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Powell MR, Crim SM, Hoekstra RM, Williams MS, Gu W. Temporal patterns in principal Salmonella serotypes in the USA; 1996-2014. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 146:437-441. [PMID: 29436316 PMCID: PMC9134518 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818000195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysing temporal patterns in foodborne illness is important to designing and implementing effective food safety measures. The reported incidence of illness due to Salmonella in the USA. Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) sites has exhibited no declining trend since 1996; however, there have been significant annual trends among principal Salmonella serotypes, which may exhibit complex seasonal patterns. Data from the original FoodNet sites and penalised cubic B-spline regression are used to estimate temporal patterns in the reported incidence of illness for the top three Salmonella serotypes during 1996-2014. Our results include 95% confidence bands around the estimated annual and monthly curves for each serotype. The results show that Salmonella serotype Typhimurium exhibits a statistically significant declining annual trend and seasonality (P < 0.001) marked by peaks in late summer and early winter. Serotype Enteritidis exhibits a significant annual trend with a higher incidence in later years and seasonality (P < 0.001) marked by a peak in late summer. Serotype Newport exhibits no significant annual trend with significant seasonality (P < 0.001) marked by a peak in late summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Powell
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, USA
| | - S. M. Crim
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - R. M. Hoekstra
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M. S. Williams
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - W. Gu
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Chong HY, Mohamed Z, Tan LL, Wu DBC, Shabaruddin FH, Dahlui M, Apalasamy YD, Snyder SR, Williams MS, Hao J, Cavallari LH, Chaiyakunapruk N. Is universal HLA-B*15:02 screening a cost-effective option in an ethnically diverse population? A case study of Malaysia. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177:1102-1112. [PMID: 28346659 PMCID: PMC5617756 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A strong association has been documented between HLA-B*15:02 and carbamazepine-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) in Asians. Human leucocyte antigen testing is potentially valuable in many countries to facilitate early recognition of patient susceptibility to SCARs. OBJECTIVES To determine the cost-effectiveness of universal HLA-B*15:02 screening in preventing carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis in an ethnically diverse Malaysian population. METHODS A hybrid model of a decision tree and Markov model was developed to evaluate three strategies for treating newly diagnosed epilepsy among adults: (i) carbamazepine initiation without HLA-B*15:02 screening (current practice); (ii) universal HLA-B*15:02 screening prior to carbamazepine initiation; and (iii) alternative treatment [sodium valproate (VPA)] prescribing without HLA-B*15:02 screening. Base-case analysis and sensitivity analyses were performed over a lifetime time horizon. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were calculated. RESULTS Both universal HLA-B*15:02 screening and VPA prescribing were dominated by current practice. Compared with current practice, universal HLA-B*15:02 screening resulted in a loss of 0·0255 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) at an additional cost of 707 U.S. dollars (USD); VPA prescribing resulted in a loss of 0·2622 QALYs at an additional cost of USD 4127, owing to estimated differences in antiepileptic treatment efficacy. CONCLUSIONS Universal HLA-B*15:02 screening is unlikely to be a cost-effective intervention in Malaysia. However, with the emergence of an ethnically diverse population in many other countries, this may render HLA-B*15:02 screening a viable intervention when an increasing proportion of the population is at risk and an equally effective yet safer antiepileptic drug is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Chong
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Z Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Malaysia
| | - L L Tan
- Department of Dermatology, University Malaya Medical Center, Malaysia
| | - D B C Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - F H Shabaruddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Malaysia
| | - M Dahlui
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Malaysia
| | - Y D Apalasamy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Malaysia
| | - S R Snyder
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Services Research, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, U.S.A
| | - M S Williams
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, U.S.A
| | - J Hao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Services Research, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, U.S.A
| | - L H Cavallari
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - N Chaiyakunapruk
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Malaysia
- Asian Centre for Evidence Synthesis in Population, Implementation and Clinical Outcomes (PICO), Health and Well-being Cluster, Global Asia in the 21st Century (GA21) Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Malaysia
- Center of Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research (CPOR), Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, U.S.A
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Bush WS, Crosslin DR, Owusu‐Obeng A, Wallace J, Almoguera B, Basford MA, Bielinski SJ, Carrell DS, Connolly JJ, Crawford D, Doheny KF, Gallego CJ, Gordon AS, Keating B, Kirby J, Kitchner T, Manzi S, Mejia AR, Pan V, Perry CL, Peterson JF, Prows CA, Ralston J, Scott SA, Scrol A, Smith M, Stallings SC, Veldhuizen T, Wolf W, Volpi S, Wiley K, Li R, Manolio T, Bottinger E, Brilliant MH, Carey D, Chisholm RL, Chute CG, Haines JL, Hakonarson H, Harley JB, Holm IA, Kullo IJ, Jarvik GP, Larson EB, McCarty CA, Williams MS, Denny JC, Rasmussen‐Torvik LJ, Roden DM, Ritchie MD. Genetic variation among 82 pharmacogenes: The PGRNseq data from the eMERGE network. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 100:160-9. [PMID: 26857349 PMCID: PMC5010878 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation can affect drug response in multiple ways, although it remains unclear how rare genetic variants affect drug response. The electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) Network, collaborating with the Pharmacogenomics Research Network, began eMERGE‐PGx, a targeted sequencing study to assess genetic variation in 82 pharmacogenes critical for implementation of “precision medicine.” The February 2015 eMERGE‐PGx data release includes sequence‐derived data from ∼5,000 clinical subjects. We present the variant frequency spectrum categorized by variant type, ancestry, and predicted function. We found 95.12% of genes have variants with a scaled Combined Annotation‐Dependent Depletion score above 20, and 96.19% of all samples had one or more Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Level A actionable variants. These data highlight the distribution and scope of genetic variation in relevant pharmacogenes, identifying challenges associated with implementing clinical sequencing for drug treatment at a broader level, underscoring the importance for multifaceted research in the execution of precision medicine.
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Overby CL, Heale B, Aronson S, Cherry JM, Dwight S, Milosavljevic A, Nelson T, Niehaus A, Weaver MA, Ramos EM, Williams MS. Providing Access to Genomic Variant Knowledge in a Healthcare Setting: A Vision for the ClinGen Electronic Health Records Workgroup. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2015; 99:157-60. [PMID: 26418054 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Clinical Genome Resource (ClinGen) is a National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded collaborative program that brings together a variety of projects designed to provide high-quality, curated information on clinically relevant genes and variants. ClinGen's EHR (Electronic Health Record) Workgroup aims to ensure that ClinGen is accessible to providers and patients through EHR and related systems. This article describes the current scope of these efforts and progress to date. The ClinGen public portal can be accessed at www.clinicalgenome.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Overby
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine & Center for Health-related Informatics and Bioimaging, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - B Heale
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - S Aronson
- Partners HealthCare Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J M Cherry
- Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - S Dwight
- Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - T Nelson
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - A Niehaus
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - M A Weaver
- American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - E M Ramos
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - M S Williams
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
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Rasmussen-Torvik LJ, Stallings SC, Gordon AS, Almoguera B, Basford MA, Bielinski SJ, Brautbar A, Brilliant MH, Carrell DS, Connolly JJ, Crosslin DR, Doheny KF, Gallego CJ, Gottesman O, Kim DS, Leppig KA, Li R, Lin S, Manzi S, Mejia AR, Pacheco JA, Pan V, Pathak J, Perry CL, Peterson JF, Prows CA, Ralston J, Rasmussen LV, Ritchie MD, Sadhasivam S, Scott SA, Smith M, Vega A, Vinks AA, Volpi S, Wolf WA, Bottinger E, Chisholm RL, Chute CG, Haines JL, Harley JB, Keating B, Holm IA, Kullo IJ, Jarvik GP, Larson EB, Manolio T, McCarty CA, Nickerson DA, Scherer SE, Williams MS, Roden DM, Denny JC. Design and anticipated outcomes of the eMERGE-PGx project: a multicenter pilot for preemptive pharmacogenomics in electronic health record systems. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2014; 96:482-9. [PMID: 24960519 PMCID: PMC4169732 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2014.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We describe here the design and initial implementation of the eMERGE-PGx project. eMERGE-PGx, a partnership of the eMERGE and PGRN consortia, has three objectives : 1) Deploy PGRNseq, a next-generation sequencing platform assessing sequence variation in 84 proposed pharmacogenes, in nearly 9,000 patients likely to be prescribed drugs of interest in a 1–3 year timeframe across several clinical sites; 2) Integrate well-established clinically-validated pharmacogenetic genotypes into the electronic health record with associated clinical decision support and assess process and clinical outcomes of implementation; and 3) Develop a repository of pharmacogenetic variants of unknown significance linked to a repository of EHR-based clinical phenotype data for ongoing pharmacogenomics discovery. We describe site-specific project implementation and anticipated products, including genetic variant and phenotype data repositories, novel variant association studies, clinical decision support modules, clinical and process outcomes, approaches to manage incidental findings, and patient and clinician education methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Rasmussen-Torvik
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - S C Stallings
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - A S Gordon
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - B Almoguera
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - M A Basford
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - S J Bielinski
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - A Brautbar
- Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - M H Brilliant
- Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - D S Carrell
- Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - J J Connolly
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - D R Crosslin
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - K F Doheny
- Center for Inherited Disease Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - C J Gallego
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - O Gottesman
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - D S Kim
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - K A Leppig
- Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - R Li
- Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - S Lin
- Biomedical Informatics Research Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - S Manzi
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A R Mejia
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - J A Pacheco
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - V Pan
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - J Pathak
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - C L Perry
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J F Peterson
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - C A Prows
- 1] Division Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA [2] Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - J Ralston
- Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - L V Rasmussen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - M D Ritchie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - S Sadhasivam
- 1] Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - S A Scott
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - M Smith
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - A Vega
- Mount Sinai Faculty Practice Associates Primary Care Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - A A Vinks
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA [2] Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - S Volpi
- Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - W A Wolf
- 1] Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - E Bottinger
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - R L Chisholm
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - C G Chute
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - J L Haines
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - J B Harley
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA [2] Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA [3] US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - B Keating
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - I A Holm
- 1] Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA [3] The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - I J Kullo
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - G P Jarvik
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - E B Larson
- Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - T Manolio
- Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - C A McCarty
- Essentia Institute of Rural Health, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - D A Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - S E Scherer
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - M S Williams
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - D M Roden
- 1] Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA [2] Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - J C Denny
- 1] Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA [2] Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Muir AJ, Gong L, Johnson SG, Lee MTM, Williams MS, Klein TE, Caudle KE, Nelson DR. Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines for IFNL3 (IL28B) genotype and PEG interferon-α-based regimens. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2014; 95:141-6. [PMID: 24096968 PMCID: PMC3904555 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2013.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pegylated interferon-α (PEG-IFN-α or PEG-IFN 2a and 2b)- and ribavirin (RBV)-based regimens are the mainstay for treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1. IFNL3 (IL28B) genotype is the strongest baseline predictor of response to PEG-IFN-α and RBV therapy in previously untreated patients and can be used by patients and clinicians as part of the shared decision-making process for initiating treatment for HCV infection. We provide information regarding the clinical use of PEG-IFN-α- and RBV-containing regimens based on IFNL3 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Muir
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - L Gong
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - S G Johnson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Clinical Pharmacy Services, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - M T M Lee
- Laboratory for International Alliance on Genomic Research, RIKEN Center for Genomic Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- National Center for Genome Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - M S Williams
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - T E Klein
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - K E Caudle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - D R Nelson
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Williams MS, Amoateng P. Knowledge and beliefs about cervical cancer screening among men in Kumasi, Ghana. Ghana Med J 2012; 46:147-51. [PMID: 23661828 PMCID: PMC3645156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The age-standardized mortality rate for cervical cancer in Ghana, West Africa is more than three times the global cervical cancer mortality rate (27.6/100,000 vs. 7.8/100,000 respectively). The Pap test and visual inspection with acetic acid are available at public and private hospitals in Ghana. Approximately, 2.7% of Ghanaian women obtain cervical cancer screenings regularly. Men in middle-income countries play a key role in cervical cancer prevention. Increasing spousal support for cervical cancer screening may increase screening rates in Ghana. METHODS Five focus groups were conducted with Ghanaian men (N = 29) to assess their cervical cancer and cervical cancer screening knowledge and beliefs. The qualitative data was analyzed via indexed coding. RESULTS Targets for education interventions were identified including inaccurate knowledge about cervical cancer and stigmatizing beliefs about cervical cancer risk factors. Cultural taboos regarding women's health care behaviours were also identified. Several participants indicated that they would be willing to provide spousal support for cervical cancer screening if they knew more about the disease and the screening methods. CONCLUSIONS Men play a significant role in the health behaviours of some Ghanaian women. Cervical cancer education interventions targeting Ghanaian men are needed to correct misconceptions and increase spousal support for cervical cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Williams
- Department of Health Behavior, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Blvd. 227 Ryal Public Health Building, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022, USA.
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Abstract
Understanding the human genome and its interaction with the environment has the potential to change medical care by tailoring interventions to the precise needs of the individual patient. Little of this knowledge is currently being used in care. There are well recognized barriers to its use including lack of sufficient evidence of benefit, inadequate education of the provider workforce, concerns about privacy and reimbursement. However, there are also gaps in the current healthcare delivery system, particularly between traditional public health departments and clinical care that impede the translation of knowledge into practice. While this problem is not limited to genomics, the purpose of this article is to identify these gaps and propose potential solutions using examples from genomic medicine from the perspective of the United States healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Williams
- Intermountain Healthcare Clinical Genetics Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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Yu D, Zhan XH, Zhao XF, Williams MS, Carey GB, Smith E, Scott D, Zhu J, Guo Y, Cherukuri S, Civin CI, Zhan X. Mice deficient in MIM expression are predisposed to lymphomagenesis. Oncogene 2011; 31:3561-8. [PMID: 22081072 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Missing in metastasis (MIM) is a member of newly emerged inverse Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs (BAR) domain protein family and a putative metastasis suppressor. Although reduced MIM expression has been associated with bladder, breast and gastric cancers, evidence for the role of MIM in tumor progression remains scarce and controversial. Herein we characterized a MIM knockout mouse strain and observed that MIM-deficient mice often developed enlarged spleens. Autopsy and histological analysis revealed that nearly 78% of MIM(-/-) mice developed tumors with features similar to diffuse large B lymphoma during a period from 1 to 2 years. MIM(-/-) mice also exhibited abnormal distribution of B cells in lymphoid organs with decrease in the spleen but increase in the bone marrow and the peripheral blood. Furthermore, the bone marrow of MIM(-/-) mice contained a higher percentage of pre-B2 cells but fewer immature B-cells than wild-type mice. In response to CXCL13, a B-cell chemokine released from splenic stromal cells, MIM-deficient B-cells did not undergo chemotaxis or morphological changes in response to the chemokine and also did not internalize CXCR5, the receptor of CXCL13. Microarray analyses demonstrated that MIM is the only member of the I-BAR domain family that was highly expressed in human B cells. However, low or absent MIM expression was common in either primary B-cell malignancies or established B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia or lymphomas. Thus, our data demonstrate for the first time an important role for MIM in B-cell development and suggest that predisposition of MIM-null mice to lymphomagenesis may involve aberrant interactions between B lineage cells and the lymphoid microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Yu
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Swensen JJ, Keyser J, Coffin CM, Biegel JA, Viskochil DH, Williams MS. Familial occurrence of schwannomas and malignant rhabdoid tumour associated with a duplication in SMARCB1. J Med Genet 2009; 46:68-72. [PMID: 19124645 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2008.060152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of germline and somatic SMARCB1 gene mutations in malignant rhabdoid tumour (MRT) predisposition is well known. Germline SMARCB1 mutations have also recently been identified in a subset of individuals with schwannomatosis. Surprisingly, MRT predisposition and schwannomatosis have never been reported to co-occur in a family. The correlation between genotype and phenotype for mutations in SMARCB1 has not been determined. RESULTS We have identified a germline 2631 bp duplication that includes exon 6 of SMARCB1 in a unique family with a four generation history of MRT predisposition and schwannomatosis. This duplication segregates with disease in individuals affected with both conditions, linking MRT predisposition and schwannomatosis as components of the same syndrome in this family. CONCLUSION The unique combination of tumours that result from the duplication described in this report may provide important clues about the mechanisms that influence the phenotype associated with a given SMARCB1 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Swensen
- ARUP Laboratories, and Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA.
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11
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Klas SD, Petrie CR, Warwood SJ, Williams MS, Olds CL, Stenz JP, Cheff AM, Hinchcliffe M, Richardson C, Wimer S. A single immunization with a dry powder anthrax vaccine protects rabbits against lethal aerosol challenge. Vaccine 2008; 26:5494-502. [PMID: 18703110 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Here we confirm that intranasal (IN) dry powder anthrax vaccine formulations are able to protect rabbits against aerosol challenge 9 weeks after a single immunization. The optimum dose of rPA in our dry powder anthrax vaccine formulation in rabbits was experimentally determined to be 150microg and therefore was chosen as the target dose for all subsequent experiments. Rabbits received a single dose of either 150microg rPA, 150microg rPA+150microg of a conjugated 10-mer peptide representing the Bacillus anthracis capsule (conj), or 150microg of conj alone. All dry powder formulations contained MPL and chitosan (ChiSys). Significant anti-rPA titers and anthrax lethal toxin neutralizing antibody (TNA) levels were seen with both rPA containing vaccines, although rPA-specific IgG and TNA levels were reduced in rabbits immunized with rPA plus conj. Nine weeks after immunization, rabbits were exposed to a mean aerosol challenge dose of 278 LD50 of Ames spores. Groups immunized with rPA or with rPA+conj had significant increases in survivor proportions compared to the negative control group by Logrank test (p=0.0001 and 0.003, respectively), and survival was not statistically different for the rPA and rPA+conj immunized groups (p=0.63). These data demonstrate that a single immunization with our dry powder anthrax vaccine can protect against a lethal aerosol spore challenge 9 weeks later.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Klas
- LigoCyte Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, United States.
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Wimer-Mackin S, Hinchcliffe M, Petrie CR, Warwood SJ, Tino WT, Williams MS, Stenz JP, Cheff A, Richardson C. An intranasal vaccine targeting both the Bacillus anthracis toxin and bacterium provides protection against aerosol spore challenge in rabbits. Vaccine 2006; 24:3953-63. [PMID: 16530302 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Revised: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An intranasal vaccine targeting the Bacillus anthracis toxin and vegetative bacterium was tested for the ability to protect immunized rabbits against aerosol B. anthracis spore exposure. Rabbits were vaccinated intranasally with PA-based vaccines formulated as dry powders with or without chitosan (ChiSys, Archimedes Development Limited), a compound that exhibits muco-adhesive properties, or as a liquid. Formulations also contained MPL adjuvant and PA. Some vaccines contained PA conjugated to a 10-mer peptide of the poly-d-glutamic acid capsule of B. anthracis. Rabbits were immunized on days 0 and 28 and aerosol challenged with an average 250LD50 Ames spores on day 85. Serum antibody was measured before and after challenge. Significant anti-PA serum IgG levels were obtained, particularly with use of ChiSys based formulations. PA-Conj induced significant anti-capsule responses, although a formulation containing free capsule peptide did not. All immunized rabbits survived the challenge, but differences in morbidity, as evidenced by anorexia, between vaccine groups were observed. Only rabbits immunized with PA+PA-Conj appeared normal throughout the post-challenge observation period (14 days), while all that received PA with the free capsule peptide appeared ill at times as evidenced by a failure to eat normally. One negative control rabbit received a lower inhaled spore dose (183LD50) and survived the challenge, although it was anorexic post-challenge. It also had a high level of anti-LF antibodies in its convalescent serum (5400 U/ml), indicating an extensive infection. In contrast, 75% of the immunized rabbits had no LF-specific antibody in their post-challenge sera, and the rest had low levels (< or = 138 U/ml), indicating that infections resulting in toxin production were avoided or greatly reduced. Thus, intranasal immunization with a chitosan-based powder vaccine combining PA and capsule epitopes provided superior protection against B. anthracis infection compared to a single antigen (PA) vaccine, as evidenced by a reduction in morbidity and prevention of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wimer-Mackin
- LigoCyte Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.
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13
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Williams MS. 332 PULMONARY DISEASE IS A COMPONENT OF DISTAL ARTHROGRYPOSIS TYPE 5. J Investig Med 2006. [DOI: 10.2310/6650.2005.x0004.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
Previous studies indicated that antigen receptor (TcR) stimulation of mature T cells induced rapid generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The goal of the current study was to examine the role(s) of ROS in TcR signal transduction, with a focus upon the redox-sensitive MAPK family. TcR cross-linking of primary human T blasts and Jurkat human T cells rapidly activated the ERK, JNK, p38 and Akt kinases within minutes, and was temporally associated with TcR-stimulated production of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). TcR-induced activation of ERK was selectively augmented and sustained in the presence of pharmacologic antioxidants that can quench or inhibit H(2)O(2) production (NAC, MnTBAP and Ebselen, but not DPI), while activation of JNK and Akt were largely unaffected. This was paralleled by concurrent changes in MEK1/2 phosphorylation, suggesting that ROS acted upstream of MEK-ERK activation. Molecular targeting of H(2)O(2) by overexpression of peroxiredoxin II, a thioredoxin dependent peroxidase, also increased and sustained ERK and MEK activation upon TcR cross-linking. Enhancement of ERK phosphorylation by antioxidants correlated with increased and sustained serine phosphorylation of the src-family kinase lck, a known ERK substrate. Thus, the data suggest that TcR-stimulated production of hydrogen peroxide negatively feeds back to dampen antigen-stimulated ERK activation and this redox-dependent regulation may serve to modulate key steps in TcR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kwon
- Immunology Department, Jerome H. Holland Laboratory for the Biomedical Sciences, American Red Cross, Rockville, MD, USA
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15
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Williams MS. The role of genetics in managed care: seeking ways to better incorporate genetics into regular practice. Healthplan 2001; 42:31-5. [PMID: 16296186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
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Rosenberg MJ, Killoran C, Dziadzio L, Chang S, Stone DL, Meck J, Aughton D, Bird LM, Bodurtha J, Cassidy SB, Graham JM, Grix A, Guttmacher AE, Hudgins L, Kozma C, Michaelis RC, Pauli R, Peters KF, Rosenbaum KN, Tifft CJ, Wargowski D, Williams MS, Biesecker LG. Scanning for telomeric deletions and duplications and uniparental disomy using genetic markers in 120 children with malformations. Hum Genet 2001; 109:311-8. [PMID: 11702212 DOI: 10.1007/s004390100559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2001] [Accepted: 06/05/2001] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We screened 120 children with sporadic multiple congenital anomalies and either growth or mental retardation for uniparental disomy (UPD) or subtelomeric deletions. The screening used short tandem repeat polymorphisms (STRP) from the subtelomeric regions of 41 chromosome arms. Uninformative marker results were reanalyzed by using the next available marker on that chromosome arm. In total, approximately 25,000 genotypes were generated and analyzed for this study. Subtelomeric deletions of 1 Mb in size were excluded for 27 of 40 chromosome arms. Among the 120 subjects none was found to have UPD, but five subjects (4%, 95% confidence interval 1-9%) were found to have a deletion or duplication of one or more chromosome arms. We conclude that UPD is not a frequent cause of undiagnosed multiple congenital anomaly syndrome. In addition, we determined that 9p and 7q harbor chromosome length variations in the normal population. We conclude that subtelomeric marker analysis is effective for the detection of subtelomeric duplications and deletions, although it is labor intensive. Given a detection rate that is similar to prior studies and the large workload imposed by STRPs, we conclude that STRPs are an effective, but impractical, approach to the determination of segmental aneusomy given current technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Rosenberg
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Genetic Disease Research Branch, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Abstract
Injuries to the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint are common in athletes, especially in contact and ball sports(1). Most PIP injuries involve disruption of the volar plate or dorsal dislocation. Less common is the "boutonniére" injury, which, if left undiagnosed and untreated, results in a boutonniére deformity. This deformity is difficult to manage and often requires prolonged immobilization and/or surgery to regain function(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Williams
- Martin Army Community Hospital, Fort Benning, GA, USA
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Williams MS, Josephson KD, Gursoy N, Jackson-Cook C. Suspected gonadal mosaicism for isochromosomes 18p and 18q unsubstantiated by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of sperm. Genet Med 2001; 3:318-20. [PMID: 11478534 DOI: 10.1097/00125817-200107000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A father had two children, one with isochromosome 18p, and another with isochromosome 18q. The father was counseled that he might have gonadal mosaicism for isochromosomes 18p and 18q, which could confer a high recurrence risk. METHODS A sperm sample from the father was analyzed with fluorescence in situ hybridization probes for 18p and 18q. RESULTS More than 1,000 sperm were scored and none were found with two 18p or 18q signals. There were no differences in the father's specimen compared to a control. CONCLUSIONS There was no evidence for gonadal mosaicism. It is important to confirm clinical hypotheses whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, Gundersen Lutheran Medical Center, La Crosse, Wisconsin 54601, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, Gundersen Lutheran Medical Center, La Crosse, Wisconsin 54601, USA
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Larson AR, Josephson KD, Pauli RM, Opitz JM, Williams MS. Klippel-Feil anomaly with Sprengel anomaly, omovertebral bone, thumb abnormalities, and flexion-crease changes: novel association or syndrome? Am J Med Genet 2001; 101:158-62. [PMID: 11391660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
We report on a family with Klippel-Feil anomaly (KF), Sprengel anomaly, omovertebral bone, thumb abnormalities, and flexion-crease abnormalities. This combination of abnormalities does not fit into Holt-Oram syndrome, Wildervanck syndrome, oculo-auriculo-vertebral (Goldenhar) anomaly, or the VATER complex. Clinical aspects of a KF classification are discussed. The state of molecular research on KF is briefly reported. We conclude that this set of anomalies is a novel combination, probably representing pleiotropy of a single Mendelian gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Larson
- Department of Genetics, Gundersen Lutheran Medical Center, La Crosse, Wisconsin 54601, USA
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Abstract
Coronary artery disease is a leading cause of death worldwide and the largest killer of men and women in the United States. The pathophysiology of myocardial infarction is multifactorial, and numerous physiologic systems converge to dictate the formation of the two fundamental lesions, thrombosis and atherosclerosis. In this review we address genetic aspects of arterial thrombosis and the key thrombotic factors that have been associated with the increased risk for its development. Specifically, we consider components of coagulation, fibrinolysis, and platelet adhesive receptors, and we review the genetic epidemiology and in vitro laboratory data regarding their risk for the acute coronary syndromes. In combination with traditional risk factor assessment, in the near future these inherited markers can be used to manage patients with vascular disease through a better utilization of invasive or expensive diagnostic testing, as well as pharmacologic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Williams
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Abstract
The present study investigates the role of the HIV-suppressive beta-chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, MIP-1 and RANTES in activation-induced cell death (AICD). A pool of these beta-chemokines reduced anti-CD3-induced apoptosis of T cell blasts from healthy blood donors in a dose-dependent manner. Although the pooled beta-chemokines were more effective, the inhibitory effect could also be mediated by each of the individual chemokines and was blocked by neutralizing anti-chemokine antibodies. The beta-chemokines also inhibited pokeweed mitogen/staphylococcal enterotoxin B-induced T lymphocyte apoptosis in 33/49 HIV-infected (HIV+) individuals. This anti-apoptotic effect was not correlated with the patients' CD4 T cell counts. beta-chemokines did not lead to altered secretion of IL-2, IL-4, IFN-gamma or IL-10 in response to activation stimuli in either normal T cell blasts or peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV+ individuals. Co-incubation with beta-chemokines did not inhibit anti-CD3-induced expression of cell surface Fas ligand, nor did it alter levels of the death receptor Fas or Bcl-2 in T cell blasts, suggesting that the beta-chemokines are blocking AICD downstream of Fas. These observations indicate that beta-chemokines may play a novel role as modulators of AICD, in addition to their known role as chemoattractants and inhibitors of HIV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Pinto
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Instititutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, USA
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25
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical trials show that larger immediate postdeployment stent diameters provide greater ultimate luminal size, whereas animal data show that arterial injury and stent design determine late neointimal thickening. At deployment, a stent stretches a vessel, imposing a cross-sectional polygonal luminal shape that depends on the stent design, with each strut serving as a vertex. We asked whether this design-dependent postdeployment luminal geometry affects late neointimal thickening independently of the extent of strut-induced injury. METHODS AND RESULTS Stainless steel stents of 3 different configurations were implanted in rabbit iliac arteries for 3 or 28 days. Stents designed with 12 struts per cross section had 50% to 60% less mural thrombus and 2-fold less neointimal area than identical stents with only 8 struts per cross section. Sequential histological sectioning of individual stents showed that immediate postdeployment luminal geometry and subsequent neointimal area varied along the course of each stent subunit. Mathematical modeling of the shape imposed by the stent on the artery predicted late neointimal area, based on the re-creation of a circular vessel lumen within the confines of the initial stent-imposed polygonal luminal shape. CONCLUSIONS Immediate postdeployment luminal geometry, dictated by stent design, determines neointimal thickness independently of arterial injury and may be useful for predicting patterns of intimal growth for novel stent designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Garasic
- Department of Medicine (Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory and Coronary Care Unit, Brigham and Women's Hospital), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Williams MS, Williams JL, Wargowski DS, Pauli RM, Pletcher BA. Filippi syndrome: report of three additional cases. Am J Med Genet 1999; 87:128-33. [PMID: 10533026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Filippi syndrome is an autosomal recessive condition characterized by variable soft tissue syndactyly of the fingers and toes, microcephaly, pre- and postnatal growth retardation, mildly abnormal craniofacial appearance, and mental retardation. We report on three unrelated individuals with Filippi syndrome. All have microcephaly, minor facial anomalies, variable syndactyly of digits, growth impairment, and developmental delay. One patient also has polydactyly, which has not been reported previously in the Filippi syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Williams
- Gundersen Lutheran Medical Center, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA.
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Abstract
We present a patient and his maternal uncle who have a subaortic ventricular septal defect and aortic root dilation. They both have physical anomalies, characteristic behaviors, and cognitive disabilities that are consistent with the diagnosis of Lujan-Fryns syndrome (LFS). Although there have been 4 cases reported in the literature with heart findings, ventricular septal defect and aortic root dilation have not been previously reported in LFS. Differentiation between LFS and Marfan syndrome (MS) is discussed. The pathophysiology of LFS as a connective tissue disorder is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Wittine
- Gundersen Medical Foundation, La Crosse, Wisconsin 54601, USA
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Russell AY, Williams MS, Farr PA, Schwab AJ, Plattsmier S. The mental health status of young Hispanic women residing along the border: a twin cities comparison. Women Health 1999; 28:15-32. [PMID: 10374805 DOI: 10.1300/j013v28n03_02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies report comparisons among ethnic/ racial groups in terms of health attitudes, health practices, and socio-economic and mental health status. Of special concern is the mental health status and coping potential of young women of childbearing age because of the special vulnerability of individuals in this group and the vulnerability of their children. The well-being of future generations is at stake when maladaptive functioning compounded by severe social conditions create a climate for inadequate growth and development for large numbers in a population, even for short periods of time. This paper reports the results of a study examining self concepts and mental health status of two distinct populations within one ethnic group-young Hispanic women living on the U.S. side of the Texas-Mexico border versus a similar sample of young Hispanic women living on the Mexico side. Within each sample, the never-pregnant versus ever-pregnant adolescents were compared. The young women in both groups reported intense feelings related to emotional distress. The young women in Ciudad Juarez reported somewhat more positive feelings related to recent well-being. The El Paso women reported a less traditionally feminine persona (they felt more aggressive, confident, successful, energetic, and successful), yet they experienced less happiness, hopefulness, and life satisfaction. However, neither group could be described as reporting positive mental status and those women who had been pregnant were no different than their never-pregnant counterparts. Rather, the results signal serious problems throughout the two populations. Health care and social service workers must recognize and be prepared to address intense personal distresses in both of these young, Hispanic-female, border populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Russell
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 77555-1307, USA
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Williams MS, Noguchi S, Henkart PA, Osawa Y. Nitric oxide synthase plays a signaling role in TCR-triggered apoptotic death. J Immunol 1998; 161:6526-31. [PMID: 9862677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
A functional role for stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production was tested in the TCR-triggered death of mature T lymphocytes. In purified peripheral human T cell blasts or the 2B4 murine T cell hybridoma, apoptotic cell death induced by immobilized anti-CD3 was blocked by inhibitors of NO synthase (NOS) in a stereospecific and concentration-dependent manner. This effect appeared to be selective since apoptotic death induced by anti-Fas Ab or the steroid dexamethasone was not affected by NOS inhibitors. TCR-stimulated expression of functional Fas ligand was attenuated in a stereospecific manner by NOS inhibitors, but these compounds did not inhibit TCR-stimulated IL-2 secretion or CD69 surface expression. Nitrosylated tyrosines, a stable marker for NO generation, were immunochemically detected in T cells using flow cytometry. TCR signals induced NO production, as measured by an increase in nitrotyrosine-specific staining. NOS enzymatic activity was detected in lysates of 2B4 cells, and Western blot analysis suggests that the activity is due to expression of the neuronal isoform of NOS. Thus, T cells have the capacity to generate NO upon Ag signaling, which may affect signal transduction, Fas ligand surface expression, and apoptotic cell death of mature T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Williams
- Department of Immunology, Holland Lab, American Red Cross, Rockville, MD 20855, USA.
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Williams MS, Coller BS, Väänänen HJ, Scudder LE, Sharma SK, Marmur JD. Activation of platelets in platelet-rich plasma by rotablation is speed-dependent and can be inhibited by abciximab (c7E3 Fab; ReoPro). Circulation 1998; 98:742-8. [PMID: 9727543 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.98.8.742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotational atherectomy with the Rotablator catheter has improved percutaneous treatment of certain coronary atherosclerotic lesions, but the "no-reflow" phenomenon remains a serious complication. Because platelet activation by rotablation may contribute to the no-reflow phenomenon, we developed an in vitro system to test the effect of rotablation on platelets in the absence or presence of platelet GP IIb/IIIa receptor blockade with abciximab. METHODS AND RESULTS Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was prepared from 28 healthy human volunteers. PRP was divided into 4 samples: (1) no treatment, (2) 6D1 (anti-GP Ib), (3) c7E3 Fab (anti-GP IIb/IIIa+alpha(v)beta3), and (4) c7E3 Fab+6D1. Samples were pumped through a flow chamber containing a 2.5-mm burr rotating at various speeds and then placed in an aggregometer. PRP samples tested in the absence of antibody underwent more rapid and extensive aggregation when rotablated at 150000 and 180000 rpm compared with 0 rpm (P<0.001 at both speeds). Preincubation of platelets with c7E3 Fab decreased the slope of aggregation at each rotablation speed, with 98%, 79%, and 71% reductions at 70000, 150000, and 180000 rpm, respectively (P=0.09 for 70000 and P<0.001 for both 150000 and 180000 rpm). Preincubation of platelets with 6D1 did not decrease the slope of aggregation at any rotablation speed (P>0.5, P=0.99, and P=0.091 for 70000, 150000, and 180000 rpm). Platelet ATP release, a marker of granule release and cell damage, was markedly increased at 180000 rpm (P=0.002 compared with 0 rpm in the control group). Electron microscopy revealed extensive rotablation-induced platelet damage at 150000 and 180000 rpm, and leakage of LDH confirmed platelet lysis at these speeds (P=0.002 and P<0.001 compared with 0 rpm). CONCLUSIONS High-speed rotablation induces platelet activation of PRP, leading to aggregation; pretreating PRP with abciximab decreases the aggregation. These data suggest that pretreatment of patients with abciximab may decrease rotablation-induced platelet aggregation during rotational atherectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Williams
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Williams MS. Moebius syndrome, pituitary dwarfism and hypoplastic optic disc. Acta Paediatr Jpn 1998; 40:294-5. [PMID: 9695311 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.1998.tb01933.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Russell AY, Williams MS, Farr PA, Schwab AJ, Plattsmier S. The health attitudes of young Hispanic women and the health status of their children on the Texas-Mexico border. J Community Health 1998; 23:165-79. [PMID: 9615293 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018769630665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper our objective was to identify child health problems as observed by young Hispanic mothers living along the Texas-Mexico border. Samples of 300 young Hispanic women living in each of the twin cities of El Paso and Juarez were interviewed regarding their knowledge, attitudes, and experiences with respect to birth control, pregnancy, maternal and child health, and health care services. Only 35 women in El Paso and 50 in Juarez were ever pregnant and their attitudes toward health issues were compared to the never pregnant women. Those with living children were also asked about the health problems they had observed in their children. The results indicate that the ever pregnant women were more positive toward both family planning and child bearing than were their never-pregnant peers. The ever-pregnant women were also less confident in family planning techniques. The mothers in Juarez generally reported more observed illness symptoms in their children than did the El Paso mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Russell
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston 77555-1307, USA
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Abstract
Autosomal dominant hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (ADHED) is a disorder characterized by fine, slow-growing scalp and body hair, sparse eyebrows and eyelashes, decreased sweating, hypodontia, and nail anomalies. By genetic linkage analysis of a large ADHED kindred, we have mapped a gene for ADHED (EDA3) to the proximal long arm of chromosome 2 (q11-q13). Obligate recombinations localize EDA3 to an approximately 9-cM interval between D2S1321 and D2S308, with no apparent recombinations with markers D2S1343, D2S436, D2S293, D2S1894, D2S1784, D2S1890, D2S274, and CHLC.GAAT11C03.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ho
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Williams MS, Josephson KD, Wargowski DS, Dewald GW. An unusual chromosome rearrangement in a patient with features of the Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome. WMJ 1998; 97:42-5. [PMID: 9584686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M S Williams
- Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Gundersen/Lutheran Medical Center, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA.
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Abstract
CHARGE association is a nonrandom pattern of congenital anomalies that occurs together more frequently than one would expect on the basis of chance. This common multiple anomaly condition has an estimated prevalence of 1:10,000. The number of children diagnosed with CHARGE association is increasing, owing presumably to greater awareness of this condition and advances in the care of complex, chronically ill children, resulting in improved survival and outcome. This review of CHARGE association presents diagnostic criteria that may define a concise, recognizable syndrome with a single pathogenetic basis. This review also summarizes our current understanding of the management for this complex and chronic multiple congenital anomaly condition and discusses the pathogenetic basis for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Blake
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the most common injuries and medical conditions experienced by the mentally handicapped athlete during Special Olympic competition. DESIGN A longitudinal, observational, and prospective study. SETTING Hawaii Special Olympic Summer Games, 1993-1996. PARTICIPANTS A total of 2326 athletic participants were registered during a 4-year period in the Hawaii Special Olympic Summer Games. The athletes ranged in age from 8 to 76 years. INTERVENTION Medical encounter forms were documented by physicians and nurses on participants treated at aid stations located at the athletic venues and Olympic village during competition. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The number and type of injuries and medical conditions encountered during Special Olympic competition were recorded on standard medical forms supplied by the U.S. Special Olympic Committee. RESULTS Ninety athletes (3.87%) required medical attention during four annual Special Olympic Summer Games. A total of 52 (57.8%) injuries and 38 (42.2%) medical conditions were reported during the 4 years. Of the 90 encounters, 86.7% (n = 78) were acute and 13.3% (n = 12) were nonacute medical problems. More than 61% (n = 55) of the injuries and medical conditions occurred during actual competition. The majority of injuries occurred during track and field events (n = 25, 56%), and the most commonly injured site was the knee. CONCLUSIONS Despite preexisting medical conditions and physical limitations of the Special Olympian, most of the medical demands encountered during athletic competition are acute, minor injuries. No athlete sustained more than one injury during the period studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Batts
- Department of Family Practice and Community Medicine, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI 96859-5000, USA
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Abstract
We report on two unrelated Amish families with familial occurrence of unusual lymphatic anomalies. The first family had two children, a boy and a girl, with congenital chylothorax both of whom died as a consequence of this condition (one prenatally and one neonatally). The second family has two brothers with isolated cystic hygroma. Neither family has any other individuals affected with any type of lymphatic anomaly. Differential diagnosis and presumed autosomal recessive inheritance pattern will be discussed. Familial cystic hygroma not associated with hydrops fetalis and neonatal death has not been reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, Genetics Clinic Gundersen Lutheran Medical Center, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA.
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40
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Abstract
We have studied an autosomal dominant hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia in 38 individuals over six generations in one family. Thirty-two affected individuals in four generations are still living. Questionnaire responses were received from 21 of the affected relatives and some of the individuals were examined by one of the authors. Smooth, dry, thin skin is seen in most affected individuals. Nearly all have fine, slow-growing scalp and body hair and all have sparse eyebrows and short eyelashes. Nearly all show a decrease in sweating, with some only sweating under the arms and/or on the palms and soles. All affected individuals lacked some deciduous teeth and some permanent teeth. Some teeth are abnormally shaped. Nail abnormalities are more variable and may occur more frequently with increasing age. No other abnormalities are seen in affected individuals in this family. We reviewed 40 autosomal dominant ectodermal dysplasia syndromes. This family bears some resemblance to a family described by Jorgensen et al. [1987]; however, it appears to represent a disorder that has not been described previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Aswegan
- Gunderson Medical Foundation, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA
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41
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A retrospective review of transpedicular instrumentation used in a series of 24 patients with myelodysplastic spinal deformities and deficient posterior elements. OBJECTIVE To describe the usefulness and efficacy of these instruments in the treatment of complicated myelodysplastic spinal deformity. METHODS The mean preoperative scoliosis was 75.7 degrees (range, 39-130 degrees) in the 22 patients with scoliotic deformities; 4 patients with thoracic hyperkyphoses averaged 70.5 degrees (range, 46-90 degrees) and 10 patients with lumbar kyphoses averaged 80.5 degrees (range, 42-120 degrees). The instrumentation extended to the sacrum in 4 patients and the pelvis in 9; 10 patients also underwent anterior release and fusion and 7 underwent concomitant spinal cord detethering. At an average follow-up of 4.0 years (2.0-7.7 years; one patient died at 8 months), all patients have fused (with the exception of two lumbosacral pseudarthroses). RESULTS At last follow-up, deformity measured 32.1 degrees scoliosis (range, 6-85 degrees), 30.8 degrees thoracic kyphosis (range, 24-35 degrees), and 0.0 degree lumbar kyphosis (range, 35 degrees kyphosis to 29 degrees lordosis). Three patients lost some neurologic function after surgery; two recovered within 6 months and one has incomplete recovery. No ambulatory patient lost the ability to walk. Five patients required additional surgical procedures; in three cases, there was instrumentation breakage associated with pseudarthrosis or unfused spinal segments. CONCLUSIONS Pedicle screw instrumentation is uniquely suited to the deficient myelodysplastic spine. Compared with historical control subjects, these devices have proven capable of significant correction of both scoliotic and kyphotic deformities. This instrumentation appears particularly useful in preserving lumbar lordosis in all patients and may preserve more lumbar motion in ambulatory myelodysplasia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Rodgers
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Williams MS. Bicycle-riding circumstances and injuries in school-age children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997; 151:1067. [PMID: 9343028 DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.1997.02170470101029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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43
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Abstract
Inhibitors of ICE-family proteases (caspases) block many examples of apoptotic cell death in vivo and in vitro, including multiple apoptotic stimuli for T lymphocytes. We have tested whether cell death induced by cytotoxic T lymphocytes was also blocked by caspase inhibitors. We found that the rapid apoptotic target cell death induced by Fas ligand-bearing CTL using the target Fas death pathway was efficiently blocked by caspase inhibitors. In contrast, target lysis induced by the CTL granule exocytosis pathway is not detectably blocked by such inhibitors, although the accompanying apoptotic nuclear damage is efficiently blocked. Thus caspase inhibitors prevent the hallmark phenotype of apoptosis without measurably affecting target cell death as evidenced by lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Henkart
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1360, USA
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Sarin A, Williams MS, Alexander-Miller MA, Berzofsky JA, Zacharchuk CM, Henkart PA. Target cell lysis by CTL granule exocytosis is independent of ICE/Ced-3 family proteases. Immunity 1997; 6:209-15. [PMID: 9047242 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Activation of ICE/Ced-3 family proteases (caspases) has been proposed to mediate both the granule exocytosis and Fas-Fas ligand pathways of rapid target cell death by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In agreement with this model, two peptide fluoromethyl ketone caspase inhibitors and baculovirus p35 blocked apoptotic nuclear damage and target cell lysis by the CTL-mediated Fas-Fas ligand pathway. The peptide caspase inhibitors also blocked drug-induced apoptotic cell death in tumor cells. In contrast, the caspase inhibitors blocked CTL granule exocytosis-induced target apoptotic nuclear damage, but did not inhibit target lysis. These results are consistent with recent demonstrations that granzyme B can activate caspases leading to apoptotic nuclear damage, but show that target cell lysis by CTL granule exocytosis occurs by a caspase-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sarin
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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45
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Abstract
We have reassessed patient "S," one of the first 3 individuals recognized to have Smith-Lemli-Opitz (or RSH) syndrome, at age 34 years, and we describe his physical, developmental, and behavioral manifestations. This reassessment provides formal evidence that this individual has the cholesterol biosynthetic defect which is thought to be the cause of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Dietary manipulation appears to have had a beneficial effect on the patient's behavior and suggests that even in adults with this condition, dietary cholesterol supplementation may be indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Pauli
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53705, USA
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46
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Williams MS. Liver disease in pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1997; 336:378; author reply 379. [PMID: 9011803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Williams MS, Hutcheson RL, Miller AR. A new technique for removal of intraarticular bullet fragments from the femoral head. Bull Hosp Jt Dis 1997; 56:107-10. [PMID: 9220103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Removal of foreign bodies from a joint usually involves an extensive surgical approach. The necessity for intraarticular bullet removal has been well documented in the literature. The conventional approach for bullet extraction usually requires an open arthrotomy, arthroscopic removal or, in most cases, a combination of the two. This report involves a previously undocumented technique for bullet removal from the hip. A Synthes DHS Triple Reamer was inserted through a limited lateral incision over a guide pin that had been placed under fluoroscopic guidance. The tip of the guide pin was positioned in contact against the bullet fragments in both the anteroposterior and lateral planes. The fragments were then removed through the reamed canal. This technique allows for bullet removal without the inherent risks associated with an open arthrotomy and without the special skills required for hip arthroscopy. It is relatively easy to perform and may prove to be a valuable tool in the arsenal of orthopedists who deal with specific gunshot wounds to the hip region.
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Williams MS, Henkart PA. Role of reactive oxygen intermediates in TCR-induced death of T cell blasts and hybridomas. J Immunol 1996; 157:2395-402. [PMID: 8805638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The functional role of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) in activation-induced death of mature T lymphocytes and hybridomas was tested using antioxidants and inhibitors of enzymes that generate oxidants. These agents were shown to inhibit TCR-triggered death in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting a possible role of ROI in this death. Since the TCR-induced death of both human T blasts and the murine T cell hybridoma 2B4 involve an initial step of TCR-induced Fas ligand (FasL) up-regulation followed by a lethal step induced by Fas cross-linking, both steps were examined separately for ROI dependence. The thiol antioxidants N-acetyl cysteine and glutathione blocked Fas-induced death triggered via cross-linking either by IgM anti-Fas or cell-bound FasL, while the other inhibitors of activation-induced death did not block this late lethal step. None of the agents used blocked early events after TCR ligation, as seen by the lack of inhibition of IL-2 secretion or CD69 up-regulation. However, the nonthiol agents that blocked activation-induced death all blocked FasL up-regulation induced by TCR signals in the hybridoma, as measured by a functional assay. Agents inhibiting FasL up-regulation also inhibited activation-induced ROI generation in the hybridoma, as detected by flow cytometry using dihydrorhodamine oxidation. Furthermore, a good correlation was found between the extent of ROI generation and functional FasL expression in 2B4 cells. Thus, while ROI do not appear to act as downstream mediators of apoptotic death induced by steroid or Fas cross-linking in T cells, they are generated by TCR signaling and appear to participate in FasL up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Williams
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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49
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Abstract
Abstract
The functional role of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) in activation-induced death of mature T lymphocytes and hybridomas was tested using antioxidants and inhibitors of enzymes that generate oxidants. These agents were shown to inhibit TCR-triggered death in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting a possible role of ROI in this death. Since the TCR-induced death of both human T blasts and the murine T cell hybridoma 2B4 involve an initial step of TCR-induced Fas ligand (FasL) up-regulation followed by a lethal step induced by Fas cross-linking, both steps were examined separately for ROI dependence. The thiol antioxidants N-acetyl cysteine and glutathione blocked Fas-induced death triggered via cross-linking either by IgM anti-Fas or cell-bound FasL, while the other inhibitors of activation-induced death did not block this late lethal step. None of the agents used blocked early events after TCR ligation, as seen by the lack of inhibition of IL-2 secretion or CD69 up-regulation. However, the nonthiol agents that blocked activation-induced death all blocked FasL up-regulation induced by TCR signals in the hybridoma, as measured by a functional assay. Agents inhibiting FasL up-regulation also inhibited activation-induced ROI generation in the hybridoma, as detected by flow cytometry using dihydrorhodamine oxidation. Furthermore, a good correlation was found between the extent of ROI generation and functional FasL expression in 2B4 cells. Thus, while ROI do not appear to act as downstream mediators of apoptotic death induced by steroid or Fas cross-linking in T cells, they are generated by TCR signaling and appear to participate in FasL up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Williams
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - P A Henkart
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Williams MS, Burk M, Loprinzi CL, Hill M, Schomberg PJ, Nearhood K, O'Fallon JR, Laurie JA, Shanahan TG, Moore RL, Urias RE, Kuske RR, Engel RE, Eggleston WD. Phase III double-blind evaluation of an aloe vera gel as a prophylactic agent for radiation-induced skin toxicity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1996; 36:345-9. [PMID: 8892458 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(96)00320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Considerable pilot data and clinical experience suggested that an aloe vera gel might help to prevent radiation therapy-induced dermatitis. METHODS AND MATERIALS Two Phase III randomized trials were conducted. The first one was double blinded, utilized a placebo gel, and involved 194 women receiving breast or chest wall irradiation. The second trial randomized 108 such patients to aloe vera gel vs. no treatment. Skin dermatitis was scored weekly during both trials both by patients and by health care providers. RESULTS Skin dermatitis scores were virtually identical on both treatment arms during both of the trials. The only toxicity from the gel was rare contact dermatitis. CONCLUSIONS This dose and schedule of an aloe vera gel does not protect against radiation therapy-induced dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Williams
- Toledo Community Clinical Oncology Program, OH, USA
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