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Cardim Falcao R, Edwards MR, Hurst M, Fraser E, Otterstatter M. A Review on Microbiological Source Attribution Methods of Human Salmonellosis: From Subtyping to Whole-Genome Sequencing. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024; 21:137-146. [PMID: 38032610 PMCID: PMC10924193 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the main causes of human foodborne illness. It is endemic worldwide, with different animals and animal-based food products as reservoirs and vehicles of infection. Identifying animal reservoirs and potential transmission pathways of Salmonella is essential for prevention and control. There are many approaches for source attribution, each using different statistical models and data streams. Some aim to identify the animal reservoir, while others aim to determine the point at which exposure occurred. With the advance of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) technologies, new source attribution models will greatly benefit from the discriminating power gained with WGS. This review discusses some key source attribution methods and their mathematical and statistical tools. We also highlight recent studies utilizing WGS for source attribution and discuss open questions and challenges in developing new WGS methods. We aim to provide a better understanding of the current state of these methodologies with application to Salmonella and other foodborne pathogens that are common sources of illness in the poultry and human sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Cardim Falcao
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Megan R Edwards
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Matt Hurst
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Canada
| | - Erin Fraser
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Michael Otterstatter
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Fischerström K, Dryselius R, Lindblad M, Kühlmann-Berenzon S, Karamehmedovic N, Börjesson S, Hashemi N, Gunn I, Gustavsson AM, Lindroos N, Nederby-Öhd J, Widerström M, Rimhanen-Finne R, Vainio A, Rehn M. Outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium linked to Swedish pre-washed rocket salad, Sweden, September to November 2022. Euro Surveill 2024; 29:2300299. [PMID: 38456218 PMCID: PMC10986667 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2024.29.10.2300299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In September 2022, the Public Health Agency of Sweden observed an increase in domestic Salmonella Typhimurium cases through the Swedish electronic notification system, and an outbreak strain was identified with whole genome sequencing. Overall, 109 cases with symptom onset between 17 September and 24 November 2022 were reported from 20 of 21 Swedish regions. The median age of cases was 52 years (range 4-87 years) and 62% were female. A case-control study found cases to be associated with consumption of rocket salad (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 4.9; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.4-10, p value < 0.001) and bagged mixed salad (aOR = 4.0; 95% CI: 1.9-8.1, p value < 0.001). Trace-back, supported by Finnish authorities who identified the Swedish outbreak strain in a Finnish cluster during the same time period, identified rocket salad, cultivated, pre-washed and pre-packed in Sweden as the likely source of the outbreak. No microbiological analyses of rocket salad were performed. Our investigation indicates that bagged leafy greens such as rocket salad, regardless of pre-washing procedures in the production chain, may contain Salmonella and cause outbreaks, posing a health risk to consumers. We emphasise the need for primary producers of leafy greens to identify possible contamination points to prevent outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Fischerström
- ECDC Fellowship Programme, Field Epidemiology path (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
- Public Health Agency of Sweden (PHAS), Solna, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Stefan Börjesson
- School of Health Science, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Public Health Agency of Sweden (PHAS), Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Ingrid Gunn
- Department of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Region Kalmar County, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Ann-Mari Gustavsson
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, County of Värmland, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Nilla Lindroos
- Department of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Region Halland, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Joanna Nederby-Öhd
- Department of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Ruska Rimhanen-Finne
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anni Vainio
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Moa Rehn
- Public Health Agency of Sweden (PHAS), Solna, Sweden
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Rubio Granda A, Fernández Miaja M, Delgado Nicolás S, Fernández Ibáñez A, Llaneza Velasco ME, Alonso Álvarez MA. [Clinical and epidemiologic description of a severe outbreak of Salmonellosis in an urban nursery school]. Rev Esp Quimioter 2022; 35:265-272. [PMID: 35429965 PMCID: PMC9134884 DOI: 10.37201/req/134.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We describe clinically and epidemiologically an outbreak of gastrointestinal infection by Salmonella enterica ser. (serotype) Enteritidis in an urban infant school, which led to high morbidity and significant social alarm. The immediate communication, as well as the adequate study of the outbreak, in both aspects, allowed identifying the pathogen and establishing control measures in a reasonable period of time. Controversial aspects such as the indication of antibiotherapy or the moment of closing the center are discussed. METHODS We retrospectively collected clinical, analytical and epidemiological information and we reviewed the methodology of the outbreak study and its results. RESULTS A total of 57 children (3-45 months), were affected and had microbiological confirmation. Diarrhea and fever were the main symptoms. 74% went to the hospital and 37% were admitted (mean stay 3.3 days). Factors associated with admission were: dehydration, significant elevation of acute phase reactants and coagulopathy. Twelve patients received parenteral cefotaxime. There were 2 complications: 1 bacteremia and 1 readmission. The initial suspicion of the origin of the outbreak was food, but the analysis of the control samples was negative. Five workers were positive (2 symptomatic). Epidemiologic Surveillance concluded that the probable origin of the outbreak was an asymptomatic carrier and improper diapers handling. The center was closed for 8 days. Cleaning and disinfection measures were carried out, as well as instruction on diaper changing, and the carriers were followed. CONCLUSIONS Clustering in time and space of cases should be reported immediately for early control of the outbreak. Children may present severe forms of Salmonella gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Fernández Miaja
- María Fernández Miaja. Área de Gestión Clínica de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias. Avenida de Roma, s/n 33011. Oviedo. Asturias. Spain.
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Mahari S, Gandhi S. Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors for the Detection of Salmonellosis: Current Prospective and Challenges. Biosensors (Basel) 2022; 12:bios12060365. [PMID: 35735514 PMCID: PMC9221498 DOI: 10.3390/bios12060365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a major cause of foodborne infections, caused by Salmonella, posing a major health risk. It possesses the ability to infiltrate the food supply chain at any point throughout the manufacturing, distribution, processing or quality control process. Salmonella infection has increased severely and requires effective and efficient methods for early monitoring and detection. Traditional methods, such as real-time polymerase chain reaction and culture plate, consume a lot of time and are labor-intensive. Therefore, new quick detection methods for on-field applications are urgently needed. Biosensors provide consumer-friendly approaches for quick on-field diagnoses. In the last few years, there has been a surge in research into the creation of reliable and advanced electrochemical sensors for the detection of Salmonella strains in food samples. Electrochemical sensors provide extensive accuracy and reproducible results. Herein, we present a comprehensive overview of electrochemical sensors for the detection of Salmonella by focusing on various mechanisms of electrochemical transducer. Further, we explain new-generation biosensors (microfluidics, CRISPR- and IOT-based) for point-of care applications. This review also highlights the limitations of developing biosensors in Salmonella detection and future possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasis Mahari
- DBT-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad 500032, India;
- DBT-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Sonu Gandhi
- DBT-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad 500032, India;
- DBT-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad 121001, India
- Correspondence: or
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Van Goethem N, Van Den Bossche A, Ceyssens PJ, Lajot A, Coucke W, Vernelen K, Roosens NHC, De Keersmaecker SCJ, Van Cauteren D, Mattheus W. Coverage of the national surveillance system for human Salmonella infections, Belgium, 2016-2020. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256820. [PMID: 34437638 PMCID: PMC8389443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The surveillance of human salmonellosis in Belgium is dependent on the referral of human Salmonella isolates to the National Reference Center (NRC). Knowledge of current diagnostic practices and the coverage of the national Salmonella surveillance system are important to correctly interpret surveillance data and trends over time, to estimate the true burden of salmonellosis in Belgium, and to evaluate the appropriateness of implementing whole-genome sequencing (WGS) at this central level. Methods The coverage of the NRC was defined as the proportion of all diagnosed human Salmonella cases in Belgium reported to the NRC and was assessed for 2019 via a survey among all licensed Belgian medical laboratories in 2019, and for 2016–2020 via a capture-recapture study using the Sentinel Network of Laboratories (SNL) as the external source. In addition, the survey was used to assess the impact of the implementation of culture-independent diagnostic tests (CIDTs) at the level of peripheral laboratory sites, as a potential threat to national public health surveillance programs. Results The coverage of the NRC surveillance system was estimated to be 83% and 85%, based on the results of the survey and on the two-source capture-recapture study, respectively. Further, the results of the survey indicated a limited use of CIDTs by peripheral laboratories in 2019. Conclusion Given the high coverage and the limited impact of CIDTs on the referral of isolates, we may conclude that the NRC can confidently monitor the epidemiological situation and identify outbreaks throughout the country. These findings may guide the decision to implement WGS at the level of the NRC and may improve estimates of the true burden of salmonellosis in Belgium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Van Goethem
- Scientific Directorate of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Faculty of Public Health, Université Catholique de Louvain, Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - An Van Den Bossche
- National Reference Centre for Salmonella and Shigella, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pieter-Jan Ceyssens
- National Reference Centre for Salmonella and Shigella, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Adrien Lajot
- Scientific Directorate of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wim Coucke
- Quality of laboratories, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kris Vernelen
- Quality of laboratories, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Dieter Van Cauteren
- Scientific Directorate of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wesley Mattheus
- National Reference Centre for Salmonella and Shigella, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
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Nettleton WD, Reimink B, Arends KD, Potter D, Henderson JJ, Dietrich S, Franks M. Protracted, Intermittent Outbreak of Salmonella Mbandaka Linked to a Restaurant — Michigan, 2008–2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021; 70:1109-1113. [PMID: 34411074 PMCID: PMC8375710 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7033a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mascitti AK, Kipper D, Dos Reis RO, da Silva JS, Fonseca ASK, Ikuta N, Tondo EC, Lunge VR. Retrospective whole-genome comparison of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis from foodborne outbreaks in Southern Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:1523-1533. [PMID: 33990934 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00508-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is frequently isolated from animal-source foods associated with human salmonellosis outbreaks. This serovar was spread to animal (mainly poultry) farms worldwide in the 1980s, and it is still detected in foods produced in many countries, including Brazil. The present study reports a retrospective genome-wide comparison of S. Enteritidis from foodborne outbreaks in Southern Brazil in the last two decades. Fifty-two S. Enteritidis isolates were obtained from foodborne outbreaks occurring in different cities of the Brazilian southernmost State, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), from 2003 to 2015. Whole-genome sequences (WGS) from these isolates were obtained and comparatively analyzed with 65 additional genomes from NCBI. Phylogenetic and Bayesian analyses were performed to study temporal evolution. Genes related to antibiotic resistance and virulence were also evaluated. The results demonstrated that all S. Enteritidis isolates from Southern Brazil clustered in the global epidemic clade disseminated worldwide originally in the 1980s. Temporal analysis demonstrated that all Brazilian isolates had a tMRCA (time to most recent common ancestor) in 1986 with an effective population size (Ne) increase soon after until 1992, then becoming constant up to now. In Southern Brazil, there was a significant decrease in the spreading of S. Enteritidis in the last decade. In addition, three antibiotic resistance genes were detected in all isolates: aac(6')-Iaa, mdfA, and tet(34). These results demonstrate the high frequency of one only specific S. Enteritidis lineage (global epidemic clade) in foodborne outbreaks from Southern Brazil in the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa K Mascitti
- Lutheran University of Brazil, 8001, Canoas, Rio Grande Do Sul, 92425-020, Brazil
| | - Diéssy Kipper
- Lutheran University of Brazil, 8001, Canoas, Rio Grande Do Sul, 92425-020, Brazil
| | - Rafael O Dos Reis
- Lutheran University of Brazil, 8001, Canoas, Rio Grande Do Sul, 92425-020, Brazil
| | - Juliana S da Silva
- Lutheran University of Brazil, 8001, Canoas, Rio Grande Do Sul, 92425-020, Brazil
| | | | - Nilo Ikuta
- Simbios Biotechnology, Cachoeirinha, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eduardo C Tondo
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vagner R Lunge
- Lutheran University of Brazil, 8001, Canoas, Rio Grande Do Sul, 92425-020, Brazil.
- Simbios Biotechnology, Cachoeirinha, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Buytaers FE, Saltykova A, Mattheus W, Verhaegen B, Roosens NHC, Vanneste K, Laisnez V, Hammami N, Pochet B, Cantaert V, Marchal K, Denayer S, De Keersmaecker SC. Application of a strain-level shotgun metagenomics approach on food samples: resolution of the source of a Salmonella food-borne outbreak. Microb Genom 2021; 7:000547. [PMID: 33826490 PMCID: PMC8208685 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Food-borne outbreak investigation currently relies on the time-consuming and challenging bacterial isolation from food, to be able to link food-derived strains to more easily obtained isolates from infected people. When no food isolate can be obtained, the source of the outbreak cannot be unambiguously determined. Shotgun metagenomics approaches applied to the food samples could circumvent this need for isolation from the suspected source, but require downstream strain-level data analysis to be able to accurately link to the human isolate. Until now, this approach has not yet been applied outside research settings to analyse real food-borne outbreak samples. In September 2019, a Salmonella outbreak occurred in a hotel school in Bruges, Belgium, affecting over 200 students and teachers. Following standard procedures, the Belgian National Reference Center for human salmonellosis and the National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella in food and feed used conventional analysis based on isolation, serotyping and MLVA (multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis) comparison, followed by whole-genome sequencing, to confirm the source of the contamination over 2 weeks after receipt of the sample, which was freshly prepared tartar sauce in a meal cooked at the school. Our team used this outbreak as a case study to deliver a proof of concept for a short-read strain-level shotgun metagenomics approach for source tracking. We received two suspect food samples: the full meal and some freshly made tartar sauce served with this meal, requiring the use of raw eggs. After analysis, we could prove, without isolation, that Salmonella was present in both samples, and we obtained an inferred genome of a Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis that could be linked back to the human isolates of the outbreak in a phylogenetic tree. These metagenomics-derived outbreak strains were separated from sporadic cases as well as from another outbreak circulating in Europe at the same time period. This is, to our knowledge, the first Salmonella food-borne outbreak investigation uniquely linking the food source using a metagenomics approach and this in a fast time frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence E. Buytaers
- Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Assia Saltykova
- Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wesley Mattheus
- National Reference Center for Salmonella and Shigella spp., Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bavo Verhaegen
- National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella and Food-Borne Infections, Food-Borne Pathogens, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Kevin Vanneste
- Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Brigitte Pochet
- Federal Agency for the Security of the Food Chain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vera Cantaert
- Federal Agency for the Security of the Food Chain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Marchal
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Information Technology, IDlab, IMEC, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sarah Denayer
- National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella and Food-Borne Infections, Food-Borne Pathogens, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
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Nguyen TK, Bui HT, Truong TA, Lam DN, Ikeuchi S, Ly LKT, Hara-Kudo Y, Taniguchi T, Hayashidani H. Retail fresh vegetables as a potential source of Salmonella infection in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 341:109049. [PMID: 33493824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
From July 2017 to Jan 2019, a total of 572 retail fresh vegetables were collected to clarify the contamination of Salmonella in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Salmonella was isolated from 74 (12.9%) of 572 samples. The isolation rate of Salmonella from retail fresh vegetables in the rainy season (15.3%) was significantly higher than that in the dry season (7.6%) (P < 0.05). Of 74 Salmonella isolates, Salmonella Weltevreden was the most predominant serovar (35.1%) identified from retail fresh vegetables in all of the wet markets. All S. Weltevreden isolates (100%) were susceptible to nine antibiotics examined. Thus, retail fresh vegetables were considered as an important potential vehicle of Salmonella transmission to humans in the Mekong Delta. These results provide important data for preventing and controlling human salmonellosis in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuan Khanh Nguyen
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan; Can Tho University, Capus II, 3/2 street, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho City, Viet Nam
| | - Hien Thi Bui
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thy Anh Truong
- Can Tho University, Capus II, 3/2 street, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho City, Viet Nam
| | - Diep Ngoc Lam
- Can Tho University, Capus II, 3/2 street, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho City, Viet Nam
| | - Shunsuke Ikeuchi
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lien Khai Thi Ly
- Can Tho University, Capus II, 3/2 street, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho City, Viet Nam
| | - Yukiko Hara-Kudo
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Takahide Taniguchi
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Hayashidani
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan.
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Cliff OM, McLean N, Sintchenko V, Fair KM, Sorrell TC, Kauffman S, Prokopenko M. Inferring evolutionary pathways and directed genotype networks of foodborne pathogens. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008401. [PMID: 33125373 PMCID: PMC7657559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Modelling the emergence of foodborne pathogens is a crucial step in the prediction and prevention of disease outbreaks. Unfortunately, the mechanisms that drive the evolution of such continuously adapting pathogens remain poorly understood. Here, we combine molecular genotyping with network science and Bayesian inference to infer directed genotype networks-and trace the emergence and evolutionary paths-of Salmonella Typhimurium (STM) from nine years of Australian disease surveillance data. We construct networks where nodes represent STM strains and directed edges represent evolutionary steps, presenting evidence that the structural (i.e., network-based) features are relevant to understanding the functional (i.e., fitness-based) progression of co-evolving STM strains. This is argued by showing that outbreak severity, i.e., prevalence, correlates to: (i) the network path length to the most prevalent node (r = -0.613, N = 690); and (ii) the network connected-component size (r = 0.739). Moreover, we uncover distinct exploration-exploitation pathways in the genetic space of STM, including a strong evolutionary drive through a transition region. This is examined via the 6,897 distinct evolutionary paths in the directed network, where we observe a dominant 66% of these paths decrease in network centrality, whilst increasing in prevalence. Furthermore, 72.4% of all paths originate in the transition region, with 64% of those following the dominant direction. Further, we find that the length of an evolutionary path strongly correlates to its increase in prevalence (r = 0.497). Combined, these findings indicate that longer evolutionary paths result in genetically rare and virulent strains, which mostly evolve from a single transition point. Our results not only validate our widely-applicable approach for inferring directed genotype networks from data, but also provide a unique insight into the elusive functional and structural drivers of STM bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver M. Cliff
- Centre for Complex Systems, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Natalia McLean
- Centre for Complex Systems, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vitali Sintchenko
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology – Public Health, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristopher M. Fair
- Centre for Complex Systems, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tania C. Sorrell
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology – Public Health, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Mikhail Prokopenko
- Centre for Complex Systems, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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11
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Bao H, Wang S, Zhao JH, Liu SL. Salmonella secretion systems: Differential roles in pathogen-host interactions. Microbiol Res 2020; 241:126591. [PMID: 32932132 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial genus Salmonella includes a large group of food-borne pathogens that cause a variety of gastrointestinal or systemic diseases in hosts. Salmonella use several secretion devices to inject various effectors targeting eukaryotic hosts, or bacteria. In the past few years, considerable progress has been made towards understanding the structural features and molecular mechanisms of the secretion systems of Salmonella, particularly regarding their roles in host-pathogen interactions. In this review, we summarize the current advances about the main characteristics of the Salmonella secretion systems. Clarifying the roles of the secretion systems in the process of infecting various hosts will broaden our understanding of the importance of microbial interactions in maintaining human health and will provide information for developing novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Bao
- Genomics Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; HMU-UCCSM Centre for Infection and Genomics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China.
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhao
- Genomics Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; HMU-UCCSM Centre for Infection and Genomics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shu-Lin Liu
- Genomics Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; HMU-UCCSM Centre for Infection and Genomics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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12
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Bawn M, Alikhan NF, Thilliez G, Kirkwood M, Wheeler NE, Petrovska L, Dallman TJ, Adriaenssens EM, Hall N, Kingsley RA. Evolution of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium driven by anthropogenic selection and niche adaptation. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008850. [PMID: 32511244 PMCID: PMC7302871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a leading cause of gastroenteritis and bacteraemia worldwide, and a model organism for the study of host-pathogen interactions. Two S. Typhimurium strains (SL1344 and ATCC14028) are widely used to study host-pathogen interactions, yet genotypic variation results in strains with diverse host range, pathogenicity and risk to food safety. The population structure of diverse strains of S. Typhimurium revealed a major phylogroup of predominantly sequence type 19 (ST19) and a minor phylogroup of ST36. The major phylogroup had a population structure with two high order clades (α and β) and multiple subclades on extended internal branches, that exhibited distinct signatures of host adaptation and anthropogenic selection. Clade α contained a number of subclades composed of strains from well characterized epidemics in domesticated animals, while clade β contained multiple subclades associated with wild avian species. The contrasting epidemiology of strains in clade α and β was reflected by the distinct distribution of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, accumulation of hypothetically disrupted coding sequences (HDCS), and signatures of functional diversification. These observations were consistent with elevated anthropogenic selection of clade α lineages from adaptation to circulation in populations of domesticated livestock, and the predisposition of clade β lineages to undergo adaptation to an invasive lifestyle by a process of convergent evolution with of host adapted Salmonella serotypes. Gene flux was predominantly driven by acquisition and recombination of prophage and associated cargo genes, with only occasional loss of these elements. The acquisition of large chromosomally-encoded genetic islands was limited, but notably, a feature of two recent pandemic clones (DT104 and monophasic S. Typhimurium ST34) of clade α (SGI-1 and SGI-4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Bawn
- Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gaëtan Thilliez
- Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Kirkwood
- Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole E. Wheeler
- Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Timothy J. Dallman
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Neil Hall
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Kingsley
- Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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13
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Yermak IM, Volod’ko AV, Khasina EI, Davydova VN, Chusovitin EA, Goroshko DL, Kravchenko AO, Solov’eva TF, Maleev VV. Inhibitory Effects of Carrageenans on Endotoxin-Induced Inflammation. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E248. [PMID: 32397584 PMCID: PMC7281451 DOI: 10.3390/md18050248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory effects of carrageenans (CRGs) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammation in a mouse model of endotoxemia and in complex therapy of patients with enteric infections of Salmonella etiology were studied. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) examination of LPS and its mixture with CRGs showed that the LPS morphology is significantly changed under the action of κ- and κ/β-CRGs. CRGs were able to increase the synthesis of anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 (IL-10) in vitro, and, at low concentrations, their activity in the mixture with LPS was higher. The protective effect of CRGs against Escherichia coli LPS was studied in vivo by monitoring the biochemical and pathomorphological parameters. The κ- and κ/β-CRGs and food supplement "Carrageenan-FE" increased the nonspecific resistance of mice to E. coli LPS at the expense of the inhibition of processes of thymus involution, adrenals hypertrophy, thyroid atrophy, hypercorticoidism, glycogenolysis, and lactate acidosis. The estimation of the therapeutic action of food supplement Carrageenan-FE in complex therapy of patients with enteric infections of Salmonella etiology is given. Carrageenan-FE restores the system of hemostasis and corrects some biochemical indicators and parameters in the immune systems of patients. These results allow us to hope for the practical application of CRGs for lowering the endotoxemia level in patients under the development of the infectious process caused by Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina M. Yermak
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (A.V.V.); (V.N.D.); (A.O.K.); (T.F.S.)
| | - Aleksandra V. Volod’ko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (A.V.V.); (V.N.D.); (A.O.K.); (T.F.S.)
| | - Eleonora I. Khasina
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia;
| | - Viktoriya N. Davydova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (A.V.V.); (V.N.D.); (A.O.K.); (T.F.S.)
| | - Evgeniy A. Chusovitin
- Institute for Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Radio St., Vladivostok 690041, Russia; (E.A.C.); (D.L.G.)
| | - Dmitry L. Goroshko
- Institute for Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Radio St., Vladivostok 690041, Russia; (E.A.C.); (D.L.G.)
- Far Eastern Federal University, 8 Sukhanova St., Vladivostok 690950, Russia
| | - Anna O. Kravchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (A.V.V.); (V.N.D.); (A.O.K.); (T.F.S.)
| | - Tamara F. Solov’eva
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (A.V.V.); (V.N.D.); (A.O.K.); (T.F.S.)
| | - Victor V. Maleev
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, 3a, Novogireyevskaya St., Moscow 111123, Russia;
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14
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Carson C, Li XZ, Agunos A, Loest D, Chapman B, Finley R, Mehrotra M, Sherk LM, Gaumond R, Irwin R. Ceftiofur-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg of poultry origin - a risk profile using the Codex framework. Epidemiol Infect 2019; 147:e296. [PMID: 31679543 PMCID: PMC6836576 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268819001778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Codex published the 'Guidelines for Risk Analysis of Foodborne Antimicrobial Resistance' to standardise the approach for evaluating risk posed by foodborne antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. One of the first steps in the guidelines is to compile a risk profile, which provides the current state of knowledge regarding a food safety issue, describes risk management options and recommends next steps. In Canada, ceftiofur/ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Heidelberg from poultry was identified as an antimicrobial resistance (AMR) food safety issue. The first objective of this article was to contextualise this food safety issue, using the risk profile format of the Codex Guidelines. A second objective was to evaluate the applicability of the Codex Guidelines. This risk profile indicated that ceftiofur/ceftriaxone-resistant S. Heidelberg (CSH) was commonly isolated from poultry and was associated with severe disease in humans. Ceftiofur use in poultry hatcheries temporally mirrored the prevalence of CSH from poultry meat at retail and from people with salmonellosis. The evidence was sufficient to indicate the need for risk management options, such as restricting the use of ceftiofur in poultry. The Codex Guidelines provided a useful approach to summarise data for decision-makers to evaluate an AMR food safety issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolee Carson
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xian-Zhi Li
- Veterinary Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Agnes Agunos
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daleen Loest
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brennan Chapman
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rita Finley
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manisha Mehrotra
- Veterinary Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Réjean Gaumond
- Market and Industry Services Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rebecca Irwin
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Mikkelä A, Ranta J, Tuominen P. A Modular Bayesian Salmonella Source Attribution Model for Sparse Data. Risk Anal 2019; 39:1796-1811. [PMID: 30893499 PMCID: PMC6849795 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Several statistical models for salmonella source attribution have been presented in the literature. However, these models have often been found to be sensitive to the model parameterization, as well as the specifics of the data set used. The Bayesian salmonella source attribution model presented here was developed to be generally applicable with small and sparse annual data sets obtained over several years. The full Bayesian model was modularized into three parts (an exposure model, a subtype distribution model, and an epidemiological model) in order to separately estimate unknown parameters in each module. The proposed model takes advantage of the consumption and overall salmonella prevalence of the studied sources, as well as bacteria typing results from adjacent years. The latter were used for a smoothed estimation of the annual relative proportions of different salmonella subtypes in each of the sources. The source-specific effects and the salmonella subtype-specific effects were included in the epidemiological model to describe the differences between sources and between subtypes in their ability to infect humans. The estimation of these parameters was based on data from multiple years. Finally, the model combines the total evidence from different modules to proportion human salmonellosis cases according to their sources. The model was applied to allocate reported human salmonellosis cases from the years 2008 to 2015 to eight food sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Mikkelä
- Risk Assessment UnitFinnish Food AuthorityHelsinkiFinland
| | - Jukka Ranta
- Risk Assessment UnitFinnish Food AuthorityHelsinkiFinland
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16
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Das Q, Lepp D, Yin X, Ross K, McCallum JL, Warriner K, Marcone MF, Diarra MS. Transcriptional profiling of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis exposed to ethanolic extract of organic cranberry pomace. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219163. [PMID: 31269043 PMCID: PMC6608956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars continue to be an important food safety issue worldwide. Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait) fruits possess antimicrobial properties due to their various acids and phenolic compounds; however, the underlying mechanism of actions is poorly understood. We evaluated the effects of cranberry extracts on the growth rate of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium, Enteritidis and Heidelberg and on the transcriptomic profile of Salmonella Enteritidis to gain insight into phenotypic and transcriptional changes induced by cranberry extracts on this pathogen. An ethanolic extract from cranberry pomaces (KCOH) and two of its sub-fractions, anthocyanins (CRFa20) and non-anthocyanin polyphenols (CRFp85), were used. The minimum inhibitory (MICs) and bactericidal (MBCs) concentrations of these fractions against tested pathogens were obtained using the broth micro-dilution method according to the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute’s guidelines. Transcriptional profiles of S. Enteritidis grown in cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth supplemented with or without 2 or 4 mg/ml of KCOH were compared by RNASeq to reveal gene modulations serving as markers for biological activity. The MIC and MBC values of KCOH were 8 and 16 mg/mL, respectively, against all tested S. enterica isolates. The MIC value was 4 mg/mL for both CRFa20 and CRFp85 sub-fractions, and a reduced MBC value was obtained for CRFp85 (4 mg/ml). Treatment of S. Enteritidis with KCOH revealed a concentration-dependent transcriptional signature. Compared to the control, 2 mg/ml of KCOH exposure resulted in 89 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 53 and 36 were downregulated and upregulated, respectively. The upregulated genes included those involved in citrate metabolism, enterobactin synthesis and transport, and virulence. Exposure to 4 mg/ml KCOH led to the modulated expression of 376 genes, of which 233 were downregulated and 143 upregulated, which is 4.2 times more DEGs than from exposure to 2 mg/ml KCOH. The downregulated genes were related to flagellar motility, Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-1 (SPI-1), cell wall/membrane biogenesis, and transcription. Moreover, genes involved in energy production and conversion, carbohydrate transport and metabolism, and coenzyme transport and metabolism were upregulated during exposure to 4 mg/ml KCOH. Overall, 57 genes were differentially expressed (48 downregulated and 9 upregulated) in response to both concentrations. Both concentrations of KCOH downregulated expression of hilA, which is a major SPI-1 transcriptional regulator. This study provides information on the response of Salmonella exposed to cranberry extracts, which could be used in the control of this important foodborne pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quail Das
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dion Lepp
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xianhua Yin
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelly Ross
- Summerland Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason L. McCallum
- Charlottetown Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Keith Warriner
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Moussa S. Diarra
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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17
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Chen CH, Yin HB, Upadhayay A, Brown S, Venkitanarayanan K. Efficacy of plant-derived antimicrobials for controlling Salmonella Schwarzengrund on dry pet food. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 296:1-7. [PMID: 30818250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a major human pathogen that is responsible for 23,000 hospitalizations annually in the United States. Contact with contaminated pet food and infected companion animals can transmit salmonellosis to humans. Recent multistate human outbreaks of salmonellosis linked to commercial contaminated dry dog foods underscore the need for controlling the pathogen in pet foods for protecting pet and public health. In this study, the efficacy of five Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status, plant-derived antimicrobials (PDAs), namely trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), carvacrol (CR), thymol (TY), eugenol (EG), and caprylic acid (CA) applied as a vegetable oil or chitosan based antimicrobial spray on dry pet food for reducing Salmonella Schwarzengrund was investigated. Three hundred gram portions of a commercial dry dog food were inoculated with a two-strain mixture of nalidixic acid (NA) resistant S. Schwarzengrund (~6 log CFU/g), followed by a spray treatment with 0%, 0.5%, 1% or 2% of TC, CR, TY, EG or CA in combination with 5% vegetable oil or 1% chitosan as a carrier. The control and treated dog food samples were stored at 25 °C for 28 days. On days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28, Salmonella on pet food was enumerated by serial dilution and plating on xylose lysine desoxycholate (XLD) agar. All PDAs at 1% and 2% applied in vegetable oil or chitosan reduced S. Schwarzengrund by at least ~2 log CFU/g on day 3 of storage when compared to control (P < 0.05). No significant reductions in Salmonella were observed on feed sprayed with only vegetable oil or chitosan (P > 0.05). Overall, 2% TC in vegetable oil or chitosan was the most effective treatment, where at least 3 to 3.5 log CFU/g reduction in bacterial populations was observed during storage (P < 0.05). Results suggest that the aforementioned PDAs could potentially be used as an antimicrobial spray to reduce S. Schwarzengrund on dry dog food. However, further studies on the acceptance of PDA-treated dry food by dogs are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hung Chen
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, 3636 Horsebarn Hill Road Ext. Unit 4040, 06269 Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Hsin-Bai Yin
- United States Department of Agriculture, ARS, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Building 201 BARC-East, 20705 Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Abhinav Upadhayay
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple, POSC 0-114, 72701-3100 Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Stephanie Brown
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, 3636 Horsebarn Hill Road Ext. Unit 4040, 06269 Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Kumar Venkitanarayanan
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, 3636 Horsebarn Hill Road Ext. Unit 4040, 06269 Storrs, CT, USA.
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Sanaa M, Pouillot R, Vega FG, Strain E, Van Doren JM. GenomeGraphR: A user-friendly open-source web application for foodborne pathogen whole genome sequencing data integration, analysis, and visualization. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213039. [PMID: 30818354 PMCID: PMC6394949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Food safety risk assessments and large-scale epidemiological investigations have the potential to provide better and new types of information when whole genome sequence (WGS) data are effectively integrated. Today, the NCBI Pathogen Detection database WGS collections have grown significantly through improvements in technology, coordination, and collaboration, such as the GenomeTrakr and PulseNet networks. However, high-quality genomic data is not often coupled with high-quality epidemiological or food chain metadata. We have created a set of tools for cleaning, curation, integration, analysis and visualization of microbial genome sequencing data. It has been tested using Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes data sets provided by NCBI Pathogen Detection (160,000 sequenced isolates in 2018). GenomeGraphR presents foodborne pathogen WGS data and associated curated metadata in a user-friendly interface that allows a user to query a variety of research questions such as, transmission sources and dynamics, global reach, and persistence of genotypes associated with contamination in the food supply and foodborne illness across time or space. The application is freely available (https://fda-riskmodels.foodrisk.org/genomegraphr/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Moez Sanaa
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Régis Pouillot
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Francisco Garcés Vega
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Errol Strain
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jane M. Van Doren
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
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Siira L, Naseer U, Alfsnes K, Hermansen NO, Lange H, Brandal LT. Whole genome sequencing of Salmonella Chester reveals geographically distinct clusters, Norway, 2000 to 2016. Euro Surveill 2019; 24:1800186. [PMID: 30696528 PMCID: PMC6352000 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.4.1800186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionDuring summer 2016, Norway observed an increase in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Chester cases among travellers to Greece.AimOur aim was to investigate genetic relatedness of S. Chester for surveillance and outbreak detection by core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) and compare the results to genome mapping.MethodsWe included S. Chester isolates from 51 cases of salmonellosis between 2000 and 2016. Paired-end sequencing (2 × 250 bp) was performed on Illumina MiSeq. Genetic relatedness by cgMLST for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, including 3,002 genes and seven housekeeping genes, was compared by reference genome mapping with CSI Phylogeny version 1.4 and conventional MLST.ResultsConfirmed travel history was available for 80% of included cases, to Europe (n = 13), Asia (n = 12) and Africa (n = 16). Isolates were distributed into four phylogenetic clusters corresponding to geographical regions. Sequence type (ST) ST411 and a single-locus variant ST5260 (n = 17) were primarily acquired in southern Europe, ST1954 (n = 15) in Africa, ST343 (n = 11) and ST2063 (n = 8) primarily in Asia. Part of the European cluster was further divided into a Greek (n = 10) and a Cypriot (n = 4) cluster. All isolates in the African cluster displayed resistance to ≥ 1 class of antimicrobials, while resistance was rare in the other clusters.ConclusionWhole genome sequencing of S. Chester in Norway showed four geographically distinct clusters, with a possible outbreak occurring during summer 2016 related to Greece. We recommend public health institutes to implement cgMLST-based real-time Salmonella enterica surveillance for early and accurate detection of future outbreaks and further development of cluster cut-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Siira
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Oslo, Norway
- European Program for Public Health Microbiology Training (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Umaer Naseer
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian Alfsnes
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils Olav Hermansen
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Oslo, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi Lange
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Oslo, Norway
| | - Lin T Brandal
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Oslo, Norway
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Gori M, Ebranati E, Scaltriti E, Huedo P, Ciceri G, Tanzi E, Pontello M, Zehender G, Pongolini S, Bolzoni L. High-resolution diffusion pattern of human infections by Salmonella enterica serovar Napoli in Northern Italy explained through phylogeography. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202573. [PMID: 30133519 PMCID: PMC6104998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Napoli (serovar Napoli) is an emerging cause of human salmonellosis in Northern Italy. No specific reservoirs of serovar Napoli have been identified in Italy, so far. However, the environment, especially surface waters, has been hypothesized as an important source of infection based on the observation that genotypically different clusters of serovar Napoli are detected in different geographical macro-areas. To further support the hypothesis of a spatially-restricted pattern of serovar Napoli diffusion, a spatial segregation of serovar Napoli lineages should be observed also at smaller geographical scale. However, classical genotyping techniques used for Salmonella, such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), did not possess enough discriminatory power to highlight spatial clustering of serovar Napoli within the macro-areas. To this purpose, we performed phylogeographical analyses based on genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms to test whether spatio-temporal evolution patterns of serovar Napoli in Northern Italy could be recognized with high geographical resolution, i.e. at local level. Specifically, we analyzed the local spread of the main PFGE clonal group, responsible for more than 60% of human infections in the study area, that did not show any geographical differentiation by PFGE within Northern Italy, i.e. the macro-area considered in the study. Both discrete and continuous phylogeography highlighted the existence of two main geographically-restricted clades: a Southern clade corresponding to the Po Valley and a Northern clade corresponding to the Pre-Alps area. Furthermore, the phylogeographical analyses suggested that the most probable site of origin of the clone was in an area of the Po Valley at the confluence of the Po and Ticino rivers, one of the most important Italian wetlands. These findings provide further support to the hypothesis that environmental transmission may play an important role in the ecology of serovar Napoli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gori
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Erika Ebranati
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Erika Scaltriti
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, Parma, Italy
| | - Pol Huedo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Ciceri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Tanzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
- CRC-Coordinated Research Center “EpiSoMI”, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Mirella Pontello
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
- CRC-Coordinated Research Center “EpiSoMI”, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Gianguglielmo Zehender
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milano, Italy
- CRC-Coordinated Research Center “EpiSoMI”, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Pongolini
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Bolzoni
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, Parma, Italy
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21
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Nguyen SV, Harhay DM, Bono JL, Smith TPL, Fields PI, Dinsmore BA, Santovenia M, Wang R, Bosilevac JM, Harhay GP. Comparative genomics of Salmonella enterica serovar Montevideo reveals lineage-specific gene differences that may influence ecological niche association. Microb Genom 2018; 4:e000202. [PMID: 30052174 PMCID: PMC6159554 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Montevideo has been linked to recent foodborne illness outbreaks resulting from contamination of products such as fruits, vegetables, seeds and spices. Studies have shown that Montevideo also is frequently associated with healthy cattle and can be isolated from ground beef, yet human salmonellosis outbreaks of Montevideo associated with ground beef contamination are rare. This disparity fuelled our interest in characterizing the genomic differences between Montevideo strains isolated from healthy cattle and beef products, and those isolated from human patients and outbreak sources. To that end, we sequenced 13 Montevideo strains to completion, producing high-quality genome assemblies of isolates from human patients (n=8) or from healthy cattle at slaughter (n=5). Comparative analysis of sequence data from this study and publicly available sequences (n=72) shows that Montevideo falls into four previously established clades, differentially occupied by cattle and human strains. The results of these analyses reveal differences in metabolic islands, environmental adhesion determinants and virulence factors within each clade, and suggest explanations for the infrequent association between bovine isolates and human illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott V. Nguyen
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland
| | - Dayna M. Harhay
- USDA-ARS-US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - James L. Bono
- USDA-ARS-US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | | | - Patricia I. Fields
- Enteric Disease Laboratory Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Blake A. Dinsmore
- Enteric Disease Laboratory Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Monica Santovenia
- Enteric Disease Laboratory Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Rong Wang
- USDA-ARS-US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
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22
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Chlebicz A, Śliżewska K. Campylobacteriosis, Salmonellosis, Yersiniosis, and Listeriosis as Zoonotic Foodborne Diseases: A Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15:E863. [PMID: 29701663 PMCID: PMC5981902 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15050863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Zoonoses are diseases transmitted from animals to humans, posing a great threat to the health and life of people all over the world. According to WHO estimations, 600 million cases of diseases caused by contaminated food were noted in 2010, including almost 350 million caused by pathogenic bacteria. Campylobacter, Salmonella, as well as Yersinia enterocolitica and Listeria monocytogenes may dwell in livestock (poultry, cattle, and swine) but are also found in wild animals, pets, fish, and rodents. Animals, often being asymptomatic carriers of pathogens, excrete them with faeces, thus delivering them to the environment. Therefore, pathogens may invade new individuals, as well as reside on vegetables and fruits. Pathogenic bacteria also penetrate food production areas and may remain there in the form of a biofilm covering the surfaces of machines and equipment. A common occurrence of microbes in food products, as well as their improper or careless processing, leads to common poisonings. Symptoms of foodborne infections may be mild, sometimes flu-like, but they also may be accompanied by severe complications, some even fatal. The aim of the paper is to summarize and provide information on campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, yersiniosis, and listeriosis and the aetiological factors of those diseases, along with the general characteristics of pathogens, virulence factors, and reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Chlebicz
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Śliżewska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Łódź, Poland.
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23
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Eikmeier D, Medus C, Smith K. Incubation period for outbreak-associated, non-typhoidal salmonellosis cases, Minnesota, 2000-2015. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 146:423-429. [PMID: 29409557 PMCID: PMC9134522 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818000079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Incubation period for non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infections is generally reported as 6-72 h despite numerous reports of foodborne NTS outbreaks with median incubation periods >3 days. We summarised 16 years of Minnesota foodborne NTS outbreaks to better estimate the expected range of incubation periods for NTS infections. Of the 1517 NTS outbreak cases, 725 had enough data to calculate a precise incubation period. The median incubation period was 45 h; 77 (11%) cases had incubations ⩽12 h and 211 (29%) cases had incubations >72 h. Incubation period length varied by outbreak vehicle type, Salmonella serotype and outbreak setting. Based on our data, a more accurate description would be that the incubation of NTS infection is usually from 12 to 96 h, that incubations in >96 to 144 h (>4 to 6-day) range are not unusual and that incubations from 7 to 9 days and occasionally longer also occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Eikmeier
- Foodborne, Waterborne, Vectorborne, and Zoonotic Disease Section, Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - C. Medus
- Foodborne, Waterborne, Vectorborne, and Zoonotic Disease Section, Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - K. Smith
- Foodborne, Waterborne, Vectorborne, and Zoonotic Disease Section, Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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24
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Powell MR, Crim SM, Hoekstra RM, Williams MS, Gu W. Temporal patterns in principal Salmonella serotypes in the USA; 1996-2014. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 146:437-441. [PMID: 29436316 PMCID: PMC9134518 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818000195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysing temporal patterns in foodborne illness is important to designing and implementing effective food safety measures. The reported incidence of illness due to Salmonella in the USA. Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) sites has exhibited no declining trend since 1996; however, there have been significant annual trends among principal Salmonella serotypes, which may exhibit complex seasonal patterns. Data from the original FoodNet sites and penalised cubic B-spline regression are used to estimate temporal patterns in the reported incidence of illness for the top three Salmonella serotypes during 1996-2014. Our results include 95% confidence bands around the estimated annual and monthly curves for each serotype. The results show that Salmonella serotype Typhimurium exhibits a statistically significant declining annual trend and seasonality (P < 0.001) marked by peaks in late summer and early winter. Serotype Enteritidis exhibits a significant annual trend with a higher incidence in later years and seasonality (P < 0.001) marked by a peak in late summer. Serotype Newport exhibits no significant annual trend with significant seasonality (P < 0.001) marked by a peak in late summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Powell
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, USA
| | - S. M. Crim
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - R. M. Hoekstra
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M. S. Williams
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - W. Gu
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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25
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Green A, Defibaugh-Chavez S, Douris A, Vetter D, Atkinson R, Kissler B, Khroustalev A, Robertson K, Sharma Y, Becker K, Dessai U, Antoine N, Allen L, Holt K, Gieraltowski L, Wise M, Schwensohn C. Intensified Sampling in Response to a Salmonella Heidelberg Outbreak Associated with Multiple Establishments Within a Single Poultry Corporation. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:153-160. [PMID: 29638165 PMCID: PMC5865244 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
On June 28, 2013, the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) was notified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of an investigation of a multistate cluster of illnesses of Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg. Since case-patients in the cluster reported consumption of a variety of chicken products, FSIS used a simple likelihood-based approach using traceback information to focus on intensified sampling efforts. This article describes the multiphased product sampling approach taken by FSIS when epidemiologic evidence implicated chicken products from multiple establishments operating under one corporation. The objectives of sampling were to (1) assess process control of chicken slaughter and further processing and (2) determine whether outbreak strains were present in products from these implicated establishments. As part of the sample collection process, data collected by FSIS personnel to characterize product included category (whole chicken and type of chicken parts), brand, organic or conventional product, injection with salt solutions or flavorings, and whether product was skinless or skin-on. From the period September 9, 2013, through October 31, 2014, 3164 samples were taken as part of this effort. Salmonella percent positive declined from 19.7% to 5.3% during this timeframe as a result of regulatory and company efforts. The results of intensified sampling for this outbreak investigation informed an FSIS regulatory response and corrective actions taken by the implicated establishments. The company noted that a multihurdle approach to reduce Salmonella in products was taken, including on-farm efforts such as environmental testing, depopulation of affected flocks, disinfection of affected houses, vaccination, and use of various interventions within the establishments over the course of several months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Green
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, District of Columbia
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Springdale, Arkansas
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephanie Defibaugh-Chavez
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, District of Columbia
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Springdale, Arkansas
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Aphrodite Douris
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, District of Columbia
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Springdale, Arkansas
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Danah Vetter
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, District of Columbia
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Springdale, Arkansas
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Richard Atkinson
- Office of Field Operations, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Denver, Colorado
- Office of Field Operations, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California
| | - Bonnie Kissler
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, District of Columbia
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Springdale, Arkansas
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Allison Khroustalev
- Office of Investigation, Enforcement, and Audit, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California
| | - Kis Robertson
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, District of Columbia
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Springdale, Arkansas
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yudhbir Sharma
- Office of Field Operations, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Denver, Colorado
- Office of Field Operations, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California
| | - Karen Becker
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, District of Columbia
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Springdale, Arkansas
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Uday Dessai
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, District of Columbia
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Springdale, Arkansas
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nisha Antoine
- Office of Policy and Program Development, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Latasha Allen
- Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Office of Emergency Management, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, (formerly affiliated with Office of Public Health Science, USDA-FSIS), Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Kristin Holt
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, District of Columbia
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Springdale, Arkansas
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Laura Gieraltowski
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Matthew Wise
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Colin Schwensohn
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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26
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NAKAO JH, TALKINGTON D, BOPP CA, BESSER J, SANCHEZ ML, GUARISCO J, DAVIDSON SL, WARNER C, McINTYRE MG, GROUP JP, COMSTOCK N, XAVIER K, PINSENT TS, BROWN J, DOUGLAS JM, GOMEZ GA, GARRETT NM, CARLETON HA, TOLAR B, WISE ME. Unusually high illness severity and short incubation periods in two foodborne outbreaks of Salmonella Heidelberg infections with potential coincident Staphylococcus aureus intoxication. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 146:19-27. [PMID: 29208063 PMCID: PMC9134534 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817002655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the investigation of two temporally coincident illness clusters involving salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus in two states. Cases were defined as gastrointestinal illness following two meal events. Investigators interviewed ill persons. Stool, food and environmental samples underwent pathogen testing. Alabama: Eighty cases were identified. Median time from meal to illness was 5·8 h. Salmonella Heidelberg was identified from 27 of 28 stool specimens tested, and coagulase-positive S. aureus was isolated from three of 16 ill persons. Environmental investigation indicated that food handling deficiencies occurred. Colorado: Seven cases were identified. Median time from meal to illness was 4·5 h. Five persons were hospitalised, four of whom were admitted to the intensive care unit. Salmonella Heidelberg was identified in six of seven stool specimens and coagulase-positive S. aureus in three of six tested. No single food item was implicated in either outbreak. These two outbreaks were linked to infection with Salmonella Heidelberg, but additional factors, such as dual aetiology that included S. aureus or the dose of salmonella ingested may have contributed to the short incubation periods and high illness severity. The outbreaks underscore the importance of measures to prevent foodborne illness through appropriate washing, handling, preparation and storage of food.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. H. NAKAO
- Outbreak Response and Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - D. TALKINGTON
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C. A. BOPP
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J. BESSER
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M. L. SANCHEZ
- Alabama Department of Public Health, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | - J. GUARISCO
- Alabama Department of Public Health, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | - S. L. DAVIDSON
- Alabama Department of Public Health, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | - C. WARNER
- Alabama Department of Public Health, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | - M. G. McINTYRE
- Alabama Department of Public Health, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | - J. P. GROUP
- Tri-County Health Department, Colorado, Greenwood Village, CO, USA
| | - N. COMSTOCK
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO, USA
| | - K. XAVIER
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO, USA
| | - T. S. PINSENT
- Tri-County Health Department, Colorado, Greenwood Village, CO, USA
| | - J. BROWN
- Tri-County Health Department, Colorado, Greenwood Village, CO, USA
| | - J. M. DOUGLAS
- Tri-County Health Department, Colorado, Greenwood Village, CO, USA
| | - G. A. GOMEZ
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - N. M. GARRETT
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - H. A. CARLETON
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - B. TOLAR
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M. E. WISE
- Outbreak Response and Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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27
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Brandwagt D, van den Wijngaard C, Tulen AD, Mulder AC, Hofhuis A, Jacobs R, Heck M, Verbruggen A, van den Kerkhof H, Slegers-Fitz-James I, Mughini-Gras L, Franz E. Outbreak of Salmonella Bovismorbificans associated with the consumption of uncooked ham products, the Netherlands, 2016 to 2017. Euro Surveill 2018; 23:17-00335. [PMID: 29317018 PMCID: PMC5765776 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.1.17-00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In January 2017, an increase in reported Salmonellaenterica serotype Bovismorbificans cases in the Netherlands was observed since October 2016. We implemented a case-control study to identify the source, including all cases after December 2016. Adjusted odds ratios were calculated using logistic regression analysis. We traced back the distribution chain of suspected food items and sampled them for microbiological analysis. Human and food isolates were sequenced using whole genome sequencing (WGS). From October 2016 to March 2017, 54 S. Bovismorbificans cases were identified. Sequencing indicated that all were infected with identical strains. Twenty-four cases and 37 controls participated in the study. Cases were more likely to have consumed ham products than controls (aOR = 13; 95% CI: 2.0-77) and to have shopped at a supermarket chain (aOR = 7; 95% CI: 1.3-38). Trace-back investigations led to a Belgian meat processor: one retail ham sample originating from this processor tested positive for S. Bovismorbificans and matched the outbreak strain by WGS. All ham products related to the same batch were removed from the market to prevent further cases. This investigation illustrates the importance of laboratory surveillance for all Salmonella serotypes and the usefulness of WGS in an outbreak investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diederik Brandwagt
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
- Municipal Health Service (GGD) Utrecht Region, Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - Cees van den Wijngaard
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Dolores Tulen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Christine Mulder
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Agnetha Hofhuis
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Rianne Jacobs
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Max Heck
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Anjo Verbruggen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Hans van den Kerkhof
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lapo Mughini-Gras
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Eelco Franz
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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28
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Draper ADK, James CL, Pascall JE, Shield KJ, Langrell J, Hogg A. An outbreak of Salmonella Muenchen after consuming sea turtle, Northern Territory, Australia, 2017. Commun Dis Intell (2018) 2017; 41:E290-E294. [PMID: 29864382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An outbreak of Salmonella Muenchen gastroenteritis occurred in a remote coastal Aboriginal community in the Northern Territory (NT) of Australia. There were 22 people sick (attack rate 55%); 7 had laboratory confirmed S. Muenchen infection; 2 required medical evacuation and admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). We conducted a descriptive case series to investigate the outbreak. All cases ate meat from a single green turtle (Chelonia mydas). The animal's pre-death stress, improper butchering, insufficient cooking and the unsatisfactory storage of meat all likely contributed to the outbreak. Turtle meat should be prepared safely, cooked thoroughly and stored appropriately to avoid Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D K Draper
- Centre for Disease Control, Northern Territory Government Department of Health, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- OzFoodNet, Australian Government Department of Health, Canberra, Australia
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Christian L James
- Centre for Disease Control, Northern Territory Government Department of Health, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Joy E Pascall
- Centre for Disease Control, Northern Territory Government Department of Health, Nhulunbuy(Gove), Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Kathryn J Shield
- Centre for Disease Control, Northern Territory Government Department of Health, Nhulunbuy(Gove), Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Jennifer Langrell
- Angurugu Health Centre, Northern Territory Government Department of Health, Alyangula, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Adrian Hogg
- Anindilyakwa Land Council, Alyangula, Northern Territory, Australia
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Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most frequent causes of food borne infectious disease. Among nearly 2500 documented serotypes are reported, Salmonella Typhimurium is the number one serotype associated with salmonellosis worldwide. Many different methods have been developed for the detection and quantification of S. typhimurium. Most of these assays are usually expensive, time consuming and require difficult sample preparation steps. Therefore, it is necessary to develop rapid, robust, cost-effective and sensitive alternative detection methods. In the last years, aptasensors, used for detection of S. typhimurium in different samples. In this review, recent advances and applications of aptasensors for the detection and quantification of S. typhimurium in details have been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Ansari
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Rezvan Yazdian-Robati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahin Shahdordizadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zhouping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Kiarash Ghazvini
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Buali Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Ullah S, Bashir S, Qasim A. Salmonella Infection Amongst Food Workers In Lahore. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2017; 29:366. [PMID: 28718270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This descriptive observational study was conducted at Pathology lab Jinnah hospital, Lahore, January 2013 to October 2015. We include all the food workers in different restaurants, slaughters, inn, recreation centre and bakeries of Lahore for the purpose to identify the salmonella infection, we used Typhoid IgGI/IgM Rapid test device methods (Serum/Plasma), is a lateral flow chromatographic immunoassay technique were calculated. We analysed 1025 individuals, 62 (6%) were found positive for the said diseases out of which 14 (1.3%) IgG positive, 18 (1.8%) IgG IgM positive and 30 (2.9%) were IgM positive. All the individuals who were found positive were without signs and symptoms. Salmonellosis continues to be an important global cause of infectious intestinal disease and spread readily by means of food personnel, zoonotic and contaminated equipments and surface. The screening of the individuals who are silent carriers, help in controlling the spread of salmonella infection in the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Ullah
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology University of the Punjab, Pakistan
| | | | - Akif Qasim
- Pathology Lab Jinnah Hospital Lahore, Pakistan
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31
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Draper AD, Morton CN, Heath JN, Lim JA, Schiek AI, Davis S, Krause VL, Markey PG. An outbreak of salmonellosis associated with duck prosciutto at a Northern Territory restaurant. Commun Dis Intell (2018) 2017; 41:E16-E20. [PMID: 28385135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In June 2015, an outbreak of salmonellosis occurred among people who had eaten at a restaurant in Darwin, Northern Territory over 2 consecutive nights. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of diners who ate at the restaurant on 19 and 20 June 2015. Diners were telephoned and a questionnaire recorded symptoms and menu items consumed. An outbreak case was defined as anyone with laboratory confirmed Salmonella Typhimurium PT9 (STm9) or a clinically compatible illness after eating at the restaurant. Environmental health officers inspected the premises and collected food samples. We contacted 79/83 of the cohort (response rate 95%); 21 were cases (attack rate 27%), and 9 had laboratory confirmed STm9 infection. The most commonly reported symptoms were diarrhoea (100%), abdominal pain (95%), fever (95%) and nausea (95%). Fifteen people sought medical attention and 7 presented to hospital. The outbreak was most likely caused by consumption of duck prosciutto, which was consumed by all cases (OR 18.6, CI 3.0-∞, P < 0.01) and was prepared on site. Salmonella was not detected in any food samples but a standard plate count of 2 x 107 colony forming units per gram on samples of duck prosciutto demonstrated bacterial contamination. The restaurant used inappropriate methodology for curing the duck prosciutto. Restaurants should consider purchasing pre-made cured meats, or if preparing them on site, ensure that they adhere to safe methods of production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Dk Draper
- Centre for Disease Control, Northern Territory Government Department of Health, Darwin, Northern Territory
- National School of Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory
- OzFoodNet, Australian Government Department of Health, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory
| | - Claire N Morton
- Environmental Health Branch, Northern Territory Government Department of Health, Darwin, Northern Territory
| | - Joshua Ni Heath
- Environmental Health Branch, Northern Territory Government Department of Health, Darwin, Northern Territory
| | - Justin A Lim
- Environmental Health Branch, Northern Territory Government Department of Health, Darwin, Northern Territory
| | - Anninka I Schiek
- Environmental Health Branch, Northern Territory Government Department of Health, Darwin, Northern Territory
| | - Stephanie Davis
- National School of Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory
| | - Vicki L Krause
- Centre for Disease Control, Northern Territory Government Department of Health, Darwin, Northern Territory
| | - Peter G Markey
- Centre for Disease Control, Northern Territory Government Department of Health, Darwin, Northern Territory
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Jones G, Pihier N, Vanbockstael C, Le Hello S, Cadel Six S, Fournet N, Jourdan-da Silva N. Outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis linked to the consumption of frozen beefburgers received from a food bank and originating from Poland: northern France, December 2014 to April 2015. Euro Surveill 2016; 21:30363. [PMID: 27748250 PMCID: PMC5071610 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.40.30363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A prolonged outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis occurred in northern France between December 2014 and April 2015. Epidemiological investigations following the initial notification on 30 December 2014 of five cases of salmonellosis (two confirmed S. Enteritidis) in young children residing in the Somme department revealed that all cases frequented the same food bank A. Further epidemiological, microbiological and food trace-back investigations indicated frozen beefburgers as the source of the outbreak and the suspected lot originating from Poland was recalled on 22 January 2015. On 2 March 2015 a second notification of S. Enteritidis cases in the Somme reinitiated investigations that confirmed a link with food bank A and with consumption of frozen beefburgers from the same Polish producer. In the face of a possible persistent source of contamination, all frozen beefburgers distributed by food bank A and from the same origin were blocked on 3 March 2015. Microbiological analyses confirmed contamination by S. Enteritidis of frozen beefburgers from a second lot remaining in cases' homes. A second recall was initiated on 6 March 2015 and all frozen beefburgers from the Polish producer remain blocked after analyses identified additional contaminated lots over several months of production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Jones
- Santé publique France (the French public health agency), Picardy regional office, Amiens, France
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Shaw KS, Cruz-Cano R, Jiang C, Malayil L, Blythe D, Ryan P, Sapkota AR. Presence of animal feeding operations and community socioeconomic factors impact salmonellosis incidence rates: An ecological analysis using data from the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), 2004-2010. Environ Res 2016; 150:166-172. [PMID: 27290657 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella spp. are a leading cause of foodborne illness. Risk factors for salmonellosis include the consumption of contaminated chicken, eggs, pork and beef. Agricultural, environmental and socioeconomic factors also have been associated with rates of Salmonella infection. However, to our knowledge, these factors have not been modeled together at the community-level to improve our understanding of whether rates of salmonellosis are variable across communities defined by differing factors. To address this knowledge gap, we obtained data on culture-confirmed Salmonella Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Newport and S. Javiana cases (2004-2010; n=14,297) from the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), and socioeconomic, environmental and agricultural data from the 2010 Census of Population and Housing, the 2011 American Community Survey, and the 2007 U.S. Census of Agriculture. We linked data by zip code and derived incidence rate ratios using negative binomial regressions. Multiple community-level factors were associated with salmonellosis rates; however, our findings varied by state. For example, in Georgia (Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR)=1.01; 95% Confidence Interval (CI)=1.005-1.015) Maryland (IRR=1.01; 95% CI=1.003-1.015) and Tennessee (IRR=1.01; 95% CI=1.002-1.012), zip codes characterized by greater rurality had higher rates of S. Newport infections. The presence of broiler chicken operations, dairy operations and cattle operations in a zip code also was associated with significantly higher rates of infection with at least one serotype in states that are leading producers of these animal products. For instance, in Georgia and Tennessee, rates of S. Enteritidis infection were 48% (IRR=1.48; 95% CI=1.12-1.95) and 46% (IRR=1.46; 95% CI=1.17-1.81) higher in zip codes with broiler chicken operations compared to those without these operations. In Maryland, New Mexico and Tennessee, higher poverty levels in zip codes were associated with higher rates of infection with one or more Salmonella serotypes. In Georgia and Tennessee, zip codes with higher percentages of the population composed of African Americans had significantly higher rates of infection with one or more Salmonella serotypes. In summary, our findings show that community-level agricultural, environmental and socioeconomic factors may be important with regard to rates of infection with Salmonella Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Newport and Javiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi S Shaw
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Raul Cruz-Cano
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Chengsheng Jiang
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Leena Malayil
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - David Blythe
- Prevention and Health Promotion Administration, Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patricia Ryan
- Prevention and Health Promotion Administration, Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy R Sapkota
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA.
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Küçük Ö, Biçer S, Ugraş M, Çöl D, Giray T, Çiler Erdag G, Gürol Y, Yilmaz G, Yalvaç Z, Vitrinel A, Kaspar Ç. Report of data on children with non-typhi Salmonella gastroenteritis in a three-year period. Infez Med 2016; 24:194-200. [PMID: 27668899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and laboratory data of children with acute gastroenteritis caused by non-typhoid Salmonella spp. infections. Clinical (demographic data, symptoms and findings) and laboratory data (stool microscopy, rapid antigen tests, culture, multiplex polymerase chain reaction and blood test results) of children with acute gastroenteritis caused by non-typhoid Salmonella spp. between January 2010 and October 2012 were evaluated. Differences between the groups for categorical variables were estimated with a chi-square or Fisher exact test; for continuous variables with two independent samples a t test was used. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Sixty-seven children, 39 (58.2%) males and 28 (41.8%) females aged between 1 - 16 years (mean ± SD: 4.64 ± 2.91), were diagnosed with acute bacterial gastroenteritis caused by non-typhoid Salmonella spp. The main serotypes are Salmonella enteritidis (85%) and Salmonella typhimurium (7.5%). The presenting symptoms were diarrhoea (95.5%), fever (61.1%), vomiting (34.3%), abdominal pain (32.8%), loss of appetite (7.4%) and malaise (7.4%). Fever and dehydration (moderate and/or severe) were detected in 11 (16.4%) patients. The mean leukocyte count was 10.930/μL [95% confidence interval (CI), SD: ± 5.710/μL], neutrophil count was 7.880/μL (95% CI, SD: ± 4.960/μL), CRP was 64.16 mg/L (95% CI, SD: ± 76.24 mg/L), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 34.72 mm/hour (95% CI, SD: ± 13.64 mm/h). Stool microscopy was positive for leukocytes in 18 patients (26.8%). The definitive diagnosis was made with positive stool culture (n = 65) and/or PCR test (n = 4). Viral antigen positivity was detected in 10 patients (14.9%), evaluated as viral co-infection and false positive results. Antibiotic therapy and hospitalization were required in 26 (38.8%) and 23 (34.3%) patients, respectively. Salmonella carriage was detected in one patient (1.5%). Bloody diarrhoea, leukocytes in stool with an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and a CRP level without overt leukocytosis may indicate Salmonella infection. Viral antigens may cause false positive results in fast antigen tests in cases where clinical and laboratory findings indicate bacterial aetiology. Stool culture is a reference method in diagnosis whereas some agents may be detected via molecular techniques (polymerase chain reaction) in spite of negative culture. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction may be used to detect Salmonella spp. and may reveal false positivity for viruses as well as the detection of other bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Öznur Küçük
- Department of Child Health and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Suat Biçer
- Department of Child Health and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Meltem Ugraş
- Department of Child Health and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Defne Çöl
- Department of Child Health and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuba Giray
- Department of Child Health and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülay Çiler Erdag
- Department of Child Health and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yeşim Gürol
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülden Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zerrin Yalvaç
- Department of Child Health and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayça Vitrinel
- Department of Child Health and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Çigdem Kaspar
- Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Cores-Calvo O, Valero-Juan LF, García-Sánchez E, García-Sánchez JE, García-García MI. [Changes in the epidemiology of gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella during 2005-2014 in Salamanca, Spain]. Rev Esp Quimioter 2016; 29:91-98. [PMID: 26986822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In Spain there are not many updated population studies about salmonellosis, despite being one of the most common etiologies of acute gastroenteritis (AGEs) caused by bacteria in the world. The aim of the study was to know the most relevant epidemiological features of AGEs produced by Salmonella spp. between 2005 and 2014 in Salamanca (Spain). METHODS Descriptive cross-sectional study carried out through review of the clinical microbiologic records at Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca. Culture, isolation, identification and serotyping were performed according to standard methodology. RESULTS Salmonella was isolated in 1,477 patients, representing 47.7% of all positive stool cultures and 53.3% of all income bacterial AGE. The average prevalence was 42.1 cases/100,000 people per year. The mean age was 23 ± 28 years and the median 7 years. 40.2% of all isolates occurred in children under 5 years, with an average prevalence of 45.1 cases/ 10,000 people per year. Overall, the most frequently isolated serotype was S. Typhimurium with 57%, followed by S. Enteritidis with 35.8%. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of Salmonella decreased over time. The group aged 0-4 years had the highest rate throughout the period. However, Salmonella produced the highest percentage of hospitalizations for bacterial AGE. In recent years, S. Typhimurium serotype has replaced S. Enteritidis serotype and predominates in younger patients. It is observed under-reporting of cases of salmonellosis produced in Salamanca despite being mandatory notification of these since 2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaia Cores-Calvo
- Olaia Cores Calvo, Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología. Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca. Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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de Knegt LV, Pires SM, Löfström C, Sørensen G, Pedersen K, Torpdahl M, Nielsen EM, Hald T. Application of Molecular Typing Results in Source Attribution Models: The Case of Multiple Locus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA) of Salmonella Isolates Obtained from Integrated Surveillance in Denmark. Risk Anal 2016; 36:571-88. [PMID: 27002674 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is an important cause of bacterial foodborne infections in Denmark. To identify the main animal-food sources of human salmonellosis, risk managers have relied on a routine application of a microbial subtyping-based source attribution model since 1995. In 2013, multiple locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) substituted phage typing as the subtyping method for surveillance of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium isolated from animals, food, and humans in Denmark. The purpose of this study was to develop a modeling approach applying a combination of serovars, MLVA types, and antibiotic resistance profiles for the Salmonella source attribution, and assess the utility of the results for the food safety decisionmakers. Full and simplified MLVA schemes from surveillance data were tested, and model fit and consistency of results were assessed using statistical measures. We conclude that loci schemes STTR5/STTR10/STTR3 for S. Typhimurium and SE9/SE5/SE2/SE1/SE3 for S. Enteritidis can be used in microbial subtyping-based source attribution models. Based on the results, we discuss that an adjustment of the discriminatory level of the subtyping method applied often will be required to fit the purpose of the study and the available data. The issues discussed are also considered highly relevant when applying, e.g., extended multi-locus sequence typing or next-generation sequencing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo V de Knegt
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sara M Pires
- Research Group for Risk-Benefit, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Charlotta Löfström
- Research Group for Diagnostic Engineering, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Gitte Sørensen
- Research Group for Diagnostic Engineering, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Karl Pedersen
- Section for Bacteriology, Pathology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mia Torpdahl
- Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva M Nielsen
- Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tine Hald
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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ROUTH JA, PRINGLE J, MOHR M, BIDOL S, ARENDS K, ADAMS-CAMERON M, HANCOCK WT, KISSLER B, RICKERT R, FOLSTER J, TOLAR B, BOSCH S, BARTON BEHRAVESH C, WILLIAMS IT, GIERALTOWSKI L. Nationwide outbreak of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Heidelberg infections associated with ground turkey: United States, 2011. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 143:3227-34. [PMID: 25865382 PMCID: PMC9150975 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268815000497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
On 23 May 2011, CDC identified a multistate cluster of Salmonella Heidelberg infections and two multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates from ground turkey retail samples with indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. We defined cases as isolation of outbreak strains in persons with illness onset between 27 February 2011 and 10 November 2011. Investigators collected hypothesis-generating questionnaires and shopper-card information. Food samples from homes and retail outlets were collected and cultured. We identified 136 cases of S. Heidelberg infection in 34 states. Shopper-card information, leftover ground turkey from a patient's home containing the outbreak strain and identical antimicrobial resistance profiles of clinical and retail samples pointed to plant A as the source. On 3 August, plant A recalled 36 million pounds of ground turkey. This outbreak increased consumer interest in MDR Salmonella infections acquired through United States-produced poultry and played a vital role in strengthening food safety policies related to Salmonella and raw ground poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. A. ROUTH
- Outbreak Response and Prevention Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J. PRINGLE
- Outbreak Response and Prevention Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M. MOHR
- Ohio Department of Health, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - S. BIDOL
- Michigan Department of Community Health, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - K. ARENDS
- Michigan Department of Community Health, Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - W. T. HANCOCK
- Outbreak Response and Prevention Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - R. RICKERT
- National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J. FOLSTER
- National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - B. TOLAR
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - S. BOSCH
- Outbreak Response and Prevention Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C. BARTON BEHRAVESH
- Outbreak Response and Prevention Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - I. T. WILLIAMS
- Outbreak Response and Prevention Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - L. GIERALTOWSKI
- Outbreak Response and Prevention Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Sajid SU, Sajid M, Hashmi RI. ISOLATION STUDIES ON THE PREVALENCE OF SALMONELLAE IN CHICKEN ORGANS, EGGS AND FEED COMPONENTS. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2015; 27:530-533. [PMID: 26721000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella is an important zoonotic pathogen and its prevalence in the chicken meat and eggs acts as a continuous threat to human population. The current studies covering a time period of three years, was carried out to report the isolation of salmonellae from the chicken tissues, eggs and feed ingredient. METHODS A total of 1747 random samples from twelve different sources and 56 locations in Islamabad and Northern Punjab area of Pakistan, were screened for isolation studies according to the already published established protocols. RESULTS The analysis of 1747 random samples comprising of 1069 (61.19%) chicken organs and 678 (38.81%) allied sources including eggs and feed ingredients, showed that a total of 162 (9.27%) were positive for salmonellae. Isolation prevalence in various chicken organs and allied sources was 86 (8.04%) and 76 (11.20%) respectively. The maximum isolation prevalence was recorded in meat meal (19.35%), followed by fish meal (17.54%), hatchery fluff (14.63%), livers (13.17%), poultry litter (10.89%), and eggs (9.64%). The range of Salmonella isolated varied from 19.35% to 4.72% in various organs and allied sources. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlighted a potential public health hazard and emphasized the significance of continuous surveillance system in the country to understand the ever changing epidemiological pattern of Salmonella serovers. The endemic prevalence of various serovars can cause outbreaks of human salmonellosis due to the consumption of contaminated meat and eggs as has already been reported worldwide.
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Patchanee P, Boonkhot P, Kittiwan N, Tadee P, Chotinun S. DISSEMINATION OF SALMONELLA ENTERICA SEQUENCE TYPES AMONG ASEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY COUNTRIES. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2015; 46:707-719. [PMID: 26867391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Food-borne illness caused by Salmonella enterica remains a public health problem and results in economic loss worldwide. With the up-coming establish- ment of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) allowing unrestricted move- ment of labor and goods, there is a higher risk of pathogen transmission among the AEC countries. This study characterized and investigated the spatial and temporal associations of S. enterica strains isolated in AEC countries during 1940- 2012 compared with those isolated in northern-Thailand during 2011-2013. Of the 173 S. enterica strains examined, 68 sequence types (STs) and 32 clonal complexes (CCs) were identified by multi loci sequence typing. Twenty-one strains belonged to four sequence types new to AEC countries, and they constituted only two CCs. A number of strains originated from various countries with multiple hosts, were highlighted. There was evidence of strains circulating in the AEC region well over a decade. Such information will be important in formulating biosecurity measures, as well as in educating regarding the risk of disease transmission in AEC.
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Whiley H, Ross K. Salmonella and eggs: from production to plate. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2015; 12:2543-56. [PMID: 25730295 PMCID: PMC4377917 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120302543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella contamination of eggs and egg shells has been identified as a public health concern worldwide. A recent shift in consumer preferences has impacted on the egg industry, with a push for cage-free egg production methods. There has also been an increased desire from consumers for raw and unprocessed foods, potentially increasing the risk of salmonellosis. In response to these changes, this review explores the current literature regarding Salmonella contamination of eggs during the production processing through to food handling protocols. The contamination of eggs with Salmonella during the production process is a complex issue, influenced by many variables including flock size, flock age, stress, feed, vaccination, and cleaning routines. Currently there is no consensus regarding the impact of caged, barn and free range egg production has on Salmonella contamination of eggs. The literature regarding the management and control strategies post-collection, during storage, transport and food handling is also reviewed. Pasteurisation and irradiation were identified as the only certain methods for controlling Salmonella and are essential for the protection of high risk groups, whereas control of temperature and pH were identified as potential control methods to minimise the risk for foods containing raw eggs; however, further research is required to provide more detailed control protocols and education programs to reduce the risk of salmonellosis from egg consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Whiley
- Health and the Environment, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, 5001, Australia.
| | - Kirstin Ross
- Health and the Environment, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, 5001, Australia.
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Andino A, Hanning I. Salmonella enterica: survival, colonization, and virulence differences among serovars. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:520179. [PMID: 25664339 PMCID: PMC4310208 DOI: 10.1155/2015/520179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Data indicate that prevalence of specific serovars of Salmonella enterica in human foodborne illness is not correlated with their prevalence in feed. Given that feed is a suboptimal environment for S. enterica, it appears that survival in poultry feed may be an independent factor unrelated to virulence of specific serovars of Salmonella. Additionally, S. enterica serovars appear to have different host specificity and the ability to cause disease in those hosts is also serovar dependent. These differences among the serovars may be related to gene presence or absence and expression levels of those genes. With a better understanding of serovar specificity, mitigation methods can be implemented to control Salmonella at preharvest and postharvest levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Andino
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, 2605 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - I. Hanning
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, 2605 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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42
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Barlow RS, Debess EE, Winthrop KL, Lapidus JA, Vega R, Cieslak PR. Travel-associated antimicrobial drug-resistant nontyphoidal Salmonellae, 2004-2009. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20:603-11. [PMID: 24655581 PMCID: PMC3966386 DOI: 10.3201/eid2004.131063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate trends in and risk factors for acquisition of antimicrobial-drug resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella infections, we searched Oregon surveillance data for 2004–2009 for all culture-confirmed cases of salmonellosis. We defined clinically important resistance (CIR) as decreased susceptibility to ampicillin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Of 2,153 cases, 2,127 (99%) nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates were obtained from a specific source (e.g., feces, urine, blood, or other normally sterile tissue) and had been tested for drug susceptibility. Among these, 347 (16%) isolates had CIR. The odds of acquiring CIR infection significantly increased each year. Hospitalization was more likely for patients with than without CIR infections. Among patients with isolates that had been tested, we analyzed data from 1,813 (84%) who were interviewed. Travel to eastern or Southeast Asia was associated with increased CIR. Isolates associated with outbreaks were less likely to have CIR. Future surveillance activities should evaluate resistance with respect to international travel.
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43
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Holman EJ, Allen KS, Holguin JR, Torno M, Lachica M. A community outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium associated with an asymptomatic food handler in two local restaurants. J Environ Health 2014; 77:18-20. [PMID: 25226780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Between January and April 2012, the city of Long Beach Department of Health and Human Services investigated an outbreak involving 19 case patients who had tested positive for Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium with indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. All cases were residents of or traveled to the city of Long Beach, California, during their incubation period, and the majority of patients reported eating at one of two restaurants in Long Beach. This article describes the outbreak investigation that traced the source to an asymptomatic food handler working at both restaurants and highlights the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion for food handlers when faced with local outbreaks of diarrheal illness.
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Abstract
Reducing the burden of foodborne salmonellosis is challenging. It requires identification of the most important food sources causing disease and prioritization of effective intervention strategies. For this purpose, a variety of methods to estimate the relative contribution of different sources of Salmonella infections have been applied worldwide. Each has strengths and limitations, and the usefulness of each depends on the public health questions being addressed. In this study, we reviewed the source attribution methods and outcomes of several studies developed in different countries and settings, comparing approaches and regional differences in attribution estimates. Reviewed results suggest that illnesses and outbreaks are most commonly attributed to exposure to contaminated food, and that eggs, broiler chickens, and pigs are among the top sources. Although most source attribution studies do not attribute salmonellosis to produce, outbreak data in several countries suggest that exposure to raw vegetables is also an important source. International travel was also a consistently important exposure in several studies. Still, the relative contribution of specific sources to human salmonellosis varied substantially between studies. Although differences in data inputs, methods, and the point in the food system where attribution was estimated contribute to variability between studies, observed differences also suggest regional differences in the epidemiology of salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Pires
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Antonio R. Vieira
- Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tine Hald
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Dana Cole
- Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Lombardi D, Malaspina S, Strippoli A, Lucarelli C, Luzzi I, Ripabelli G. Salmonella enterica serovar Virchow meningitis in a young man in Italy: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2014; 8:139. [PMID: 24884674 PMCID: PMC4031895 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-8-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Salmonella enterica is a leading cause of foodborne infections worldwide and includes more than 2500 different serovars, causing primarily gastroenteritis. However, the infection may occur elsewhere and produce characteristic clinical syndromes. Meningitis is a rare complication that occurs in less than 1% of clinical salmonellosis. CASE PRESENTATION We describe a case of Salmonella Virchow meningitis in a 36-year-old Caucasian man presenting with headache in the occipital region, associated fever, nausea and vomiting, dyspnea and ambulatory difficulty. The cerebrospinal fluid culture showed growth of Salmonella, later confirmed to be Salmonella enterica serovar Virchow. CONCLUSIONS Salmonella Virchow infection is rare and this report highlights the risk of meningitis as a presentation of salmonellosis. To the best of our knowledge this is the first Italian case of meningitis due to Salmonella Virchow in a young adult. The probable route of transmission remains unclear and a long carriage state after a previous episode of gastroenteritis should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lombardi
- Regional Reference Service of Epidemiology for the Surveillance, Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases SeREMI ASL AL, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Silvana Malaspina
- Infectious Diseases of Hygiene Service and Public Health of ASL TO1, Turin, Italy
| | - Angela Strippoli
- Infectious Diseases of Hygiene Service and Public Health of ASL TO1, Turin, Italy
| | - Claudia Lucarelli
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immuno-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- European Public Health Microbiology Training Programme (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Tomtebodavägen 11a, 171 83, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ida Luzzi
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immuno-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- Coordinator of EnterNet Italia Surveillance Network for foodborne and waterborne diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Ripabelli
- Department of Medicine and of Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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46
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Luvira V, Iamsirithaworn S, Thantamnu N, Pitisuttiithum P. Food-borne Salmonella outbreak in a single hospital ward. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2014; 45:383-390. [PMID: 24968679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In June 2012, an outbreak of Salmonella group C gastroenteritis occurred on a single hospital ward among 54.2% (13/24) of volunteers undergoing an unrelated clinical trial and among 14.3% (1/7) hospital ward worker. Food-borne transmission was suspected, so a retrospective cohort study was conducted to identify the vehicle of the outbreak along with implementing outbreak control measures. None of the food items was significantly associated with the outbreak. An epidemic curve suggests a common source of the outbreak. No cases were reported after outbreak control. Food should be stored, cooked and handled using strict hygiene to prevent future outbreaks.
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Styles T, Phan Q, Rabatsky-Ehr T, Applewhite C, Sosa L, Cartter M. Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis outbreak at a long-term care facility, Connecticut, 2012. Conn Med 2013; 77:587-590. [PMID: 24367841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In May of 2012, the Connecticut Department of Public Health (DPH) was notified of three hospitalized residents of a long-term care facility (LTCF) who had gastrointestinal illness, one of whom had a stool culture positive for Salmonella enterica. A multiagency outbreak investigation was initiated and identified a total of 21 possible salmonellosis cases; nine were culture-confirmed Salmonella serotype Enteritidis with an indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern (PFGE). This report describes the epidemiologic, environmental, and laboratory investigation conducted as part of DPH's response. Undercooked raw shell eggs were the likely source of infection. This investigation reemphasizes the vulnerabilityof certain populations to severe illness from Salmonella and further stresses previous recommendations in the literature to use only pasteurized egg products in long-term care and other health care facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Styles
- United States Public Health Service,Cancer Surveillance Branch, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Quyen Phan
- Epidemiology and Emerging Infections Program, Connecticut Department of Public Health, Hartford, USA
| | - Therese Rabatsky-Ehr
- Epidemiology and Emerging Infections Program, Connecticut Department of Public Health, Hartford, USA
| | | | - Lynn Sosa
- Connecticut Department of Public Health, Hartford, USA
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Craig AT, Musto JA, Carroll TF, Roberts-Witteveen AR, McCarthy RA, Wang Q. An investigation of Salmonella Typhimurium linked to contaminated eggs on the Central Coast of NSW, 2008. N S W Public Health Bull 2013; 24:99-101. [PMID: 24350390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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49
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Kaiser P, Slack E, Grant AJ, Hardt WD, Regoes RR. Lymph node colonization dynamics after oral Salmonella Typhimurium infection in mice. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003532. [PMID: 24068916 PMCID: PMC3777876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An understanding of how pathogens colonize their hosts is crucial for the rational design of vaccines or therapy. While the molecular factors facilitating the invasion and systemic infection by pathogens are a central focus of research in microbiology, the population biological aspects of colonization are still poorly understood. Here, we investigated the early colonization dynamics of Salmonella enterica subspecies 1 serovar Typhimurium (S. Tm) in the streptomycin mouse model for diarrhea. We focused on the first step on the way to systemic infection — the colonization of the cecal lymph node (cLN) from the gut — and studied roles of inflammation, dendritic cells and innate immune effectors in the colonization process. To this end, we inoculated mice with mixtures of seven wild type isogenic tagged strains (WITS) of S. Tm. The experimental data were analyzed with a newly developed mathematical model describing the stochastic immigration, replication and clearance of bacteria in the cLN. We estimated that in the beginning of infection only 300 bacterial cells arrive in the cLN per day. We further found that inflammation decreases the net replication rate in the cLN by 23%. In mice, in which dendritic cell movement is impaired, the bacterial migration rate was reduced 10-fold. In contrast, mice that cannot generate toxic reactive oxygen species displayed a 4-fold higher migration rate from gut to cLN than wild type mice. Thus, combining infections with mixed inocula of barcoded strains and mathematical analysis represents a powerful method for disentangling immigration into the cLN from replication in this compartment. The estimated parameters provide an important baseline to assess and predict the efficacy of interventions. Like humans, pathogens have a demography. Within their hosts, they migrate, replicate, and die. Understanding these processes quantitatively can help designing vaccines and treatment by identifying vulnerabilities of the pathogen population. For most pathogens, however, quantitative information on how they replicate and spread in their hosts is lacking. Here, we investigate the early colonization of hosts by Salmonella bacteria after oral infection in a mouse model for complicated Salmonella diarrhea. To estimate migration and replication rates, we infected the mice with mixtures of identical, but distinguishable strains of the bacterium and analyzed the results with a mathematical model that describes the demography of the bacterial population. Random loss of some of these strains during colonization of the mice allows us to estimate migration rates between anatomical compartments. We find that approximately 300 bacteria migrate per day from the gut to the cecal lymph node – the first step towards systemic infection. We further investigate how bacterial migration and replication is affected by inflammation and various agents of the immune system. Our study provides unprecedented information on the colonization dynamics of this bacterial infection and introduces a framework for further improving therapy and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Kaiser
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emma Slack
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J. Grant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Hardt
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (WDH); (RRR)
| | - Roland R. Regoes
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (WDH); (RRR)
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50
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Garvey P, McKeown P, Kelly P, Cormican M, Anderson W, Flack A, Barron S, De Lappe N, Buckley J, Cosgrove C, Molloy D, O' Connor J, O' Sullivan P, Matthews J, Ward M, Breslin A, O' Sullivan MB, Kelleher K, McNamara A, Foley-Nolan C, Pelly H, Cloak F. Investigation and management of an outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium DT8 associated with duck eggs, Ireland 2009 to 2011. Euro Surveill 2013; 18:20454. [PMID: 23611032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium DT8 was a very rare cause of human illness in Ireland between 2000 and 2008, with only four human isolates from three patients being identified. Over a 19-month period between August 2009 and February 2011, 34 confirmed cases and one probable case of Salmonella Typhimurium DT8 were detected, all of which had an MLVA pattern 2-10-NA-12-212 or a closely related pattern. The epidemiological investigations strongly supported a linkbetween illness and exposure to duck eggs. Moreover, S. Typhimurium with an MLVA pattern indistinguishable (or closely related) to the isolates from human cases, was identified in 22 commercial and backyard duck flocks, twelve of which were linked with known human cases. A range of control measures were taken at farm level, and advice was provided to consumers on the hygienic handling and cooking of duck eggs. Although no definitive link was established with a concurrent duck egg-related outbreak of S. Typhimurium DT8 in the United Kingdom, it seems likely that the two events were related. It may be appropriate for other countries with a tradition of consuming duck eggs to consider the need for measures to reduce the risk of similar outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Garvey
- Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Dublin, Ireland.
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