependent selectivity of anionic polyelectrolytes with multiple carboxylates for metal ions. PVA did not adsorb metal ions, indicating that the crucial role played by carboxyl groups in the adsorption of crucial metal ions cannot be replaced by hydroxyl groups under the conditions. In addition, equilibrium studies using the non-ideal competitive adsorption model indicated that the potential for L-PGA to be used for the removal (or collection) of water-soluble critical metal ions (e.g., Ga(3+), In(3+), and Dy(3+)) was far superior to that of any other industrially-versatile PAC materials.
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Luo Z, Guo Y, Liu J, Qiu H, Zhao M, Zou W, Li S. Microbial synthesis of poly-γ-glutamic acid: current progress, challenges, and future perspectives. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:134. [PMID: 27366207 PMCID: PMC4928254 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0537-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a naturally occurring biopolymer made from repeating units of l-glutamic acid, d-glutamic acid, or both. Since some bacteria are capable of vigorous γ-PGA biosynthesis from renewable biomass, γ-PGA is considered a promising bio-based chemical and is already widely used in the food, medical, and wastewater industries due to its biodegradable, non-toxic, and non-immunogenic properties. In this review, we consider the properties, biosynthetic pathway, production strategies, and applications of γ-PGA. Microbial biosynthesis of γ-PGA and the molecular mechanisms regulating production are covered in particular detail. Genetic engineering and optimization of the growth medium, process control, and downstream processing have proved to be effective strategies for lowering the cost of production, as well as manipulating the molecular mass and conformational/enantiomeric properties that facilitate screening of competitive γ-PGA producers. Finally, future prospects of microbial γ-PGA production are discussed in light of recent progress, challenges, and trends in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiting Luo
- />College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Yuan Guo
- />National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Jidong Liu
- />College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Hua Qiu
- />College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Mouming Zhao
- />College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Wei Zou
- />College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, 643000 Sichuan China
| | - Shubo Li
- />College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 China
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Ogunleye A, Bhat A, Irorere VU, Hill D, Williams C, Radecka I. Poly-γ-glutamic acid: production, properties and applications. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 161:1-17. [PMID: 25288645 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.081448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a naturally occurring biopolymer made up of repeating units of l-glutamic acid, d-glutamic acid or both. γ-PGA can exhibit different properties (conformational states, enantiomeric properties and molecular mass). Owing to its biodegradable, non-toxic and non-immunogenic properties, it has been used successfully in the food, medical and wastewater industries. Amongst other novel applications, it has the potential to be used for protein crystallization, as a soft tissue adhesive and a non-viral vector for safe gene delivery. This review focuses on the production, properties and applications of γ-PGA. Each application of γ-PGA utilizes specific properties attributed to various forms of γ-PGA. As a result of its growing applications, more strains of bacteria need to be investigated for γ-PGA production to obtain high yields of γ-PGA with different properties. Many medical applications (especially drug delivery) have exploited α-PGA. As γ-PGA is essentially different from α-PGA (i.e. it does not involve a chemical modification step and is not susceptible to proteases), it could be better utilized for such medical applications. Optimization of γ-PGA with respect to cost of production, molecular mass and conformational/enantiomeric properties is a major step in making its application practical. Analyses of γ-PGA production and knowledge of the enzymes and genes involved in γ-PGA production will not only help increase productivity whilst reducing the cost of production, but also help to understand the mechanism by which γ-PGA is effective in numerous applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adetoro Ogunleye
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Aditya Bhat
- Aber Instruments, Science Park, Aberystwyth SY23 3AH, UK
| | - Victor U Irorere
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - David Hill
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Craig Williams
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Iza Radecka
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
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Ju WT, Song YS, Jung WJ, Park RD. Enhanced production of poly-γ-glutamic acid by a newly-isolated Bacillus subtilis. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:2319-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1613-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Ashiuchi M. Microbial production and chemical transformation of poly-γ-glutamate. Microb Biotechnol 2013; 6:664-74. [PMID: 23855427 PMCID: PMC3815933 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamate (PGA), a novel polyamide material with industrial applications, possesses a nylon-like backbone, is structurally similar to polyacrylic acid, is biodegradable and is safe for human consumption. PGA is frequently found in the mucilage of natto, a Japanese traditional fermented food. To date, three different types of PGA, namely a homo polymer of D-glutamate (D-PGA), a homo polymer of L-glutamate (L-PGA), and a random copolymer consisting of D- and L-glutamate (DL-PGA), are known. This review will detail the occurrence and physiology of PGA. The proposed reaction mechanism of PGA synthesis including its localization and the structure of the involved enzyme, PGA synthetase, are described. The occurrence of multiple carboxyl residues in PGA likely plays a role in its relative unsuitability for the development of bio-nylon plastics and thus, establishment of an efficient PGA-reforming strategy is of great importance. Aside from the potential applications of PGA proposed to date, a new technique for chemical transformation of PGA is also discussed. Finally, some techniques for PGA and its derivatives in advanced material technology are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ashiuchi
- Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan
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LIM SUMIN, SHIM JAEYONG, OH SEJONG, RHEE MINSUK, SUNG MOONHEE, IMM JEEYOUNG. Effects of poly-γ-glutamic acid on the physicochemical characteristics of skim milk yoghurt. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.2012.00836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Pereira CL, Antunes JC, Gonçalves RM, Ferreira-da-Silva F, Barbosa MA. Biosynthesis of highly pure poly-γ-glutamic acid for biomedical applications. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2012; 23:1583-1591. [PMID: 22532096 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-012-4639-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The remarkable properties of poly-aminoacids, mainly their biocompatibility and biodegradability, have prompted an increasing interest in these polymers for biomedical applications. Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is one of the most interesting poly-aminoacids with potential applications as a biomaterial. Here we describe the production and characterization of γ-PGA by Bacillus subtilis natto. The γ-PGA was produced with low molecular weight (10-50 kDa), high purity grade (>99 %) and a D: -/L: -glutamate ratio of 50-60/50-40 %. To evaluate the feasibility of using this γ-PGA as a biomaterial, chitosan (Ch)/γ-PGA nanoparticles were prepared by the coacervation method at pH ranging from 3.0 to 5.0, with dimensions in the interval 214-221 nm with a poly-dispersion index of ca. 0.2. The high purity of γ-PGA produced by this method, which is firstly described here, renders this biopolymer suitable for biomedical applications. Moreover, the Ch/γ-PGA nanocomplexes developed in this investigation can be combined with biologically active substances for their delivery in the organism. The fact that the assembly between Ch and γ-PGA relies on electrostatic interactions enables addition of other molecules that can be released into the medium through changes from acidic to physiological pH, without loss in biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Leite Pereira
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal.
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Ashiuchi M. Analytical approaches to poly-γ-glutamate: Quantification, molecular size determination, and stereochemistry investigation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3096-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bajaj I, Singhal R. Poly (glutamic acid)--an emerging biopolymer of commercial interest. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:5551-61. [PMID: 21377358 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Poly (γ-glutamic acid) (PGA) is water-soluble, anionic, biodegradable, and edible biopolymer produced by Bacillus subtilis. It has multifarious potential applications in foods, pharmaceuticals, healthcare, water treatment and other fields. The production of PGA has already been established on the industrial scale. Various studies regarding the fermentative production, downstream processing and characterization of PGA have been reported in the literature. This review provides updated information on fermentative production of PGA by various bacterial strains and effect of fermentation conditions and media component on production of PGA in submerged as well as solid state fermentation. Information on the application of genetic engineering for enhancement of yield of PGA, kinetic studies for production of PGA in submerged fermentation and recovery and purification of PGA is included. An attempt has also been made to review the current and potential applications of PGA. This review may contribute to further development of this commercially and academically interesting biopolymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Bajaj
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400 019, India
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Li FJ, Cheng YQ, Yin LJ, Liu HJ, Li LT. Application of Electrolyzed Water to Improve Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Fermented Soybeans Started withBacillus SubtilisB1. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10942910903147973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lin YH, Lin JH, Peng SF, Yeh CL, Chen WC, Chang TL, Liu MJ, Lai CH. Multifunctional gentamicin supplementation of poly(γ-glutamic acid)-based hydrogels for wound dressing application. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Yamasaki D, Minouchi Y, Ashiuchi M. Extremolyte-like applicability of an archaeal exopolymer, poly-gamma-L-glutamate. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2010; 31:1129-1134. [PMID: 20718295 DOI: 10.1080/09593331003592279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
An extremely halophilic archaeon Natrialba aegyptiaca produces extracellular poly-gamma-glutamate (PGA), in which only L-glutamate is polymerized via gamma-amide linkages. We examined the extremolyte-like applicability of archaeal PGA and found the ameliorating effects of L-PGA on the resistibility to freeze-thawing and proteolysis, thermostability, and alkalotolerance of a model enzyme, labile DNA ligase. For example, the coexistence of low (e.g. 0.01 mg mL(-1)) and high (e.g. 0.1 mg mL(-1)) concentrations of L-PGA with an average molecular mass of 1000 kDa increased the midpoint of thermal inactivation of DNA ligase by about 15 degrees C and 18 degrees C, respectively, and the model enzyme further remained active even under extremely alkaline conditions of pH 11.4 in the presence of the high concentration of L-PGA. This is the first characterization of the stereo-regular PGA molecules as atypical extremolytes. L-PGA from extremophiles has great potential as a bio-based protectant (or stabilizer) with industrial versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
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Poo H, Park C, Kwak MS, Choi DY, Hong SP, Lee IH, Lim Y, Choi Y, Bae SR, Uyama H, Kim CJ, Sung MH. New Biological Functions and Applications of High-Molecular-Mass Poly-γ-glutamic Acid. Chem Biodivers 2010; 7:1555-62. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kamei T, Yamashiro D, Horiuchii T, Minouchi Y, Ashiuchi M. Identification and Biochemical Characterization of Membranous Short-Chain Polyglutamate from Bacillus subtilis. Chem Biodivers 2010; 7:1563-72. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Buescher JM, Margaritis A. Microbial Biosynthesis of Polyglutamic Acid Biopolymer and Applications in the Biopharmaceutical, Biomedical and Food Industries. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2008; 27:1-19. [PMID: 17364686 DOI: 10.1080/07388550601166458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This review article provides an updated critical literature review on the production and applications of Polyglutamic Acid (PGA). alpha-PGA is synthesized chemically, whereas gamma-PGA can be produced by a number of microbial species, most prominently various Bacilli. Great insight into the microbial formation of gamma-PGA has been gained thanks to the development of molecular biological techniques. Moreover, there is a great variety of applications for both isoforms of PGA, many of which have not been discovered until recently. These applications include: wastewater treatment, food products, drug delivery, medical adhesives, vaccines, PGA nanoparticles for on-site drug release in cancer chemotherapy, and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg M Buescher
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Karmaker S, Saha TK. Chelation of Vanadium(IV) by a Natural and Edible Biopolymer Poly(γ-glutamic acid) in Aqueous Solution: Structure and Binding Constant of Complex. Macromol Biosci 2008; 8:171-6. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200700121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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38
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Chung L, Chung SJ. Cross-cultural comparisons among the sensory characteristics of fermented soybean using Korean and Japanese descriptive analysis panels. J Food Sci 2007; 72:S676-88. [PMID: 18034753 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00542.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
One of the most important initial steps in exporting a food product to another country from the R&D perspective is to describe and translate the sensory characteristics of a food product appropriately into the language of the target country. The objectives of this study were to describe and compare the sensory characteristics of Korean and Japanese style fermented soybean products, and to cross-culturally compare the lexicons of the identical product generated by the Korean and Japanese panelists. Four types of Korean and 4 types of Japanese style fermented soybean consisting of whole bean type and paste type were analyzed. Ten Korean and 9 Japanese panelists were recruited in Korea. Two separate descriptive analyses were conducted, with the panelists differing in their country of origin. Each group was trained, developed lexicon, and conducted descriptive analysis independently. Analysis of variance and various multivariate analyses were applied to delineate the sensory characteristics of the samples and to compare the cross-cultural differences in the usage of lexicon. The Korean and Japanese panelists generated 48 and 36 sensory attributes, respectively. Cross-cultural consensus was shown for evaluating the whole bean type fermented soybean and white miso, which were relatively distinctive samples. However, for the less distinctive samples, the panelists tend to rate higher in negative attributes for the fermented soybeans that originated from the other country. The Japanese panelists grouped the samples by their country of origin and soy sauce flavor was the main attribute for cross-cultural differentiation. However, the Korean panelists did not make a cross-cultural distinction among the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chung
- L. Chung is with Dept. of Food and Nutrition, Inha Univ., Nam-gu, Yonghyun-dong 253, Incheon 402-751, South Korea
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Shimizu K, Nakamura H, Ashiuchi M. Salt-inducible bionylon polymer from Bacillus megaterium. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:2378-9. [PMID: 17293523 PMCID: PMC1855635 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02686-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-gamma-glutamate (PGA) is a chiral polyamide material that possesses a nylon-like backbone, a bionylon polymer. We examined the PGA productivity of Bacillus megaterium and found NaCl-responsive PGA production in the bacterium. In the system of B. megaterium, salt would be significant in controlling the yield, molecular size, and stereochemistry of bionylon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Shimizu
- Department of Bioresources Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
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Sung MH, Park C, Kim CJ, Poo H, Soda K, Ashiuchi M. Natural and edible biopolymer poly-gamma-glutamic acid: synthesis, production, and applications. CHEM REC 2006; 5:352-66. [PMID: 16278834 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.20061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Poly-gamma-glutamic acid (gamma-PGA) is a very promising biodegradable polymer that is produced by Bacillus subtilis. Gamma-PGA is water-soluble, anionic, biodegradable, and edible. This paper reviews the production of a strain of gamma-PGA and recent developments with respect to applications in terms of Ca absorption, moisturizing properties, gamma-PGA conjugation, super absorbent polymer, and so on. Our recent research shows that gamma-PGA can be used as an immune-stimulating and anti-tumor agent, especially at high molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Hee Sung
- Department of Bio & Nanochemistry, Kookmin University, 861-1 Chongnung-dong, Songbuk-gu, Seoul 136-702, Korea.
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Ashiuchi M, Nakamura H, Yamamoto M, Misono H. Novel poly-γ-glutamate-processing enzyme catalyzing γ-glutamyl DD-amidohydrolysis. J Biosci Bioeng 2006; 102:60-5. [PMID: 16952838 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.102.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The pgdS gene product of Bacillus subtilis, PgdS, cleaves poly-gamma-glutamate (PGA) in an endo-peptidase-like fashion. However, its catalytic property remains obscure. In this study, a simple assay for the PgdS enzyme using 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene was developed, and some characteristics of PgdS, such as optimal pH, were examined. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by a thiol-modifying reagent, suggesting that it possesses essential cysteine residue(s) in catalysis. PgdS exhibited a high affinity to PGA that consisted mainly of D-glutamate residues, but no affinity to PGA composed only of L-glutamate residues (L-PGA). The enzyme processed DL-copolymer-type PGA (DL-PGA) with an average molecular mass of 1,000 kDa to a high-molecular-mass L-glutamate-rich fragment (average 200 kDa), the L-rich PGA fragment, and low-molecular-mass fragment composed mostly of D-glutamate residues (average 5 kDa), D-fragment. To deepen our understanding of the catalytic property of the PgdS enzyme, we analyzed the structures of the N- and C-terminal regions and found that D-glutamyl residues successively lie even at both ends of the L-rich PGA fragment. Our observations indicate that PgdS is a novel endo-peptidase that specifically cleaves the gamma-amide linkage between two D-glutamate residues in PGA, i.e., gamma-glutamyl DD-amidohydrolase. The enzyme is possibly useful in the biochemical processing of B. subtilis DL-PGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ashiuchi
- Department of Bioresources Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan.
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