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Zhu J, Wang X, Zhao J, Ji F, Zeng J, Wei Y, Xu L, Dong G, Ma X, Wang C. Genomic characterization and related functional genes of γ- poly glutamic acid producing Bacillus subtilis. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:125. [PMID: 38622505 PMCID: PMC11017564 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
γ- poly glutamic acid (γ-PGA), a high molecular weight polymer, is synthesized by microorganisms and secreted into the extracellular space. Due to its excellent performance, γ-PGA has been widely used in various fields, including food, biomedical and environmental fields. In this study, we screened natto samples for two strains of Bacillus subtilis N3378-2at and N3378-3At that produce γ-PGA. We then identified the γ-PGA synthetase gene cluster (PgsB, PgsC, PgsA, YwtC and PgdS), glutamate racemase RacE, phage-derived γ-PGA hydrolase (PghB and PghC) and exo-γ-glutamyl peptidase (GGT) from the genome of these strains. Based on these γ-PGA-related protein sequences from isolated Bacillus subtilis and 181 B. subtilis obtained from GenBank, we carried out genotyping analysis and classified them into types 1-5. Since we found B. amyloliquefaciens LL3 can produce γ-PGA, we obtained the B. velezensis and B. amyloliquefaciens strains from GenBank and classified them into types 6 and 7 based on LL3. Finally, we constructed evolutionary trees for these protein sequences. This study analyzed the distribution of γ-PGA-related protein sequences in the genomes of B. subtilis, B. velezensis and B. amyloliquefaciens strains, then the evolutionary diversity of these protein sequences was analyzed, which provided novel information for the development and utilization of γ-PGA-producing strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayue Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Guangdong key Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Jianan Zhao
- Guangdong key Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Fang Ji
- Guangdong key Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Jun Zeng
- Guangdong key Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Yanwen Wei
- Guangdong key Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - LiLi Xu
- Union Biology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201100, China
| | - Guoying Dong
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xingyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Chengmin Wang
- Guangdong key Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510260, China.
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Zeng W, Liu Y, Shu L, Guo Y, Wang L, Liang Z. Production of ultra-high-molecular-weight poly-γ-glutamic acid by a newly isolated Bacillus subtilis strain and genomic and transcriptomic analyses. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300614. [PMID: 38581093 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a microbial-derived polymer with molecular weight (Mw) from 104 to 107 Da, and the high-Mw (> 7.0 × 105 Da) or ultra-high-Mw (> 5.0 × 106 Da) γ-PGA has important application value as a tissue engineering material, as a flocculant, and as a heavy metal remover. Therefore, how to produce these high-Mw γ-PGAs with low cost and high efficiency has attracted wide attention. In this study, a γ-PGA producer was isolated from the natural environment, and identified and named Bacillus subtilis GXD-20. Then, the ultra-high-Mw (> 6.0 × 106 Da) γ-PGA produced by GXD-20 was characterized. Interestingly, GXD-20 could produce γ-PGA at 42°C, and exhibited a γ-PGA titer of up to 22.29 ± 0.59 g L-1 in a 5-L fermenter after optimization of the fermentation process. Comparative genomic analysis indicated that the specific protein sequence and subcellular localization of PgdS (a γ-PGA-degrading enzyme) were closely related to the ultra-high-Mw of γ-PGA. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the high γ-PGA titer at 42°C was mainly related to the high expression of genes encoding enzymes for sucrose transportation and utilization, nitrogen transportation, endogenous glutamate synthesis, and γ-PGA synthesis. These results provide new insights into the production of ultra-high-Mw γ-PGA by Bacillus at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Guilin Medical University), Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, School of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Lin Shu
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Guilin Medical University), Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, School of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Yin Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Linye Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhiqun Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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3
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Xu G, Wang J, Shen J, Zhu Y, Liu W, Chen Y, Zha J, Zhang X, Zhang X, Shi J, Koffas MAG, Xu Z. Enhanced poly-γ-glutamic acid synthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum by reconstituting PgsBCA complex and fermentation optimization. Metab Eng 2024; 81:238-248. [PMID: 38160746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Previously, a novel Corynebacterium glutamicum strain for the de novo biosynthesis of tailored poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) has been constructed by our group. The strain was based on the γ-PGA synthetase complex, PgsBCA, which is the only polyprotein complex responsible for γ-PGA synthesis in Bacillus spp. In the present study, PgsBCA was reconstituted and overexpressed in C. glutamicum to further enhance γ-PGA synthesis. First, we confirmed that all the components (PgsB, PgsC, and PgsA) of γ-PGA synthetase derived from B. licheniformis are necessary for γ-PGA synthesis, and γ-PGA was detected only when PgsB, PgsC, and PgsA were expressed in combination in C. glutamicum. Next, the expression level of each pgsB, pgsC, and pgsA was tuned in order to explore the effect of expression of each of the γ-PGA synthetase subunits on γ-PGA production. Results showed that increasing the transcription levels of pgsB or pgsC and maintaining a medium-level transcription level of pgsA led to 35.44% and 76.53% increase in γ-PGA yield (γ-PGA yield-to-biomass), respectively. Notably, the expression level of pgsC had the greatest influence (accounting for 68.24%) on γ-PGA synthesis, followed by pgsB. Next, genes encoding for PgsC from four different sources (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus methylotrophicus, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) were tested in order to identify the influence of PgsC-encoding orthologues on γ-PGA production, but results showed that in all cases the synthesis of γ-PGA was significantly inhibited. Similarly, we also explored the influence of gene orthologues encoding for PgsB on γ-PGA production, and found that the titer increased to 17.14 ± 0.62 g/L from 8.24 ± 0.10 g/L when PgsB derived from B. methylotrophicus replaced PgsB alone in PgsBCA from B. licheniformis. The resulting strain was chosen for further optimization, and we achieved a γ-PGA titer of 38.26 g/L in a 5 L fermentor by optimizing dissolved oxygen level. Subsequently, by supplementing glucose, γ-PGA titer increased to 50.2 g/L at 48 h. To the best of our knowledge, this study achieved the highest titer for de novo production of γ-PGA from glucose, without addition of L-glutamic acid, resulting in a novel strategy for enhancing γ-PGA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Jiyue Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jiancheng Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Yaxin Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wanjing Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Yuhang Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Jian Zha
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jinsong Shi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Mattheos A G Koffas
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - Zhenghong Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China.
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Golubev DS, Komkov DS, Shepelev MV, Mazurov DV, Kruglova NA. Efficient Editing of the CXCR4 Locus Using Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein Complexes Stabilized with Polyglutamic Acid. Dokl Biol Sci 2023; 513:S28-S32. [PMID: 38190037 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496623700862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Gene editing using the CRISPR/Cas9 system provides new opportunities to treat human diseases. Approaches aimed at increasing the efficiency of genome editing are therefore important to develop. To increase the level of editing of the CXCR4 locus, which is a target for gene therapy of HIV infection, the Cas9 protein was modified by introducing additional NLS signals and ribonucleoprotein complexes of Cas9 and guide RNA were stabilized with poly-L-glutamic acid. The approach allowed a 1.8-fold increase in the level of CXCR4 knockout in the CEM/R5 T cell line and a 2-fold increase in the level of knock-in of the HIV-1 fusion peptide inhibitor MT-C34 in primary CD4+ T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Golubev
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - D S Komkov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'erSheva, Israel
| | - M V Shepelev
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - D V Mazurov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - N A Kruglova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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5
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Wei X, Chen Z, Liu A, Yang L, Xu Y, Cao M, He N. Advanced strategies for metabolic engineering of Bacillus to produce extracellular polymeric substances. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108199. [PMID: 37330153 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular polymeric substances are mainly synthesized via a variety of biosynthetic pathways in bacteria. Bacilli-sourced extracellular polymeric substances, such as exopolysaccharides (EPS) and poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), can serve as active ingredients and hydrogels, and have other important industrial applications. However, the functional diversity and widespread applications of these extracellular polymeric substances, are hampered by their low yields and high costs. Biosynthesis of extracellular polymeric substances is very complex in Bacillus, and there is no detailed elucidation of the reactions and regulations among various metabolic pathways. Therefore, a better understanding of the metabolic mechanisms is required to broaden the functions and increase the yield of extracellular polymeric substances. This review systematically summarizes the biosynthesis and metabolic mechanisms of extracellular polymeric substances in Bacillus, providing an in-depth understanding of the relationships between EPS and γ-PGA synthesis. This review provides a better clarification of Bacillus metabolic mechanisms during extracellular polymeric substance secretion and thus benefits their application and commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China.
| | - Ailing Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lijie Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yiyuan Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Mingfeng Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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Bai N, He Y, Zhang H, Zheng X, Zeng R, Li Y, Li S, Lv W. γ-Polyglutamic Acid Production, Biocontrol, and Stress Tolerance: Multifunction of Bacillus subtilis A-5 and the Complete Genome Analysis. IJERPH 2022; 19:ijerph19137630. [PMID: 35805288 PMCID: PMC9265942 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis A-5 has the capabilities of high-molecular-weight γ-PGA production, antagonism to plant pathogenic fungi, and salt/alkaline tolerance. This multifunctional bacterium has great potential for enhancing soil fertility and plant security in agricultural ecosystem. The genome size of B. subtilis A-5 was 4,190,775 bp, containing 1 Chr and 2 plasmids (pA and pB) with 43.37% guanine-cytosine content and 4605 coding sequences. The γ-PGA synthase gene cluster was predicted to consist of pgsBCA and factor (pgsE). The γ-PGA-degrading enzymes were mainly pgdS, GGT, and cwlO. Nine gene clusters producing secondary metabolite substances, namely, four unknown function gene clusters and five antibiotic synthesis gene clusters (surfactin, fengycin, bacillibactin, subtilosin_A, and bacilysin), were predicted in the genome of B. subtilis A-5 using antiSMASH. In addition, B. subtilis A-5 contained genes related to carbohydrate and protein decomposition, proline synthesis, pyruvate kinase, and stress-resistant proteins. This affords significant insights into the survival and application of B. subtilis A-5 in adverse agricultural environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naling Bai
- Eco-Environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (N.B.); (Y.H.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (R.Z.)
| | - Yu He
- Eco-Environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (N.B.); (Y.H.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (R.Z.)
| | - Hanlin Zhang
- Eco-Environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (N.B.); (Y.H.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (R.Z.)
| | - Xianqing Zheng
- Eco-Environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (N.B.); (Y.H.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (R.Z.)
| | - Rong Zeng
- Eco-Environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (N.B.); (Y.H.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (R.Z.)
| | - Yi Li
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China;
| | - Shuangxi Li
- Eco-Environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (N.B.); (Y.H.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (R.Z.)
- Agricultural Environment and Farmland Conservation Experiment Station, Ministry Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 201403, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 201403, China
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Weiguang Lv
- Eco-Environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (N.B.); (Y.H.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (R.Z.)
- Agricultural Environment and Farmland Conservation Experiment Station, Ministry Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 201403, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Horticultural Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (W.L.)
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Xu G, Zha J, Cheng H, Ibrahim MHA, Yang F, Dalton H, Cao R, Zhu Y, Fang J, Chi K, Zheng P, Zhang X, Shi J, Xu Z, Gross RA, Koffas MAG. Engineering Corynebacterium glutamicum for the de novo biosynthesis of tailored poly-γ-glutamic acid. Metab Eng 2019; 56:39-49. [PMID: 31449877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
γ-Polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a biodegradable polymer naturally produced by Bacillus spp. that has wide applications. Fermentation of γ-PGA using Bacillus species often requires the supplementation of L-glutamic acid, which greatly increases the overall cost. Here, we report a metabolically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum capable of producing γ-PGA from glucose. The genes encoding γ-PGA synthase complex from B. subtilis (pgsB, C, and A) or B. licheniformis (capB, C, and A) were expressed under inducible promoter Ptac in a L-glutamic acid producer C. glutamicum ATCC 13032, which led to low levels of γ-PGA production. Subsequently, C. glutamicum F343 with a strong L-glutamic acid production capability was tested. C. glutamicum F343 carrying capBCA produced γ-PGA up to 11.4 g/L, showing a higher titer compared with C. glutamicum F343 expressing pgsBCA. By introducing B. subtilis glutamate racemase gene racE under Ptac promoter mutants with different expression strength, the percentage of L-glutamic acid units in γ-PGA could be adjusted from 97.1% to 36.9%, and stayed constant during the fermentation process, while the γ-PGA titer reached 21.3 g/L under optimal initial glucose concentrations. The molecular weight (Mw) of γ-PGA in the engineered strains ranged from 2000 to 4000 kDa. This work provides a foundation for the development of sustainable and cost-effective de novo production of γ-PGA from glucose with customized ratios of L-glutamic acid in C. glutamicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, United States; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jian Zha
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, United States
| | - Hui Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Mohammad H A Ibrahim
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, United States; Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Al-Bohoos St., Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Fan Yang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, United States
| | - Hunter Dalton
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, United States
| | - Rong Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yaxin Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jiahua Fang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Kaijun Chi
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Pu Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jinsong Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Zhenghong Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Richard A Gross
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, United States; Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Al-Bohoos St., Cairo, 12622, Egypt; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
| | - Mattheos A G Koffas
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, United States; Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Al-Bohoos St., Cairo, 12622, Egypt; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
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8
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Cai D, Chen Y, He P, Wang S, Mo F, Li X, Wang Q, Nomura CT, Wen Z, Ma X, Chen S. Enhanced production of poly-γ-glutamic acid by improving ATP supply in metabolically engineered Bacillus licheniformis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2541-2553. [PMID: 29940069 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is an important multifunctional biopolymer with various applications, for which adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply plays a vital role in biosynthesis. In this study, the enhancement of γ-PGA production was attempted through various approaches of improving ATP supply in the engineered strains of Bacillus licheniformis. The first approach is to engineer respiration chain branches of B. licheniformis, elimination of cytochrome bd oxidase branch reduced the maintenance coefficient, leading to a 19.27% increase of γ-PGA yield. The second approach is to introduce Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHB) into recombinant B. licheniformis, led to a 13.32% increase of γ-PGA yield. In the third approach, the genes purB and adK in ATP-biosynthetic pathway were respectively overexpressed, with the AdK overexpressed strain increased γ-PGA yield by 14.69%. Our study also confirmed that the respiratory nitrate reductase, NarGHIJ, is responsible for the conversion of nitrate to nitrite, and assimilatory nitrate reductase NasBC is for conversion of nitrite to ammonia. Both NarGHIJ and NasBC were positively regulated by the two-component system ResD-ResE, and overexpression of NarG, NasC, and ResD also improved the ATP supply and the consequent γ-PGA yield. Based on the above individual methods, a method of combining the deletion of cydBC gene and overexpression of genes vgB, adK, and resD were used to enhance ATP content of the cells to 3.53 μmol/g of DCW, the mutant WX-BCVAR with this enhancement produced 43.81 g/L of γ-PGA, a 38.64% improvement compared to wild-type strain WX-02. Collectively, our results demonstrate that improving ATP content in B. licheniformis is an efficient strategy to improve γ-PGA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbo Cai
- Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaozhong Chen
- Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Penghui He
- Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiyi Wang
- Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Mo
- Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, School of food and biological engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Christopher T Nomura
- Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry (SUNY ESF), Iowa State University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Zhiyou Wen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Xin Ma
- Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shouwen Chen
- Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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9
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Posey AE, Ruff KM, Harmon TS, Crick SL, Li A, Diamond MI, Pappu RV. Profilin reduces aggregation and phase separation of huntingtin N-terminal fragments by preferentially binding to soluble monomers and oligomers. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:3734-3746. [PMID: 29358329 PMCID: PMC5846159 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntingtin N-terminal fragments (Htt-NTFs) with expanded polyglutamine tracts form a range of neurotoxic aggregates that are associated with Huntington's disease. Here, we show that aggregation of Htt-NTFs, irrespective of polyglutamine length, yields at least three phases (designated M, S, and F) that are delineated by sharp concentration thresholds and distinct aggregate sizes and morphologies. We found that monomers and oligomers make up the soluble M phase, ∼25-nm spheres dominate in the soluble S phase, and long, linear fibrils make up the insoluble F phase. Previous studies showed that profilin, an abundant cellular protein, reduces Htt-NTF aggregation and toxicity in cells. We confirm that profilin achieves its cellular effects through direct binding to the C-terminal proline-rich region of Htt-NTFs. We show that profilin preferentially binds to Htt-NTF M-phase species and destabilizes aggregation and phase separation by shifting the concentration boundaries for phase separation to higher values through a process known as polyphasic linkage. Our experiments, aided by coarse-grained computer simulations and theoretical analysis, suggest that preferential binding of profilin to the M-phase species of Htt-NTFs is enhanced through a combination of specific interactions between profilin and polyproline segments and auxiliary interactions between profilin and polyglutamine tracts. Polyphasic linkage may be a general strategy that cells utilize to regulate phase behavior of aggregation-prone proteins. Accordingly, detailed knowledge of phase behavior and an understanding of how ligands modulate phase boundaries may pave the way for developing new therapeutics against a variety of aggregation-prone proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammon E Posey
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biological Systems Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Kiersten M Ruff
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biological Systems Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Tyler S Harmon
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biological Systems Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Scott L Crick
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biological Systems Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Aimin Li
- the Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108
| | - Marc I Diamond
- the Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, and
| | - Rohit V Pappu
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biological Systems Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130,
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10
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Guo Q, Lehmer C, Martínez-Sánchez A, Rudack T, Beck F, Hartmann H, Pérez-Berlanga M, Frottin F, Hipp MS, Hartl FU, Edbauer D, Baumeister W, Fernández-Busnadiego R. In Situ Structure of Neuronal C9orf72 Poly-GA Aggregates Reveals Proteasome Recruitment. Cell 2018; 172:696-705.e12. [PMID: 29398115 PMCID: PMC6035389 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregation and dysfunction of the ubiquitin-proteasome system are hallmarks of many neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we address the elusive link between these phenomena by employing cryo-electron tomography to dissect the molecular architecture of protein aggregates within intact neurons at high resolution. We focus on the poly-Gly-Ala (poly-GA) aggregates resulting from aberrant translation of an expanded GGGGCC repeat in C9orf72, the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. We find that poly-GA aggregates consist of densely packed twisted ribbons that recruit numerous 26S proteasome complexes, while other macromolecules are largely excluded. Proximity to poly-GA ribbons stabilizes a transient substrate-processing conformation of the 26S proteasome, suggesting stalled degradation. Thus, poly-GA aggregates may compromise neuronal proteostasis by driving the accumulation and functional impairment of a large fraction of cellular proteasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Guo
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Carina Lehmer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Antonio Martínez-Sánchez
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Till Rudack
- Department of Biophysics, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany; NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Florian Beck
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hannelore Hartmann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Manuela Pérez-Berlanga
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Frédéric Frottin
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mark S Hipp
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 80336 Munich, Germany; Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - F Ulrich Hartl
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 80336 Munich, Germany; Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dieter Edbauer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 80336 Munich, Germany; Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Baumeister
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Rubén Fernández-Busnadiego
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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11
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Brahic M, Bousset L, Bieri G, Melki R, Gitler AD. Axonal transport and secretion of fibrillar forms of α-synuclein, Aβ42 peptide and HTTExon 1. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 131:539-48. [PMID: 26820848 PMCID: PMC4789229 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Accruing evidence suggests that prion-like behavior of fibrillar forms of α-synuclein, β-amyloid peptide and mutant huntingtin are responsible for the spread of the lesions that characterize Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease and Huntington disease, respectively. It is unknown whether these distinct protein assemblies are transported within and between neurons by similar or distinct mechanisms. It is also unclear if neuronal death or injury is required for neuron-to-neuron transfer. To address these questions, we used mouse primary cortical neurons grown in microfluidic devices to measure the amounts of α-synuclein, Aβ42 and HTTExon1 fibrils transported by axons in both directions (anterograde and retrograde), as well as to examine the mechanism of their release from axons after anterograde transport. We observed that the three fibrils were transported in both anterograde and retrograde directions but with strikingly different efficiencies. The amount of Aβ42 fibrils transported was ten times higher than that of the other two fibrils. HTTExon1 was efficiently transported in the retrograde direction but only marginally in the anterograde direction. Finally, using neurons from two distinct mutant mouse strains whose axons are highly resistant to neurodegeneration (WldS and Sarm1−/−), we found that the three different fibrils were secreted by axons after anterograde transport, in the absence of axonal lysis, indicating that trans-neuronal spread can occur in intact healthy neurons. In summary, fibrils of α-synuclein, Aβ42 and HTTExon1 are all transported in axons but in directions and amounts that are specific of each fibril. After anterograde transport, the three fibrils were secreted in the medium in the absence of axon lysis. Continuous secretion could play an important role in the spread of pathology between neurons but may be amenable to pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Brahic
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305-5120, USA.
| | - Luc Bousset
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gregor Bieri
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305-5120, USA
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ronald Melki
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Aaron D Gitler
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305-5120, USA
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12
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Kamada M, Hase S, Fujii K, Miyake M, Sato K, Kimura K, Sakakibara Y. Whole-Genome Sequencing and Comparative Genome Analysis of Bacillus subtilis Strains Isolated from Non-Salted Fermented Soybean Foods. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141369. [PMID: 26505996 PMCID: PMC4624242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is the main component in the fermentation of soybeans. To investigate the genetics of the soybean-fermenting B. subtilis strains and its relationship with the productivity of extracellular poly-γ-glutamic acid (γPGA), we sequenced the whole genome of eight B. subtilis stains isolated from non-salted fermented soybean foods in Southeast Asia. Assembled nucleotide sequences were compared with those of a natto (fermented soybean food) starter strain B. subtilis BEST195 and the laboratory standard strain B. subtilis 168 that is incapable of γPGA production. Detected variants were investigated in terms of insertion sequences, biotin synthesis, production of subtilisin NAT, and regulatory genes for γPGA synthesis, which were related to fermentation process. Comparing genome sequences, we found that the strains that produce γPGA have a deletion in a protein that constitutes the flagellar basal body, and this deletion was not found in the non-producing strains. We further identified diversity in variants of the bio operon, which is responsible for the biotin auxotrophism of the natto starter strains. Phylogenetic analysis using multilocus sequencing typing revealed that the B. subtilis strains isolated from the non-salted fermented soybeans were not clustered together, while the natto-fermenting strains were tightly clustered; this analysis also suggested that the strain isolated from "Tua Nao" of Thailand traces a different evolutionary process from other strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Kamada
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Sumitaka Hase
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kazushi Fujii
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Masato Miyake
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kengo Sato
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Keitarou Kimura
- Division of Applied Microbiology, National Food Research Institute, 2-1-12 12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Yasubumi Sakakibara
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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13
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Yong X, Zhang R, Zhang N, Chen Y, Huang X, Zhao J, Shen Q. Development of a specific real-time PCR assay targeting the poly-γ-glutamic acid synthesis gene, pgsB, for the quantification of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in solid-state fermentation. Bioresour Technol 2013; 129:477-484. [PMID: 23266849 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A TaqMan real-time PCR procedure was developed for specific detection and quantification of strains belonging to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens group. The primer pair pgsB726-f/pgsB791-r and the pgsB-probe were designed from one of the poly-γ-glutamic acid synthesis gene (pgsB) of B. amyloliquefaciens. The detection limit was approximately between 10(2)-10(3) cells/mL. A linear correlation between the log10 input pMD-pgsB plasmid DNA copies and the threshold cycle values were observed with a magnitude of linearity in the range of 9.415×10(3)-10(7) copies/mL for the standard curve, which exhibited a slope of -3.35 and an R2 value of 99.8%. Results of validation of this method with artificially contaminated and natural solid-state fermentation samples showed that it was suitable for specific and sensitive detection and quantification for the target strains in solid-state fermentation samples. This could be more useful to understand the fermentation starting strain and the final microbiological properties of fermentation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yong
- Agricultural Ministry Key Lab of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Jiangsu Key Lab and Engineering Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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14
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Buescher JM, Margaritis A. Microbial Biosynthesis of Polyglutamic Acid Biopolymer and Applications in the Biopharmaceutical, Biomedical and Food Industries. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2008; 27:1-19. [PMID: 17364686 DOI: 10.1080/07388550601166458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This review article provides an updated critical literature review on the production and applications of Polyglutamic Acid (PGA). alpha-PGA is synthesized chemically, whereas gamma-PGA can be produced by a number of microbial species, most prominently various Bacilli. Great insight into the microbial formation of gamma-PGA has been gained thanks to the development of molecular biological techniques. Moreover, there is a great variety of applications for both isoforms of PGA, many of which have not been discovered until recently. These applications include: wastewater treatment, food products, drug delivery, medical adhesives, vaccines, PGA nanoparticles for on-site drug release in cancer chemotherapy, and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg M Buescher
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Solans A, Zambrano A, Rodríguez M, Barrientos A. Cytotoxicity of a mutant huntingtin fragment in yeast involves early alterations in mitochondrial OXPHOS complexes II and III. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:3063-81. [PMID: 16968735 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction may play an important role in the pathogenic mechanism of Huntington's disease (HD). However, the exact mechanism by which mutated huntingtin could cause bioenergetic dysfunction is still unknown. We have constructed a stable inducible yeast model of HD by expressing a human huntingtin fragment containing a mutant polyglutamine tract of 103Q fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP), and a control expressing a wild-type 25Q domain fused to GFP in a wild-type strain. We showed that in yeast cells expressing 103Q, cell respiration was progressively reduced after 4-6 h of induction with galactose, down to 50% of the control after 10 h of induction. The cell respiration defect results from an alteration in the function and amount of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II+III, in congruency to data obtained from postmortem brain of HD patients and from toxin models. In our model, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is significantly enhanced in cells expressing 103Q. Quenching of ROS with resveratrol partially prevents the cell respiration defect. Mitochondrial morphology and distribution were also altered in cells expressing 103Q, probably resulting from the interaction of aggregates with portions of the mitochondrial web and from a progressive disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. We propose a mechanism for mitochondrial dysfunction in our yeast model of HD in which the interactions of misfolded/aggregated polyglutamine domains with the mitochondrial and actin networks lead to disturbances in mitochondrial distribution and function and to increase in ROS production. Oxidative damage could preferentially affect the stability and function of enzymes containing iron-sulfur clusters such as complexes II and III. Our yeast model represents a very useful paradigm to study mitochondrial physiology alterations in the pathogenic mechanism of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asun Solans
- Department of Neurology, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Center for Medical Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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16
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Inatsu Y, Nakamura N, Yuriko Y, Fushimi T, Watanasiritum L, Kawamoto S. Characterization of Bacillus subtilis strains in Thua nao, a traditional fermented soybean food in northern Thailand. Lett Appl Microbiol 2006; 43:237-42. [PMID: 16910925 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2006.01966.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To clarify the diversity of Bacillus subtilis strains in Thua nao that produce high concentrations of products useful in food manufacturing and in health-promoting compounds. METHOD AND RESULTS Production of amylase, protease, subtilisin NAT (nattokinase), and gamma-polyglutamic acid (PGA) by the Bacillus subtilis strains in Thua nao was measured. Productivity of protease NAT by these strains tended to be higher than by Japanese commercial natto-producing strains. Molecular diversity of isolated strains was analysed via randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR fingerprinting. The strains were divided into 19 types, including a type with the same pattern as a Japanese natto-producing strain. CONCLUSION B. subtilis strains that could be a resource for effective production of protease, amylase, subtilisin NAT, or PGA were evident in Thua nao produced in various regions in northern Thailand. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study clearly demonstrated the value of Thua nao as a potential resource of food-processing enzymes and health-promoting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Inatsu
- National Food Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan.
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17
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Wimer-Mackin S, Hinchcliffe M, Petrie CR, Warwood SJ, Tino WT, Williams MS, Stenz JP, Cheff A, Richardson C. An intranasal vaccine targeting both the Bacillus anthracis toxin and bacterium provides protection against aerosol spore challenge in rabbits. Vaccine 2006; 24:3953-63. [PMID: 16530302 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Revised: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An intranasal vaccine targeting the Bacillus anthracis toxin and vegetative bacterium was tested for the ability to protect immunized rabbits against aerosol B. anthracis spore exposure. Rabbits were vaccinated intranasally with PA-based vaccines formulated as dry powders with or without chitosan (ChiSys, Archimedes Development Limited), a compound that exhibits muco-adhesive properties, or as a liquid. Formulations also contained MPL adjuvant and PA. Some vaccines contained PA conjugated to a 10-mer peptide of the poly-d-glutamic acid capsule of B. anthracis. Rabbits were immunized on days 0 and 28 and aerosol challenged with an average 250LD50 Ames spores on day 85. Serum antibody was measured before and after challenge. Significant anti-PA serum IgG levels were obtained, particularly with use of ChiSys based formulations. PA-Conj induced significant anti-capsule responses, although a formulation containing free capsule peptide did not. All immunized rabbits survived the challenge, but differences in morbidity, as evidenced by anorexia, between vaccine groups were observed. Only rabbits immunized with PA+PA-Conj appeared normal throughout the post-challenge observation period (14 days), while all that received PA with the free capsule peptide appeared ill at times as evidenced by a failure to eat normally. One negative control rabbit received a lower inhaled spore dose (183LD50) and survived the challenge, although it was anorexic post-challenge. It also had a high level of anti-LF antibodies in its convalescent serum (5400 U/ml), indicating an extensive infection. In contrast, 75% of the immunized rabbits had no LF-specific antibody in their post-challenge sera, and the rest had low levels (< or = 138 U/ml), indicating that infections resulting in toxin production were avoided or greatly reduced. Thus, intranasal immunization with a chitosan-based powder vaccine combining PA and capsule epitopes provided superior protection against B. anthracis infection compared to a single antigen (PA) vaccine, as evidenced by a reduction in morbidity and prevention of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wimer-Mackin
- LigoCyte Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.
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18
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Candela T, Mock M, Fouet A. CapE, a 47-amino-acid peptide, is necessary for Bacillus anthracis polyglutamate capsule synthesis. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:7765-72. [PMID: 16267300 PMCID: PMC1280324 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.22.7765-7772.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Accepted: 08/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamate is found in various bacteria, but displays different functions depending on the species and their environment. Here, we describe a minimal polyglutamate synthesis system in Bacillus anthracis. In addition to the three genes previously described as sufficient for polyglutamate synthesis, this system includes a small open reading frame, capE, belonging to the cap operon. The polyglutamate system's requirement for the five cap genes, for capsulation and anchoring, was assayed in nonpolar mutants. The capA, capB, capC, and capE genes are all necessary and are sufficient for polyglutamate synthesis by B. anthracis. capD is required for polyglutamate anchoring to the peptidoglycan. The 47-amino-acid peptide encoded by capE is localized in the B. anthracis membrane. It is not a regulator and it is required for polyglutamate synthesis, suggesting that it has a structural role in polyglutamate synthesis. CapE appears to interact with CapA. Bacillus subtilis ywtC is similar to capE and we named it pgsE. Genes similar to capE or pgsE were found in B. subtilis natto, Bacillus licheniformis, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, species that produce polyglutamate. All the bacterial polyglutamate synthesis systems analyzed show a similar genetic organization and, we suggest, the same protein requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Candela
- Toxines et Pathogénie Bactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Tarui Y, Iida H, Ono E, Miki W, Hirasawa E, Fujita KI, Tanaka T, Taniguchi M. Biosynthesis of poly-gamma-glutamic acid in plants: transient expression of poly-gamma-glutamate synthetase complex in tobacco leaves. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 100:443-8. [PMID: 16310735 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.100.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Transient expression of genes coding for the poly-gamma-glutamate (gammaPGA) synthetase system (pgs) was investigated in tobacco plants. Three genes of the pgs, pgsA, pgsB and pgsC, were separately placed under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter and introduced into tobacco leaves via Agrobacterium infection. Synthesized gammaPGA in plant tissues was detected immunologically with mouse anti-gammaPGA antiserum which specifically reacts with gammaPGA on a nitrocellulose membrane. Confirmation of gammaPGA biosynthesis in the transient expression analysis in tobacco tissue indicates that subunits of pgs complex were expressed and reassembled in a functional form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Tarui
- Department of Biology and Geoscience, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
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20
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Sanbe A, Osinska H, Villa C, Gulick J, Klevitsky R, Glabe CG, Kayed R, Robbins J. Reversal of amyloid-induced heart disease in desmin-related cardiomyopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:13592-7. [PMID: 16155124 PMCID: PMC1224623 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503324102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid oligomers, similar to the toxic entities found in Alzheimer's disease patients and in other amyloid-based diseases, are present in cardiomyocytes derived from human heart-failure patients and in animal models of desmin-related cardiomyopathy (DRM). The R120G mutation in alpha-B-crystallin (CryAB) causes DRM and is characterized by aggresomes containing CryAB(R120G) and amyloid oligomer. In this study, we show that aggresome levels do not correlate with disease. Blocking aggresome formation results in increased levels of toxic amyloid oligomer and decreased cardiomyocyte viability. We confirmed the primary toxicity of intrasarcoplasmic amyloid accumulation in the cardiomyocytes by ectopic expression of the amyloidogenic peptide PQ81, which consists of multiple repeats of a polyglutamine tract. We then addressed the issue of disease reversibility by placing CryAB(R120G) under inducible cardiomyocyte-specific expression in transgenic mice. The mice developed aggresomes and contained high concentrations of amyloid oligomer in the heart, resulting in cardiac disease. Cessation of CryAB(R120G) expression in symptomatic mice improved cardiac function and rescued all of the animals from premature death. Rescue was accompanied by significant decreases in amyloid oligomer without a significant reduction in aggresomes. Blocking cardiac amyloid oligomer formation, even after cardiac dysfunction presents, may be a therapeutic strategy in DRM as well as in other types of cardiac disease in which significant amyloid accumulation occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Sanbe
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
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Janke C, Rogowski K, Wloga D, Regnard C, Kajava AV, Strub JM, Temurak N, van Dijk J, Boucher D, van Dorsselaer A, Suryavanshi S, Gaertig J, Eddé B. Tubulin polyglutamylase enzymes are members of the TTL domain protein family. Science 2005; 308:1758-62. [PMID: 15890843 DOI: 10.1126/science.1113010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polyglutamylation of tubulin has been implicated in several functions of microtubules, but the identification of the responsible enzyme(s) has been challenging. We found that the neuronal tubulin polyglutamylase is a protein complex containing a tubulin tyrosine ligase-like (TTLL) protein, TTLL1. TTLL1 is a member of a large family of proteins with a TTL homology domain, whose members could catalyze ligations of diverse amino acids to tubulins or other substrates. In the model protist Tetrahymena thermophila, two conserved types of polyglutamylases were characterized that differ in substrate preference and subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Janke
- Centre de Recherches de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France
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22
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Wilkening S, Burwinkel B, Grzybowska E, Klaes R, Pamula J, Pekala W, Zientek H, Hemminki K, Försti A. Polyglutamine repeat length in the NCOA3 does not affect risk in familial breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14:291-2. [PMID: 15668512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wilkening
- Department of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Dervieux T, Furst D, Lein DO, Capps R, Smith K, Walsh M, Kremer J. Polyglutamation of methotrexate with common polymorphisms in reduced folate carrier, aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide transformylase, and thymidylate synthase are associated with methotrexate effects in rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:2766-74. [PMID: 15457444 DOI: 10.1002/art.20460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Methotrexate (MTX) enters cells through the reduced folate carrier (RFC-1) and exerts part of its effects through polyglutamation to MTX polyglutamates (MTXPGs) and inhibition of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide transformylase (ATIC) and thymidylate synthase (TS). We investigated the contribution of common genetic polymorphisms in RFC-1 (G80A), ATIC (C347G), and TS (28-bp tandem repeats located in the TS enhancer region [TSER*2/*3]) and of MTXPGs to the effect of MTX in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS The study was cross-sectional. All patients received MTX for at least 3 months. The numbers of tender and swollen joints, the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores for the physician's global assessment of disease activity, and the modified Health Assessment Questionnaire scores were collected. Using the VAS score for the physician's assessment of patient's response to MTX, the population of patients was dichotomized into responders to MTX (VAS score < or =2 cm) and nonresponders to MTX (VAS score >2 cm). A pharmacogenetic index was calculated as the sum of homozygous variant genotypes (RFC-1 AA + ATIC 347GG + TSER *2/*2) carried by the patients. MTXPG concentrations were measured in red blood cells (RBCs) by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS The dose of MTX was not associated with the effects of MTX (P > 0.05). In contrast, increased RBC long-chain MTXPG concentrations (median 40 nmoles/liter; range <5-131 nmoles/liter) and an increased pharmacogenetic index were associated with a lower number of tender and swollen joints (P < 0.05) and a lower score for the physician's global assessment of disease activity (P < or = 0.001). Patients with RBC MTXPG levels of >60 nmoles/liter and carriers of a homozygous variant genotype were 14.0-fold (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 3.6-53.8) and 3.7-fold (95% CI 1.7-9.1), respectively, more likely to have a good response to MTX (P <or = 0.01). CONCLUSION These data suggest that measuring RBC MTXPG levels and/or the common polymorphisms in the folate-purine-pyrimidine pathway may help in monitoring MTX therapy.
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Abstract
Many bacteria, including Escherichia coli, have a unique gene that encodes glutamate racemase. This enzyme catalyses the formation of d-glutamate, which is necessary for cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis. However, Bacillus subtilis has two glutamate racemase genes, named racE and yrpC. Since racE appears to be indispensable for growth in rich medium, the role of yrpC in d-amino acid synthesis is vague. Experiments with racE- and yrpC-knockout mutants confirmed that racE is essential for growth in rich medium but showed that this gene was dispensable for growth in minimal medium, where yrpC executes the anaplerotic role of racE. LacZ fusion assays demonstrated that racE was expressed in both types of media but yrpC was expressed only in minimal medium, which accounted for the absence of yrpC function in rich medium. Neither racE nor yrpC was required for B. subtilis cells to synthesize poly-γ-dl-glutamate (γ-PGA), a capsule polypeptide of d- and l-glutamate linked through a γ-carboxylamide bond. Wild-type cells degraded the capsule during the late stationary phase without accumulating the degradation products, d-glutamate and l-glutamate, in the medium. In contrast, racE or yrpC mutant cells accumulated significant amounts of d- but not l-glutamate. Exogenous d-glutamate utilization was somewhat defective in the mutants and the double mutation of race and yrpc severely impaired d-amino acid utilization. Thus, both racemase genes appear necessary to complete the catabolism of exogenous d-glutamate generated from γ-PGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitarou Kimura
- Division of Applied Microbiology, National Food Research Institute, Kannondai 2-1-12, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Lam-Son Phan Tran
- Division of Applied Microbiology, National Food Research Institute, Kannondai 2-1-12, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Itoh
- Akita Research Institute of Food and Brewing, Sanuki 4-26, Araya-machi, Akita 010-1623, Japan
- Division of Applied Microbiology, National Food Research Institute, Kannondai 2-1-12, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
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Zhuravel MA, Davis NE, Nguyen ST, Koltover I. Dendronized Protein Polymers: Synthesis and Self-Assembly of Monodisperse Cylindrical Macromolecules. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:9882-3. [PMID: 15303837 DOI: 10.1021/ja046965q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Monodisperse dendronized protein polymers (DPPs), cylindrical dendrimers containing protein core, can be efficiently produced through a combined modular biosynthetic strategy. These DPP materials possess predictable size, shape, and solubility. In organic solutions, the DPPs self-assemble to form highly ordered liquid crystalline structures with nanoscale order controlled by their exact molecular dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Zhuravel
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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26
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Ambra R, Grimaldi B, Zamboni S, Filetici P, Macino G, Ballario P. Photomorphogenesis in the hypogeous fungus Tuber borchii: isolation and characterization of Tbwc-1, the homologue of the blue-light photoreceptor of Neurospora crassa. Fungal Genet Biol 2004; 41:688-97. [PMID: 15275664 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2004.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2003] [Accepted: 02/08/2004] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Truffles form a group of plant-symbiotic Ascomycetes whose hypogeous life cycle is poorly understood. Here we present initial evidence for the influence of light on Tuber borchii mycelial growth and the identification and cloning of a gene, Tbwc-1, homologous to a blue-light photoreceptor of Neurospora crassa. Blue-light irradiation of T. borchii colonies inhibits their apical growth. It also alters apical growth in N. crassa. In Neurospora, the response is controlled by a nuclear photoreceptor, NcWC-1 (White Collar-1), which consists of a sensor domain (LOV) and a transcriptional factor moiety. We isolated a gene (Tbwc-1) whose deduced amino acid sequence shows a high similarity and colinearity of domains with NcWC-1, except for the polyglutamine regions. As previously found in Neurospora, Tbwc-1 mRNA is under light control and its steady state level increases upon irradiation. In silico analysis of the TbWC-1 sensor domain (LOV) supports the hypothesis that TbWC-1 is a photoreceptor, while the absence of the two polyglutamine regions involved in transcriptional activation in Neurospora suggests that this function in Tuber could be lost.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Ascomycota/cytology
- Ascomycota/genetics
- Ascomycota/growth & development
- Cloning, Molecular
- Conserved Sequence
- DNA, Fungal/chemistry
- DNA, Fungal/isolation & purification
- DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/isolation & purification
- Fungal Proteins/chemistry
- Fungal Proteins/genetics
- Fungal Proteins/isolation & purification
- Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal
- Genes, Fungal
- Light
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Morphogenesis
- Mycelium/genetics
- Mycelium/growth & development
- Neurospora crassa/genetics
- Photoreceptors, Microbial/genetics
- Photoreceptors, Microbial/isolation & purification
- Polyglutamic Acid/genetics
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Fungal/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Transcription Factors/chemistry
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/isolation & purification
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ambra
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Cellulari ed Ematologia c/o V Clinica Medica, Policlinico Umberto I, Università La Sapienza, viale Regina Elena 324, Rome 00161, Italy
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27
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Abstract
In the past decade, the genetic etiologies accounting for most cases of adult-onset dominant cerebellar ataxia have been discovered. This group of disorders, generally referred to as the spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs), can now be classified by a simple genetic nosology, essentially a sequential list in which each new SCA is given a number. However, recent advances in the elucidation of SCA pathogenesis provide the opportunity to subclassify the disorders into three discrete groups based on pathogenesis: 1) the polyglutamine disorders, SCAs 1, 2, 3, 7, and 17, which result from proteins with toxic stretches of polyglutamine; 2) the channelopathies, SCA6 and episodic ataxia types 1 and 2 (EA1 and EA2), which result from disruption of calcium or potassium channel function; and 3) the gene expression disorders, SCAs 8, 10, and 12, which result from repeat expansions outside of coding regions that may quantitatively alter gene expression. SCAs 4, 5, 9, 11, 13-16, 19, 21, and 22 are of unknown etiology, and may or may not fit into one of these three groups. At present, most diagnostic and therapeutic strategies apply equally to all of the SCAs. Therapy specific for individual diseases or types of diseases is a realistic goal in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell L Margolis
- Laboratory of Genetic Neurobiology, Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Ashiuchi M, Misono H. Biochemistry and molecular genetics of poly-gamma-glutamate synthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2002; 59:9-14. [PMID: 12073126 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-002-0984-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2001] [Revised: 02/19/2002] [Accepted: 02/22/2002] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Current research into poly-gamma-glutamate (PGA) and its biosynthesis is reviewed. In PGA-producing Bacillus subtilis, glutamate racemase supplies abundant DL-glutamate, the substrate for PGA synthesis. The pgsBCA genes of PGA-producing B. subtilis, which encode the membrane-associated PGA synthetase complex PgsBCA, were characterized and the enzyme complex was suggested to be an atypical amide ligase based on its structure and function. A novel reaction mechanism of PGA synthesis is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ashiuchi
- Department of Bioresources Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan.
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Bailey CK, Andriola IFM, Kampinga HH, Merry DE. Molecular chaperones enhance the degradation of expanded polyglutamine repeat androgen receptor in a cellular model of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2002; 11:515-23. [PMID: 11875046 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/11.5.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is one of a growing number of neurodegenerative diseases caused by a polyglutamine-encoding CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion, and is caused by an expansion within exon 1 of the androgen receptor (AR) gene. The family of polyglutamine diseases is characterized by the presence of ubiquitinated, intranuclear inclusions associated with molecular chaperones and 26S proteasome components, although the role of these inclusions in the pathogenesis of polyglutamine diseases remains unclear. The over-expression of molecular chaperones of the Hsp70 and Hsp40 families has been shown to modulate inclusion frequency and cellular toxicity. We developed a cell culture system which enables the quantitative analysis of the effects of molecular chaperones on the biochemical properties of an expanded repeat AR. Using this approach, we demonstrate that Hsp70 and its co-chaperone Hsp40 not only increase expanded repeat AR solubility, but function to enhance the degradation of expanded repeat AR through the proteasome. Furthermore, our studies indicate that these molecular chaperones significantly decrease the half-life of an expanded repeat AR. Molecular chaperone enhancement of protein degradation points to the modulation of molecular chaperones as a potential therapeutic target for polyglutamine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine K Bailey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Thomas Jefferson University, 208 Bluemle Life Sciences Building, 233 S. 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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30
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Mawn MV, Fournier MJ, Tirrell DA, Mason TL. Depletion of free 30S ribosomal subunits in Escherichia coli by expression of RNA containing Shine-Dalgarno-like sequences. J Bacteriol 2002; 184:494-502. [PMID: 11751827 PMCID: PMC139575 DOI: 10.1128/jb.184.2.494-502.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have constructed synthetic coding sequences for the expression of poly(alpha,L-glutamic acid) (PLGA) as fusion proteins with dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) in Escherichia coli. These PLGA coding sequences use both GAA and GAG codons for glutamic acid and contain sequence elements (5'-GAGGAGG-3') that resemble the consensus Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence found at translation initiation sites in bacterial mRNAs. An unusual feature of DHFR-PLGA expression is that accumulation of the protein is inversely related to the level of induction of its mRNA. Cellular protein synthesis was inhibited >95% by induction of constructs for either translatable or untranslatable PLGA RNAs. Induction of PLGA RNA resulted in the depletion of free 30S ribosomal subunits and the appearance of new complexes in the polyribosome region of the gradient. Unlike normal polyribosomes, these complexes were resistant to breakdown in the presence of puromycin. The novel complexes contained 16S rRNA, 23S rRNA, and PLGA RNA. We conclude that multiple noninitiator SD-like sequences in the PLGA RNA inhibit cellular protein synthesis by sequestering 30S small ribosomal subunits and 70S ribosomes in nonfunctional complexes on the PLGA mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary V Mawn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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31
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Kobayashi Y, Kume A, Li M, Doyu M, Hata M, Ohtsuka K, Sobue G. Chaperones Hsp70 and Hsp40 suppress aggregate formation and apoptosis in cultured neuronal cells expressing truncated androgen receptor protein with expanded polyglutamine tract. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:8772-8. [PMID: 10722721 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.12.8772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is one of a group of human inherited neurodegenerative diseases caused by polyglutamine expansion. We have previously demonstrated that the SBMA gene product, the androgen receptor protein, is toxic and aggregates when truncated. Heat shock proteins function as molecular chaperones, which recognize and renaturate misfolded protein (aggregate). We thus assessed the effect of a variety of chaperones in a cultured neuronal cell model of SBMA. Overexpression of chaperones reduces aggregate formation and suppresses apoptosis in a cultured neuronal cell model of SBMA to differing degrees depending on the chaperones and their combinations. Combination of Hsp70 and Hsp40 was the most effective among the chaperones in reducing aggregate formation and providing cellular protection, reflecting that Hsp70 and Hsp40 act together in chaperoning mutant and disabled proteins. Although Hdj2/Hsdj chaperone has been previously reported to suppress expanded polyglutamine tract-formed aggregate, Hsdj/Hdj2 showed little effect in our system. These findings indicate that chaperones may be one of the key factors in the developing of CAG repeat disease and suggested that increasing expression level or enhancing the function of chaperones will provide an avenue for the treatment of CAG repeat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kobayashi
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Regnard C, Desbruyères E, Denoulet P, Eddé B. Tubulin polyglutamylase: isozymic variants and regulation during the cell cycle in HeLa cells. J Cell Sci 1999; 112 ( Pt 23):4281-9. [PMID: 10564646 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.112.23.4281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamylation is a posttranslational modification of tubulin that is very common in neurons and ciliated or flagellated cells. It was proposed to regulate the binding of microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) and molecular motors as a function of the length of the polyglutamyl side-chain. Though much less common, this modification of tubulin also occurs in proliferating cells like HeLa cells where it is associated with centrioles and with the mitotic spindle. Recently, we partially purified tubulin polyglutamylase from mouse brain and described its enzymatic properties. In this work, we focused on tubulin polyglutamylase activity from HeLa cells. Our results support the existence of a tubulin polyglutamylase family composed of several isozymic variants specific for alpha- or beta-tubulin subunits. In the latter case, the specificity probably also concerns the different beta-tubulin isotypes. Interestingly, we found that tubulin polyglutamylase activity is regulated in a cell cycle dependent manner and peaks in G(2)-phase while the level of glutamylated tubulin peaks in mitosis. Consistent results were obtained by treating the cells with hydroxyurea, nocodazole or taxotere. In particular, in mitotic cells, tubulin polyglutamylase activity was always low while glutamylation level was high. Finally, tubulin polyglutamylase activity and the level of glutamylated tubulin appeared to be inversely related. This paradox suggests a complex regulation of both tubulin polyglutamylase and the reverse deglutamylase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Regnard
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Cellulaire, CNRS UPR 9065 and Université Paris VI, Collège de France, 75005 Paris.
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33
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Aono R, Ito M, Machida T. Contribution of the cell wall component teichuronopeptide to pH homeostasis and alkaliphily in the alkaliphile Bacillus lentus C-125. J Bacteriol 1999; 181:6600-6. [PMID: 10542159 PMCID: PMC94122 DOI: 10.1128/jb.181.21.6600-6606.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/1999] [Accepted: 08/20/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A teichuronopeptide (TUP) is one of major structural components of the cell wall of the facultative alkaliphilic strain Bacillus lentus C-125. A mutant defective in TUP synthesis grows slowly at alkaline pH. An upper limit of pH for growth of the mutant was 10.4, while that of the parental strain C-125 was 10.8. Gene tupA, directing synthesis of TUP, was cloned from C-125 chromosomal DNA. The primary translation product of this gene is likely a cytoplasmic protein (57. 3 kDa) consisting of 489 amino acid residues. Introduction of the tupA gene into the TUP-defective mutant complemented the mutation responsible for the pleiotropic phenotypes of the mutant, leading to simultaneous disappearance of the defect in TUP synthesis, the diminished ability for cytoplasmic pH homeostasis, and the low tolerance for alkaline conditions. These results demonstrate that the acidic polymer TUP in the cell wall plays a role in pH homeostasis in this alkaliphile.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Aono
- Department of Biological Information, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan.
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Villard L, Lossi AM, Cardoso C, Proud V, Chiaroni P, Colleaux L, Schwartz C, Fontés M. Determination of the genomic structure of the XNP/ATRX gene encoding a potential zinc finger helicase. Genomics 1997; 43:149-55. [PMID: 9244431 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.4793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The XNP/ATR-X gene is involved in several X-linked mental retardation phenotypes: the ATR-X syndrome, the Juberg-Marsidi syndrome, and some severe mental retardation phenotypes without alpha-thalassemia. Using a vectorette strategy, we have identified and sequenced the intron/exon boundaries of this gene. The gene is composed of 35 exons. It encodes a potential protein of 2492 amino acids. A search of the databases identified three zinc finger motifs within the 5' end of the gene. Expression analysis in different tissues indicated that an alternative splicing event that involves exon 6 is occurring. One of these alternatively spliced transcripts is predominantly expressed in embryonic tissues. These data led us to search for mutations in the 5' region in ATRX patients without other mutations in the 3' region. In one patient a mutation was found in which part of exon 7 was removed from the XNP transcript, as a result of a mutation creating a novel splice site that is substituted for the natural splice site. This new splicing event removed one zinc finger motif. This is the first example of a mutation in XNP within the 5' coding region. It suggests that mutations will be predominantly found in the helicase region as well as in the zinc finger regions and leads us to propose a large screening of additional patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Villard
- Génétique Médicale et Développement, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, INSERM U 406, Marseille, France
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Le Borgne S, Graber M, Condoret JS. Experimental and theoretical analysis of the chromatographic behaviour of protein purification fusions carrying charged tails. Bioseparation 1995; 5:53-64. [PMID: 7537135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Poly(glutamic acid) tail consisting of 6 glutamate residues was fused to the N-terminus of Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (beta-gal), by genetic engineering techniques. The wild-type and modified genes were expressed intracellularly and in soluble state in Escherichia coli, leading to the proteins respectively designated beta-gal2 and E6-beta-gal. Both enzymes were purified by affinity chromatography. The specific activity of purified E6-beta-gal was found to be comparable to the wild-type enzyme and its increased net charge was indicated by lon-Exchange Chromatography (IEC). The use of such a charged fusion for selective recovery of beta-gal from cell extract using IEC and Ion-Exchange Membrane Chromatography (IEMC) was explored. The additional charges enabled the separation factor to be increased about two-fold on both IEC and IEMC, but the IEMC step achieved a better throughput than the IEC step. The selectivity of recovery promoted by the charged tail was further analysed by processing the experimental data obtained in IEC with the Stoichiometric Displacement Model, a recent model very appropriate for the understanding of the retention of polymeric biomolecules on ion-exchangers. It was shown that E6-beta-gal had the same characteristic charge as beta-gal2 but that the binding constant to the ion-exchanger of the tagged beta-gal was 6 times greater than for the wild-type enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Le Borgne
- Département de Génie Biochimique et Alimentaire, UA CNRS 544 INSA, Toulouse, France
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Makino S, Sasakawa C, Uchida I, Terakado N, Yoshikawa M. Cloning and CO2-dependent expression of the genetic region for encapsulation from Bacillus anthracis. Mol Microbiol 1988; 2:371-6. [PMID: 2456447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1988.tb00041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The capsule of Bacillus anthracis is an important virulence factor consisting of poly-D-glutamic acid. The genetic region required for the encapsulation was cloned in Escherichia coli from the capsule plasmid pTE702, using a selection procedure based on an immunodiffusion assay. The cloned region directed synthesis of the capsule both in E. coli and B. anthracis. Capsule synthesis from these clones, as in the wild type, was dependent upon the presence of CO2. However, encapsulation directed by the cloned fragment was less marked than from pTE702. Another region enhancing capsulation was shown to exist on pTE702. The minimum size of the encapsulation region was defined to within 2.7 kb DNA and shown to be essential for the encapsulation in B. anthracis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Makino
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Tokyo, Japan
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