Use of the Indigo CAT RX aspiration system during percutaneous coronary intervention

BACKGROUND

The use of the Indigo CAT RX Aspiration System (Penumbra Inc.) during percutaneous coronary intervention has received limited study.

METHODS

We retrospectively examined the clinical, angiographic, and procedural characteristics, outcomes, and follow-up of patients who underwent mechanical aspiration thrombectomy with the Indigo CAT RX system (Penumbra Inc.) at a large tertiary care hospital between January 2019 and April 2023.

RESULTS

During the study period, 83 patients (85 lesions) underwent thrombectomy with the Indigo CAT RX. Mean patient age was 64.9 ± 14.48 years and 31.2% were women. The most common presentations were ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI) (66.2%) and non-ST-segment elevation MI (26.5%). A final thrombolysis in MI flow grade of 3 and final myocardial blush grade of 3 were achieved in 76% and 46% of the cases, respectively. Technical success was achieved in 88.9% of the cases that included Indigo CAT RX treatment only, compared with 57.1% of the cases that also included manual aspiration. There were no device-related serious adverse events. At 30-day postprocedure, the incidence of major adverse cardiac events (composite of cardiovascular death, recurrent MI, cardiogenic shock, new or worsening New York Heart Association Class IV heart failure, stroke) was 8.5%: 1.3% stroke (postprocedure, in-hospital), 1.3% MI, 6.1% cardiac death, and 7.5% developed cardiogenic shock.

CONCLUSIONS

Use of the Indigo CAT RX system is associated with high technical success and acceptable risk of complications, including stroke.

Mechanisms of Very Late Stent Thrombosis in Japanese Patients as Assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography

BACKGROUND

Although very late stent thrombosis (VLST) remains an important concern, the underlying etiology and clinical characteristics are not fully elucidated in Japanese patients who undergo intravascular imaging-guided percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) regularly.

METHODS

We identified 50 VLST lesions (bare-metal stent [BMS] [n = 16], first-generation drug-eluting stent [DES] [n = 14] and newer-generation DES [n = 20]) in patients managed in our institutes. The underlying mechanism of VLST was assessed by optical coherence tomography (OCT), and the major etiology of each lesion was determined. The aim of this study was to explore the mechanisms of VLST of BMSs and DESs in Japanese patients.

RESULTS

The median duration since stent implantation was 10 years (range: 1-20). The most frequent etiology of VLST was neoatherosclerotic rupture (44%), followed by neointimal erosion (24%). Edge disease (10%) and evagination (10%) were similarly observed. Malapposition (8%) was deemed to be acquired late by looking at intravascular imaging from the index procedure. Uncovered struts (2%) and in-stent calcified nodule (2%) were the least frequent etiologies. Regardless of etiology, signs of neoatherosclerosis were present in most lesions (82%). Most patients received single (68%) or dual (8%) antiplatelet therapy or oral anticoagulation alone (4%), whereas a considerable proportion of patients discontinued medication (20%). Regarding the treatment strategy, drug-coated balloon was the most frequent strategy (56%), followed by implantation of newer DESs (34%).

CONCLUSIONS

Various mechanisms have been identified in Japanese patients with VLST. In these patients, biological responses seemed to be more relevant than the index procedure-related factors.

Long-term outcomes after coronary intervention with biodegradable polymer stents in patients with acute coronary syndromes

BACKGROUND

Patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) may have worse outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention compared to patients without ACS.

AIMS

To compare 5-year efficacy and safety outcomes in patients with and without ACS treated with biodegradable polymers, the ultrathin strut sirolimus-eluting Orsiro stent (O-SES) or the biolimus-eluting Nobori stent (N-BES).

METHODS

The Scandinavian Organisation for Randomized Trials with Clinical Outcome VII is a randomized trial comparing O-SES and N-BES in an all-comer setting. Of 2525 patients, 1329 (53%) patients had ACS and 1196 (47%) patients were without ACS. Endpoints were target lesion failure (TLF) (a composite of cardiac death, target lesion myocardial infarction, or target lesion revascularization) and definite stent thrombosis within 5 years.

RESULTS

At 5-year follow-up, TLF did not differ significantly between patients with and without ACS (12.3% vs. 13.2%; rate ratio (RR) 1.00; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.70-1.44), whereas the risk of definite stent thrombosis was increased in patients with ACS (2.3% vs. 1.3; RR: 2.01 [95% CI: 1.01-3.98]). In patients with ACS, the rate of TLF was similar between O-SES and N-BES (12.4% vs. 12.3%; RR: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.74-1.40). The reduced risk of definite stent thrombosis in O-SES treated ACS patients within the first year (0.2% vs. 1.6%; RR: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.02-0.93) was not maintained after 5 years (1.8% vs. 2.7%; RR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.37-1.63).

CONCLUSION

Patients with ACS had an increased risk of stent thrombosis regardless of the stent type used. Long-term outcomes were similar for ACS patients treated with O-SES or N-BES at 5 years.

The Relationship of Coronary Thrombus Burden and Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Score in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

BACKGROUND

The anticoagulation and risk factors in atrial fibrillation (ATRIA) score is associated with adverse cardiovascular events. However, its relationship with coronary thrombus burden is unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the ATRIA score and thrombus burden in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study was designed as a prospective cross-sectional observational study. Our study included 319 patients who were prospectively admitted with STEMI between January 2021 and April 2022. Patients were divided into 2 groups with low thrombus burden (LTB) (grade <3) and high thrombus burden (HTB) (grade ≥3). ATRIA score was calculated and recorded for all patients. ATRIA scores of both groups were compared.

RESULTS

In our study, 58.9% (n  =  188) of patients in the LTB group and 41% (n  =  131) of patients in the HTB group. The ATRIA risk score (p < .001) was significantly higher in the HTB group. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, ATRIA score, glomerular filtration rate, hypertensıon, abciximab usage, and no-reflow were found to be independent predictors of HTB in STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI. In receiver operating characteristic analysis, ATRIA score >4 had a sensitivity of 66.2% and specificity of 95.2%, and ATRIA score >8 sensitivity of 98% and specificity of 100% predicted HTB.

CONCLUSION

In this study, we found that thrombus burden may be associated with ATRIA risk score in patients presenting with STEMI.

De-escalation or abbreviation of dual antiplatelet therapy in acute coronary syndromes and percutaneous coronary intervention: a Consensus Statement from an international expert panel on coronary thrombosis

Conventional dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) for patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention comprises aspirin with a potent P2Y purinoceptor 12 (P2Y12) inhibitor (prasugrel or ticagrelor) for 12 months. Although this approach reduces ischaemic risk, patients are exposed to a substantial risk of bleeding. Strategies to reduce bleeding include de-escalation of DAPT intensity (downgrading from potent P2Y12 inhibitor at conventional doses to either clopidogrel or reduced-dose prasugrel) or abbreviation of DAPT duration. Either strategy requires assessment of the ischaemic and bleeding risks of each individual. De-escalation of DAPT intensity can reduce bleeding without increasing ischaemic events and can be guided by platelet function testing or genotyping. Abbreviation of DAPT duration after 1-6 months, followed by monotherapy with aspirin or a P2Y12 inhibitor, reduces bleeding without an increase in ischaemic events in patients at high bleeding risk, particularly those without high ischaemic risk. However, these two strategies have not yet been compared in a head-to-head clinical trial. In this Consensus Statement, we summarize the evidence base for these treatment approaches, provide guidance on the assessment of ischaemic and bleeding risks, and provide consensus statements from an international panel of experts to help clinicians to optimize these DAPT approaches for individual patients to improve outcomes.

Prognostic value and clinical usefulness of PIANO score in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention

BACKGROUND

In our previous study, the PIANO score was constructed to predict the occurrence of no-reflow phenomenon in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In the current analysis, we sought to evaluate the prognostic value and clinical usefulness of the PIANO score in this population.

METHODS

Patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) undergoing primary PCI were consecutively enrolled and followed up in this register. The endpoint of interest was all-cause mortality at 2 years after the procedure. The clinical benefits of thrombus aspiration (TA) during primary PCI in certain subgroups were also evaluated as exploratory analyses.

RESULTS

A total of 2100 patients were identified, and 54.3% had high (≥8) PIANO score. After 2-year follow-up, patients with high PIANO score had higher risk of all-cause mortality after adjustment for propensity score (6.7% vs. 3.1%, adjusted hazard ratio = 2.11 [1.21-3.68], p = 0.008), especially in the first month (adjusted hazard ratio = 2.33 [1.17-4.65], p = 0.017). Restricted cubic spline analysis indicated the linear association between the PIANO score and 2-year all-cause mortality (nonlinear p = 0.556). Further analysis demonstrated that TA did not reduce all-cause mortality in the overall patients, as well as in those with visible thrombus, high thrombus burden, or occlusive lesions. However, the PIANO score defined "high-risk" (PIANO score ≥ 8) patients could benefit from it.

CONCLUSIONS

The PIANO score had potential prognostic value in patients with AMI undergoing primary PCI. It might also be helpful for identifying patients who would benefit from TA. These observations require further confirmation in future studies.

Mitigating the risk of flow deterioration by deferring stent optimization in STEMI patients with large thrombus burden: Insights from a prospective cohort study

OBJECTIVES

It is uncertain, if omitting post-dilatation and stent oversizing (stent optimization) is safe and may decrease the risk for distal thrombus embolization (DTE) in STEMI patients with large thrombus burden (LTB).

BACKGROUND

In patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) with stenting, (DTE) and flow deterioration are common and increase infarct size leading to worse outcomes.

METHODS

From a prospective registry, 74 consecutive STEMI patients with LTB undergoing pPCI with stenting and intentionally deferred stent optimization were analyzed. Imaging data and outcomes up to 2 years follow-up were analyzed.

RESULTS

Overall, 74 patients (18% females) underwent deferred stent optimization. Direct stenting was performed in 13 (18%) patients. No major complications occurred during pPCI. Staged stent optimization was performed after a median of 4 (interquartile range (IQR) 3; 7) days. On optical coherence tomography, under-expansion and residual thrombus were present in 59 (80%) and 27 (36%) cases, respectively. During deferred stent optimization, we encountered no case of flow deterioration (slow or no-reflow) or side branch occlusion. Minimal lumen area (mm2) and stent expansion (%) were corrected from 4.87±1.86mm to 6.82±2.36mm (p<0.05) and from 69±18% to 91±12% (p<0.001), respectively. During follow-up, 1 patient (1.4%) required target lesion revascularization and 1 (1.4%) patient succumbed from cardiovascular death.

CONCLUSIONS

Among STEMI patients with LTB, deferring stent optimization in the setting of pPCI appears safe and potentially mitigates the risk of DTE. The impact of this approach on infarct size and clinical outcomes warrants further investigation in a dedicated trial.

[Efficacité du tirofiban intracoronaire avant pose d'un stent suivi d'une perfusion dans une charge de thrombus importante prouvée par angiographie : une étude randomisée]

BACKGROUND

The presence of angiographic thrombus is associated with poor outcomes in contemporary cardiology practice. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in such lesions is associated with slow flow and no-reflow phenomenon which translate into poor clinical outcomes.

METHODS

This was a single-centre, prospective, open-label, randomized controlled study with 50 patients each in intervention group and control group. Patients with angiographically proven large thrombus burden were recruited. In the intervention group, patients were given loading dose of intracoronary tirofiban (25 mcg/kg infused over 5 minutes) followed by prolonged infusion of tirofiban (0.15 mcg/kg/min for 12-18 hours) followed by PCI after 48-72 hours interval. In control group patients were taken up directly for PCI during the index procedure. Outcomes were assessed angiographically and in terms of clinical endpoints.

RESULTS

The primary composite-endpoint of recurrent angina, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular death, target lesion revascularization and unscheduled CABG was significantly lower in the intervention arm compared to control arm (4% vs 16%, p = 0.04). Amongst the secondary endpoints, a statistically significant 30-day increase in ejection fraction from baseline was observed in the intervention group compared to the control group (1.6 ± 1.3 vs 0.2 ± 0.4, p = 0.0001). Overall mortality was similar in the two groups (4% vs 8%, p = 0.39). The primary safety endpoint of major bleeding was also similar in the 2 groups (2% vs 0%, p = 0.31).

CONCLUSIONS

Tirofiban use prior to PCI in high thrombus burden was associated with improved clinical and angiographic endpoints with similar adverse events compared to controls.

Acute myocardial infarction due to coronary embolism caused by a metastatic mass from lung cancer

BACKGROUND

Acute arterial embolism due to tumor embolus is a rare complication in cancer patients, even rarer is lung tumor embolization leading to acute myocardial infarction. We report a patient who had a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction(AMI)which was brought on by a coronary artery embolism by a metastatic lung cancer tumor. Clinicians need to be aware that tumor embolism can result in AMI.

CASE PRESENTATION

An 80-yeal-old male patient presented with persistent chest pain for 2 h and his electrocardiogram(ECG)showed anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Instead of implanting a stent, thrombus aspiration was performed. Pathological examination of coronary artery thrombosis showed that a few sporadic atypical epithelial cells were scattered in the thrombus-like tissue. Combined with immune phenotype and clinical history, metastatic squamous cell carcinoma is more likely.

CONCLUSIONS

We report a rare case of a patient who was diagnosed of AMI due to a coronary artery embolism by a metastatic mass from lung cancer. Since there is no evidence-based protocol available for the treatment of isolated coronary thrombosis, we used thrombus aspiration to treat thrombosis rather than implanting a stent.

Outcomes of thrombus aspiration during primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND

Previous large multi-centre randomised controlled trials have not provided clear benefit with routine intracoronary thrombus aspiration (TA) as an adjunct to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

AIM

To determine whether there is a difference in outcomes with the use of manual TA prior to PCI, compared with PCI alone in a cohort of patients with STEMI.

METHODS

We analysed data from 6270 consecutive patients undergoing primary PCI for STEMI prospectively enrolled in the Melbourne Interventional Group registry between 2007 and 2018. Multivariable analysis was performed to determine predictors of 30-day major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) and long-term mortality.

RESULTS

We compared 1621 (26%) patients undergoing primary PCI with TA to 4649 (74%) patients undergoing PCI alone. Male gender (81% vs 78%; P < 0.01), younger age (61 vs 63 years; P = 0.03), GP-IIb/IIIa use (76% vs 58%, P < 0.01), and current smoking (40% vs 36%; P < 0.01) were more common in the TA group. TA was more likely to be used in patients with complex lesions (83% vs 66%; P < 0.01) with TIMI 0 flow (77% vs 56%; P < 0.01). No significant difference in post-procedural TIMI flow, stroke, 30-day mortality, or long-term mortality were identified. Multivariable analysis demonstrated a reduction in 30-day MACCE (hazard ratio (HR) 0.75; confidence interval (CI) 0.63-0.89; P < 0.01) in the TA group, but was not associated with long-term mortality (HR 0.98; CI 0.85-1.1; P = 0.73).

CONCLUSION

The use of TA in patients undergoing primary PCI for STEMI was not associated with improved short or long-term mortality when compared with PCI alone.

Ultra-thin everolimus-eluting stents in atherosclerotic lesions: Three years follow-up with subgroup analysis of ultra-long stents

OBJECTIVES

To assess the long-term (3 years) safety and efficacy of Tetrilimus everolimus-eluting stent (EES) and subgroup analysis of outcomes of ultra-long (44/48 mm) Tetrilimus EES implantation in patients with long coronary lesions.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

In this observational, single-centre, single-arm, investigator-initiated registry, 558 patients who underwent implantation of Tetrilimus EES for the treatment of coronary artery disease were retrospectively included. The primary endpoint was occurrence of any major adverse cardiac event (MACE) at 12 months follow-up (composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction [MI], and target lesion revascularization [TLR]) and we hereby report 3 years follow-up data. Stent thrombosis was assessed as a safety endpoint. A subgroup analysis of patients with long coronary lesions is also reported.

RESULTS

A total of 558 patients (57.0 ± 10.2 years) received 766 Tetrilimus EES (1.3 ± 0.5 stents/patient) to treat 695 coronary lesions. In subgroup analysis of 143 patients implanted with ultra-long EES, 155 lesions were intervened successfully with only one Tetrilimus EES (44/48 mm) implanted per lesion. At 3 years, event rates of 9.1% MACE with predominance of MI (4.4%), followed by 2.9% TLR and 1.7% cardiac death, and only 1.0% stent thrombosis were reported in overall population, while in a subgroup of patients implanted with ultra-long EES, 10.4% MACE and 1.5% stent thrombosis were reported.

CONCLUSIONS

Three years clinical outcomes showed favourable long-term safety and excellent performance of Tetrilimus EES in high-risk patients and complex coronary lesions in routine clinical practice, including a subgroup of patients with long coronary lesions, with acceptable primary and safety endpoints.

In-stent Thrombosis and COVID-19 Infection: Current Insights on the Mechanistic Relationship

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been demonstrated as a major risk factor in inducing coronary stent thrombosis due to its propensity to create a pro-thrombotic state. This review explores the mechanisms that may contribute to the increased thrombosis risk seen in COVID-19. Furthermore, we discuss the patient and haematological factors that predispose to an increased risk of stent thrombosis, as well as the role of certain antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapies, including ticagrelor and enoxaparin, that may reduce the likelihood and severity of in-stent thrombosis, in SARS-CoV-2 infection. To counter the proinflammatory and pro-thrombotic state shown in COVID-19, anti-thrombotic therapy in the future may be optimised using point-of-care platelet inhibition testing and inflammation-modifying therapies. Large-scale randomised trials with long-term follow-up are increasingly necessary to assess the intersection of COVID-19 and stent optimisation as well as the reduction of stent thrombosis after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation.

Subacute dual stent thromboses in a COVID-19-positive patient

The hypercoagulable state of COVID-19 is resulting in an increasing number of unexpected venous and arterial thromboses in patients. We report a case of subacute dual coronary stent thrombosis in the setting of COVID-19 and we provide a brief review of current management recommendations.

The relationship between intracoronary thrombus burden and atherogenic index in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction

OBJECTIVE

Increased coronary thrombus load is a strong predictor of adverse cardiovascular (CV) outcomes. Identifying predictors of intracoronary thrombus burden may contribute to the management of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We aimed at evaluating the relationship between the atherogenic index (ATI) and coronary thrombus burden in patients presenting with STEMI.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

139 patients who presented with STEMI and underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention were included in this study. Angiographic thrombus burden was classified as previously defined in the myocardial infarction (TIMI) study group.

RESULTS

The patients were divided into two groups as those with high and low thrombus load. Independent predictors of high thrombus burden were ATI (OR: 4.23, 95% CI: 2.38-7.5; p<0.001), serum creatinine level (OR: 17.4, 95% CI: 3.03-101.4; p=0.001) and non-LAD involvement (OR: 0.363, 95% CI: 0.14-0.92; p=0.034). The association of ATI with thrombus load was independent from HDL and TGL levels.

CONCLUSIONS

The atherogenic index can be used as a reliable marker for increased coronary thrombus burden, which is associated with adverse CV outcomes.

Successful visible thrombus aspiration in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: associated factors and the clinical impact

BACKGROUND

Thrombus aspiration (TA) has been considered a procedure for controlling distal emboli and improving microvascular perfusion. However, current guidelines classify routine TA as class III recommendation, and it has been reported that the efficacy of TA is limited because of the relatively high incidence of failure in retrieval of thrombotic material. The aim of this study was to explore patient characteristics and procedural factors associated with successful TA in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and to assess the clinical impact of successful TA.

METHODS

This single-center retrospective study enrolled 158 STEMI patients who underwent TA as initial recanalization. Factors associated with successful TA, which was defined as retrieving any visible material by aspiration catheter, were explored, and angiographical and short-term outcomes were assessed.

RESULTS

In 146 cases (92.4%), the aspiration catheter reached the culprit lesion. Successful TA was achieved in 72 cases (45.6%). The single angiographical characteristic of successful TA was a higher Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction grade before TA. Among the procedural characteristics, the rate of successful TA was higher with a 7-French aspiration catheter compared with the rate with a 6-French catheter (57.1% vs. 29.9%, P  = 0.01). Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction grade 3 flow was more frequent in patients with successful TA immediately after TA (36.1% vs. 16.3%, P  = 0.006) and at final angiography (91.7% vs 79.1%, P  = 0.04) compared with the grade in patients without successful TA, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of a larger aspiration catheter may be effective in retrieving visible thrombus material, and successful TA led to better angiographical results.

Heavy lone coronary artery thrombosis treated by stent retriever, in the setting of COVID‐19 infection

We present a case of heavy lone coronary thrombosis in the setting of COVID‐19 infection. We highlight the special angiographic, ultrasonographic, and histological features of this thrombus, and we describe the application of carotid stent retriever for its removal.

Synopsis of Biomarkers of Atheromatous Plaque Formation, Rupture and Thrombosis in the Diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndromes

Acute coronary syndrome is the main cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide and early diagnosis is a challenge for clinicians. Though cardiac Troponin, the most commonly used biomarker, is the gold standard for myocardial necrosis, it is blind for ischemia without necrosis. Therefore, ideal biomarkers are essential in the care of patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of cardiac ischemia. The ideal biomarker or group of biomarkers of atheromatous plaque formation, rupture and thrombosis for timely and accurate diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome is a current need. Therefore, we discuss the existing understanding and future of biomarkers of atheromatous plaque formation, rupture and thrombosis of acute coronary syndrome in this review. Keywords were searched from Medline, ISI, IBSS and Google Scholar databases. Further, the authors conducted a manual search of other relevant journals and reference lists of primary articles. The development of high-sensitivity troponin assays facilitates earlier exclusion of acute coronary syndrome, contributing to a reduced length of stay at the emergency department, and earlier treatment resulting in better outcomes. Although researchers have investigated biomarkers of atheromatous plaque formation, rupture and thrombosis to help early diagnosis of cardiac ischemia, most of them necessitate validation from further analysis. Among these biomarkers, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and endothelial cell-specific molecule- 1(endocan) have shown promising results in the early diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome but need further evaluation. However, the use of a combination of biomarkers representing varying pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiac ischemia will support risk assessment, diagnosis and prognosis in these patients and this is the way forward.

Biodegradable Polymer DES (Ultimaster) vs. Magnesium Bioresorbable Scaffold (BRS Magmaris) in Diabetic Population with NSTE-ACS: A One-Year Clinical Outcome of Two Sirolimus-Eluting Stents

BACKGROUND

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) with significant involvement of coronary artery disease (CAD) remains a major cause of death and disability among the diabetic population. Although percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) continues to evolve, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a well-established marker of poor clinical prognosis after PCI, which is mainly attributed to the rapid progression of atherosclerosis requiring recurrent revascularizations. Hence, the use of bioresorbable materials could provide some solution to this problem. Material and Methods. The study was divided into two arms. For the first one, we qualified 169 patients with NSTE-ACS treated with PCI who received the drug-eluting stent (DES) coated with a biodegradable polymer Ultimaster (Terumo, Tokyo, Japan). The second arm was composed of 193 patients with ACS who underwent PCI with a magnesium bioresorbable scaffold Magmaris (Biotronik, Berlin, Germany). Both arms were divided into two subsequent groups: the T2DM (59 and 72) and the non-DM (110 and 121, respectively). The primary outcomes were cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and in-stent thrombosis. The main secondary outcomes included target lesion failure (TLF) and were recorded at a 1-year-follow-up.

RESULTS

There were no significant differences between the diabetic and nondiabetic populations in primary endpoints or main secondary endpoints (TLF, scaffold restenosis, death from any reason, and other cardiovascular events) either in the Ultimaster or Magmaris group. At a 1-year-follow-up, the primary endpoint in the DM t.2 population was recorded in 2.7% Ultimaster vs. 5.1% Magmaris, respectively. At the same time, the TLF occurred in the diabetic group in 4.1% Magmaris and 3.3% in the Ultimaster arm, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Both, Ultimaster and Magmaris revealed relative safety and efficiency at a one-year follow-up in the diabetic population in ACS settings. The observed rates of TLF were low, which combined with a lack of in-stent thrombosis suggests that both investigated devices might be an interesting therapeutic option for diabetics with ACS. Nevertheless, further large randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm fully our results.

Potential Mechanisms of In-stent Neointimal Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation

ABSTRACT

Percutaneous coronary intervention has become the main revascularization strategy for coronary artery disease. Compared with early percutaneous coronary angioplasty and the extensive clinical application of bare metal stents, drug-eluting stents can significantly reduce the stenosis caused by the elastic retraction of plaque and neoatherosclerosis (NA), but there is still a high incidence of in-stent restenosis (ISR), which restricts the clinical efficacy of stent implantation. In-stent neoatherosclerosis (ISNA), defined as atherosclerotic lesions in the neointima, is one of the main causes of late stent failure. ISNA plays an important role in stent thrombosis and ISR. The rate of target lesion revascularization and in-stent thrombosis is high when NA arises. Therefore, it is of great clinical significance to explore the occurrence of NA and its development mechanism after stent implantation to prevent ISR and improve stent implantation efficacy and associated clinical prognosis. In this article, we systematically reviewed the existing clinical research on ISNA and the role of optical coherence tomography in its evaluation.

Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Complications With COVID-19

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 has affected the health of people across the globe. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have a significant relationship with COVID-19, both as a risk factor and prognostic indicator, and as a complication of the disease itself. In addition to predisposing to CVD complications, the ongoing pandemic has severely affected the delivery of timely and appropriate care for cardiovascular conditions resulting in increased mortality. The etiology behind the cardiac injury associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 is likely varied, including coronary artery disease, microvascular thrombosis, myocarditis, and stress cardiomyopathy. Further large-scale investigations are needed to better determine the underlying mechanism of myocardial infarction and other cardiac injury in COVID-19 patients and to determine the incidence of each type of cardiac injury in this patient population. Telemedicine and remote monitoring technologies can play an important role in optimizing outcomes in patients with established CVD. In this article, we summarize the various impacts that COVID-19 has on the cardiovascular system, including myocardial infarction, myocarditis, stress cardiomyopathy, thrombosis, and stroke.

Comparison of intravascular ultrasound-guided with angiography-guided double kissing crush stenting for patients with complex coronary bifurcation lesions: Rationale and design of a prospective, randomized, and multicenter DKCRUSH VIII trial

BACKGROUND

Double kissing (DK) crush approach for patients with coronary bifurcation lesions, particularly localized at distal left main or lesions with increased complexity, is associated with significant reduction in clinical events when compared with provisional stenting. Recently, randomized clinical trial has demonstrated the net clinical benefits by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-guided implantation of drug-eluting stent in all-comers. However, the improvement in clinical outcome after DK crush treatment guided by IVUS over angiography guidance for patients with complex bifurcation lesions have never been studied in a randomized fashion.

TRIAL DESIGN

DKCRUSH VIII study is a prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial designed to assess superiority of IVUS-guided vs angiography-guided DK crush stenting in patients with complex bifurcation lesions according to DEFINITION criteria. A total of 556 patients with complex bifurcation lesions will be randomly (1:1 of ratio) assigned to IVUS-guided or angiography-guided DK crush stenting group. The primary end point is the rate of 12-month target vessel failure, including cardiac death, target vessel myocardial infarction, or clinically driven target vessel revascularization. The secondary end points consist of the individual component of primary end point, all-cause death, myocardial infarction, and in-stent restenosis. The safety end point is the incidence of definite or probable stent thrombosis. An angiographic follow-up will be performed for all patients at 13 months and clinical follow-up will be continued annually until 3 years after the index procedure.

CONCLUSIONS

DKCRUSH VIII trial is the first study designed to evaluate the differences in efficacy and safety between IVUS-guided and angiography-guided DK crush stenting in patients with complex true bifurcation lesions. This study will also provide IVUS-derived criteria to define optimal DK crush stenting for bifurcation lesions at higher complexity.

Microthrombi as a Major Cause of Cardiac Injury in COVID-19: A Pathologic Study

BACKGROUND

Cardiac injury is common in patients who are hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and portends poorer prognosis. However, the mechanism and the type of myocardial damage associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remain uncertain.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic pathological analysis of 40 hearts from hospitalized patients dying of COVID-19 in Bergamo, Italy, to determine the pathological mechanisms of cardiac injury. We divided the hearts according to presence or absence of acute myocyte necrosis and then determined the underlying mechanisms of cardiac injury.

RESULTS

Of the 40 hearts examined, 14 (35%) had evidence of myocyte necrosis, predominantly of the left ventricle. Compared with subjects without necrosis, subjects with necrosis tended to be female, have chronic kidney disease, and have shorter symptom onset to admission. The incidence of severe coronary artery disease (ie, >75% cross-sectional narrowing) was not significantly different between those with and without necrosis. Three of 14 (21.4%) subjects with myocyte necrosis showed evidence of acute myocardial infarction, defined as ≥1 cm² area of necrosis, whereas 11 of 14 (78.6%) showed evidence of focal (>20 necrotic myocytes with an area of ≥0.05 mm² but <1 cm²) myocyte necrosis. Cardiac thrombi were present in 11 of 14 (78.6%) cases with necrosis, with 2 of 14 (14.2%) having epicardial coronary artery thrombi, whereas 9 of 14 (64.3%) had microthrombi in myocardial capillaries, arterioles, and small muscular arteries. We compared cardiac microthrombi from COVID-19-positive autopsy cases to intramyocardial thromboemboli from COVID-19 cases as well as to aspirated thrombi obtained during primary percutaneous coronary intervention from uninfected and COVID-19-infected patients presenting with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. Microthrombi had significantly greater fibrin and terminal complement C5b-9 immunostaining compared with intramyocardial thromboemboli from COVID-19-negative subjects and with aspirated thrombi. There were no significant differences between the constituents of thrombi aspirated from COVID-19-positive and -negative patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction.

CONCLUSIONS

The most common pathological cause of myocyte necrosis was microthrombi. Microthrombi were different in composition from intramyocardial thromboemboli from COVID-19-negative subjects and from coronary thrombi retrieved from COVID-19-positive and -negative patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. Tailored antithrombotic strategies may be useful to counteract the cardiac effects of COVID-19 infection.

Coronary Thrombosis From Superficial Calcific Sheet

We present a case in which optical coherence tomography was useful to characterize in vivo superficial calcific sheet and exclude other causes of acute coronary syndromes.

Real-World Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Following Polymer-Free Sirolimus-Eluting Stent Implantations to Treat Coronary Artery Disease

Objectives

The objective of this post hoc analysis was to analyze real-world dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) regimens following polymer-free sirolimus-eluting stent (PF-SES) implantations in an unselected patient population.

Methods

Patient-level data from two all-comers observational studies (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT02629575 and NCT02905214) were pooled and analyzed in terms of their primary endpoint. During the data verification process, we observed substantial deviations from DAPT guideline recommendations. To illuminate this gap between clinical practice and guideline recommendations, we conducted a post hoc analysis of DAPT regimens and clinical event rates for which we defined the net adverse event rate (NACE) consisting of target lesion revascularization (TLR, primary endpoint of all-comers observational studies) all-cause death, myocardial infarction (MI), stent thrombosis (ST), and bleeding events. A logistic regression was utilized to determine predictors why ticagrelor was used in stable coronary artery disease (CAD) patients instead of the guideline-recommended clopidogrel.

Results

For stable CAD, the composite endpoint of clinical, bleeding, and stent thrombosis, i.e., NACE, between the clopidogrel and ticagrelor treatment groups was not different (5.4% vs. 5.1%, p = 0.745). Likewise, in the acute coronary syndrome (ACS) cohort, the NACE rates were not different between both DAPT strategies (9.2% vs. 9.3%, p = 0.927). There were also no differences in the accumulated rates for TLR, myocardial infarction ([MI], mortality, bleeding events, and stent thrombosis in elective and ACS patients. The main predictors for ticagrelor use in stable CAD patients were age < 65 years, smaller vessels, treatment of ostial and calcified lesions, and in-stent restenosis.

Conclusion

Within the framework of a post hoc analysis based on a real-world, large cohort study, there were no differences in the combined endpoint of major adverse cardiac events (MACE), bleeding and thrombotic events for clopidogrel and ticagrelor in stable CAD or ACS patients. Despite the recommendation for clopidogrel by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), real-world ticagrelor use was observed in subgroups of stable CAD patients that ought to be explored in future trials.

Coronary Stent Thrombosis- Predictors and Prevention

BACKGROUND

Stent thrombosis (ST) is a dreaded complication after stent implantation and is associated with a mortality between 5% and 45%. The mechanisms by which ST arises are complex. Because of the seriousness of this situation, all phy - sicians should have at least basic knowledge of it. In this article, we present the risk factors for ST and discuss some innovative approaches to its treatment.

METHODS

This review is based on pertinent articles retrieved by a selective search in PubMed, and on current international guidelines and expert recommendations.

RESULTS

The frequency of ST has been markedly lowered by technical advances in coronary stenting and by the implementation of modern implantation techniques, including the introduction of coverage with dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). Both patient-related risk factors and procedural aspects can elevate the risk of ST. The independent risk factors for ST include premature termination of DAPT (hazard ratio [HR] 26.8; 95% confidence interval [8.4; 85.4]; p <0.0001), malignant disease (odds ratio [OR]: 17.45; [4.67; 65.26]; p <0.0001), and diabetes mellitus (OR: 3.14; [1.33; 7.45]; p = 0.0093). In comparison to angiographically guided procedures, the use of intracoronary imaging techniques in patients with acute coronary syndrome lowers the frequency of ST (0.6% versus 1.2%; p = 0.005). These techniques enable the detection of many findings in the coronary arteries that are associated with the development of ST. In such cases, countermeasures such as secondary stent dilatation or prolongation of DAPT can help prevent ST.

CONCLUSION

As the pathophysiology of ST is multifactorial, research in this area presents a special challenge. Prospective clinical trials will be needed to determine whether the systematic use of imaging techniques can lower the frequency of ST.

Polymer-based or Polymer-free Stents in Patients at High Bleeding Risk

BACKGROUND

Polymer-free drug-coated stents provide superior clinical outcomes to bare-metal stents in patients at high bleeding risk who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and are treated with 1 month of dual antiplatelet therapy. Data on the use of polymer-based drug-eluting stents, as compared with polymer-free drug-coated stents, in such patients are limited.

METHODS

In an international, randomized, single-blind trial, we compared polymer-based zotarolimus-eluting stents with polymer-free umirolimus-coated stents in patients at high bleeding risk. After PCI, patients were treated with 1 month of dual antiplatelet therapy, followed by single antiplatelet therapy. The primary outcome was a safety composite of death from cardiac causes, myocardial infarction, or stent thrombosis at 1 year. The principal secondary outcome was target-lesion failure, an effectiveness composite of death from cardiac causes, target-vessel myocardial infarction, or clinically indicated target-lesion revascularization. Both outcomes were powered for noninferiority.

RESULTS

A total of 1996 patients at high bleeding risk were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive zotarolimus-eluting stents (1003 patients) or polymer-free drug-coated stents (993 patients). At 1 year, the primary outcome was observed in 169 of 988 patients (17.1%) in the zotarolimus-eluting stent group and in 164 of 969 (16.9%) in the polymer-free drug-coated stent group (risk difference, 0.2 percentage points; upper boundary of the one-sided 97.5% confidence interval [CI], 3.5; noninferiority margin, 4.1; P = 0.01 for noninferiority). The principal secondary outcome was observed in 174 patients (17.6%) in the zotarolimus-eluting stent group and in 169 (17.4%) in the polymer-free drug-coated stent group (risk difference, 0.2 percentage points; upper boundary of the one-sided 97.5% CI, 3.5; noninferiority margin, 4.4; P = 0.007 for noninferiority).

CONCLUSIONS

Among patients at high bleeding risk who received 1 month of dual antiplatelet therapy after PCI, use of polymer-based zotarolimus-eluting stents was noninferior to use of polymer-free drug-coated stents with regard to safety and effectiveness composite outcomes. (Funded by Medtronic; ONYX ONE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03344653.).

Computational fluid dynamic-derived wall shear stress of non-significant left main bifurcation disease may predict acute vessel thrombosis at 3-year follow-up

Wall shear stress (WSS) plays a pivotal role on plaque progression in coronary artery disease. We assess the prognostic role of baseline mean WSS in developing a bifurcation-located myocardial infarction (B-MI) over the following 3 years in angiographically non-significant LM bifurcation disease. For this purpose, we retrospectively reviewed the procedural and medical records of consecutive patients evaluated in our center from 1st January 2014 to 1st January 2019 who had a non-significant LM bifurcation disease as evaluated at coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and confirmed by coronary angiography. Each bifurcation model was reconstructed on the patient-specific geometries derived from the CCTA. The population was divided into two groups: patients with (n = 12) and without B-MI (n = 20) over the following 3 years. Both the mean WSSprox of each branch and the WSSentire_lesion of each vessel, adjusted for the respective mean lesions lengths and 3-dimensional percentage of stenosis (DS%), resulted in independent predictors of 3-year B-MI. Multivariate Cox-regression analysis confirmed that a baseline mean WSSentire_model ≥ 5.05 Pa (HR 1.98, 95% CI 1.83-2.10, p = 0.001) was a predictor of 3-year B-MI independently from the entire mean lesions lengths (HR 1.56. 95% CI 1.43.1.68, p = 0.002) and DS% (HR 1.26, 95% CI 1.18-1.37, p = 0.03). In conclusion, in patients with angiographically non-significant LM bifurcation disease, both the mean WSSprox of each branch and WSSentire_lesion of each stenotic vessel predicted the occurrence of B-MI over the following 3 years. Moreover, the WSSentire_bifurcation ≥ 5.05 Pa seems to be a predictor of 3-year B-MI independently from the DS% and lesions lengths.

Role of endothelial dysfunction in determining angina after percutaneous coronary intervention: Learning from pathophysiology to optimize treatment

Endothelial dysfunction (EnD) is a hallmark feature of coronary artery disease (CAD), representing the key early step of atherosclerotic plaque development and progression. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is performed daily worldwide to treat symptomatic CAD, however a consistent proportion of patients remain symptomatic for angina despite otherwise successful revascularization. EnD plays a central role in the mechanisms of post-PCI angina, as it is strictly associated with both structural and functional abnormalities in the coronary arteries that may persist, or even accentuate, following PCI. The assessment of endothelial function in patients undergoing PCI might help to identify those patients at higher risk of future cardiovascular events and recurrent/persistent angina who might therefore benefit more from an intensive treatment. In this review, we address the role of EnD in determining angina after PCI, discussing its pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic approaches and therapeutic perspectives.

Randomized Comparison of Ridaforolimus-Eluting and Zotarolimus-Eluting Coronary Stents: 2-Year Clinical Outcomes From the BIONICS and NIREUS Trials

OBJECTIVES

This study sought to determine clinical outcomes between treatment groups over long-term follow-up.

BACKGROUND

The safety and efficacy of a ridaforolimus-eluting stent (RES) was evaluated in the BIONICS (BioNIR Ridaforolimus-Eluting Coronary Stent System in Coronary Stenosis) and NIREUS (BioNIR Ridaforolimus Eluting Coronary Stent System [BioNIR] European Angiography Study) trials, demonstrating noninferiority of RES in comparison with a zotarolimus-eluting stent (ZES) regarding 1-year target lesion failure (TLF) and 6-month angiographic late lumen loss, respectively.

METHODS

Patient-level data from the BIONICS (N = 1,919) and NIREUS (N = 302) randomized trials were pooled, and outcomes in patients implanted with RES and ZES compared. Broad inclusion criteria allowed enrollment of patients with acute coronary syndromes and complex lesions. The primary endpoint was the 2-year rate of TLF or clinically driven target lesion revascularization.

RESULTS

A total of 2,221 patients (age 63.2 ± 10.3 years; 79.7% men) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with RES (n = 1,159) or ZES (n = 1,062) were included. Clinical and angiographic characteristics were similar between groups. At 2 years, the primary endpoint of TLF was similar among patients implanted with RES and ZES (7.0% vs. 7.2%; p = 0.94). Rates of target lesion revascularization (4.8% RES vs. 4.1% ZES; p = 0.41) and target vessel-related myocardial infarction (3.1% RES vs. 3.8% ZES; p = 0.52) did not differ between groups. The overall rate of stent thrombosis was also similar (0.5% RES vs. 0.9% ZES; p = 0.39).

CONCLUSIONS

In a pooled analysis of 2 randomized trials, 2-year clinical outcomes were similar between patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with RES and ZES. These results support the long-term safety and efficacy of RES for the treatment of a broad population of patients with coronary artery disease.

A case of a critically injured diver with multiorgan failure and severe pulmonary overinflation syndrome in a resource-limited setting

A diver practicing controlled emergency ascent training on the island of Guam suffered bilateral pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, coronary arterial gas embolism, and developed multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Due to limitations of available resources he was medically managed in the intensive care unit until he could be transferred to University of California San Diego for definitive management. We provide an account of our management of the patient, the pathophysiology of injury as well as a review of the safety of recreational diving skills training, current standards of practice and potential pitfalls when considering proper management of a critically injured diver.

What atherosclerosis findings can CT see in sudden coronary death: Plaque rupture versus plaque erosion

Sudden death is the most abrupt clinical presentation of acute coronary syndrome. The presence of acute luminal thrombosis is the histopathological hallmark of sudden coronary death. There are 3 main etiologies that can give rise to an acute luminal thrombus: plaque rupture, plaque erosion and, less frequently, eruptive calcified nodules. Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) has the ability to identify high-risk plaque features of coronary artery disease that are associated with future adverse cardiac events. In this report, we illustrate 2 cases of suspected sudden coronary death with a thorough description of how CCTA can be employed to detect high-risk plaque features using histopathology as a gold standard.

Very Late Scaffold Thrombosis after Everolimus-Eluting Bioresorbable Scaffold Implantation in Patients with Unremarkable Interim Surveillance Angiography

PURPOSE

Everolimus-eluting bioresorbable scaffolds (BRS) demonstrated an increased risk of very late scaffold thrombosis (VLScT) in comparison with conventional drug-eluting stents. However, characterization of VLScT cases remains scant and the role of interim angiographic surveillance in identifying patients at risk of VLScT is unclear. We therefore set out to identify angiographic predictors of VLScT in our present case series.

METHODS

We analyzed a series of consecutive patients with VLScT presenting to two centers in Munich, Germany. Of interest, all patients had undergone interim planned surveillance angiography. Angiographic films were collected and reviewed and quantitative coronary angiography analysis was done at a core laboratory. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) images at presentation with VLScT were analyzed in patients with available data.

RESULTS

Nine patients presented with 10 VLScT events. Mean age was 62.6 years. Surveillance angiography (between 159 and 476 days) were unremarkable in all cases. Time from index intervention to VLScT ranged from 393 to 1494 days. Nine of 10 events occurred after discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy. Four patients underwent OCT. The dominant finding at the time of VLScT was scaffold discontinuity.

CONCLUSIONS

In a series of patients with VLScT after treatment with BRS, routine interim surveillance angiography was available in all patients and failed to identify features predictive of subsequent adverse events.

A Multidisciplinary Approach on the Perioperative Antithrombotic Management of Patients With Coronary Stents Undergoing Surgery: Surgery After Stenting 2

Perioperative management of antithrombotic therapy in patients treated with coronary stents undergoing surgery remains poorly defined. Importantly, surgery represents a common reason for premature treatment discontinuation, which is associated with an increased risk in mortality and major adverse cardiac events. However, maintaining antithrombotic therapy to minimize the incidence of perioperative ischemic complications may increase the risk of bleeding complications. Although guidelines provide some recommendations with respect to the perioperative management of antithrombotic therapy, these have been largely developed according to the thrombotic risk of the patient and a definition of the hemorrhagic risk specific to each surgical procedure, key to defining the trade-off between ischemia and bleeding, is not provided. These observations underscore the need for a multidisciplinary collaboration among cardiologists, anesthesiologists, hematologists and surgeons to reach this goal. The present document is an update on practical recommendations for standardizing management of antithrombotic therapy management in patients treated with coronary stents (Surgery After Stenting 2) in various types of surgery according to the predicted individual risk of thrombotic complications against the anticipated risk of surgical bleeding complications. Cardiologists defined the thrombotic risk using a "combined ischemic risk" approach, while surgeons classified surgeries according to their inherent hemorrhagic risk. Finally, a multidisciplinary agreement on the most appropriate antithrombotic treatment regimen in the perioperative phase was reached for each surgical procedure.

Everolimus Eluting Stents in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Kidney Disease: Insights from the TUXEDO Trial

BACKGROUND

Patients with diabetes and those with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at increased risk of cardiovascular events. Everolimus eluting stents (EES) have been shown to be superior to paclitaxel eluting stents (PES) in patients with diabetes. However, it is not known if EES is as beneficial in diabetic patients with CKD compared with those without CKD.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Patients enrolled in the TUXEDO-India trial, which is a clinical trial of patients with diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) randomly assigned to EES vs. thin-strut PES (Taxus Element), with data on baseline renal function were selected. CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 ml/min/1.73 m² using the Cockcroft-Gault formula. Primary outcome was target vessel failure (TVF-defined as cardiac death, TV myocardial infarction (MI) or ischemia driven TV revascularization) at 1 year. Various secondary outcomes including stent thrombosis were evaluated. Among the 1821 patients with diabetes included in this analysis, 344 (19%) had CKD. In a propensity score adjusted analysis, patients with CKD had a significant increase in MACE (HR = 2.02; 95% CI 1.17-3.50; P = 0.01); death/MI/TVR (HR = 1.99; 95% CI 1.18-3.34; P = 0.009); death/MI (HR = 2.31; 95% CI 1.30-4.08; P = 0.004); cardiac death/MI (HR = 2.40; 95% CI 1.31-4.42; P = 0.005); death (HR = 2.88; 95% CI 1.35-6.13; P = 0.006) driven by an increase in cardiac death (HR = 3.33; 95% CI 1.42-7.83; P = 0.006) when compared with those without CKD. However, stent related events (TV-MI, TVR, TLR and stent thrombosis) were not different between CKD and non CKD groups. A significant interaction between CKD status and stent type (EES vs. PES) was noted for the outcomes of TVF (P_interaction = 0.046), MACE (P_interaction = 0.02), cardiac death or MI (P_interaction = 0.05), non-target vessel related MI (P_interaction = 0.04), non-Q-wave MI (P_interaction = 0.03) and deaths/MI/TVR (P_interaction = 0.04) such that EES was superior to PES in the non-CKD cohort but not in the CKD cohort.

CONCLUSIONS

In subjects with diabetes, CKD is an independent predictor of adverse cardiovascular outcomes including increased risk of death driven largely by non-stent related events. While EES was superior to PES in patients without CKD, this was not the case in those with CKD (Clinical Trials Registry-India number, CTRI/2011/06/001830).