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Buytaers FE, Saltykova A, Mattheus W, Verhaegen B, Roosens NHC, Vanneste K, Laisnez V, Hammami N, Pochet B, Cantaert V, Marchal K, Denayer S, De Keersmaecker SC. Application of a strain-level shotgun metagenomics approach on food samples: resolution of the source of a Salmonella food-borne outbreak. Microb Genom 2021; 7:000547. [PMID: 33826490 PMCID: PMC8208685 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Food-borne outbreak investigation currently relies on the time-consuming and challenging bacterial isolation from food, to be able to link food-derived strains to more easily obtained isolates from infected people. When no food isolate can be obtained, the source of the outbreak cannot be unambiguously determined. Shotgun metagenomics approaches applied to the food samples could circumvent this need for isolation from the suspected source, but require downstream strain-level data analysis to be able to accurately link to the human isolate. Until now, this approach has not yet been applied outside research settings to analyse real food-borne outbreak samples. In September 2019, a Salmonella outbreak occurred in a hotel school in Bruges, Belgium, affecting over 200 students and teachers. Following standard procedures, the Belgian National Reference Center for human salmonellosis and the National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella in food and feed used conventional analysis based on isolation, serotyping and MLVA (multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis) comparison, followed by whole-genome sequencing, to confirm the source of the contamination over 2 weeks after receipt of the sample, which was freshly prepared tartar sauce in a meal cooked at the school. Our team used this outbreak as a case study to deliver a proof of concept for a short-read strain-level shotgun metagenomics approach for source tracking. We received two suspect food samples: the full meal and some freshly made tartar sauce served with this meal, requiring the use of raw eggs. After analysis, we could prove, without isolation, that Salmonella was present in both samples, and we obtained an inferred genome of a Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis that could be linked back to the human isolates of the outbreak in a phylogenetic tree. These metagenomics-derived outbreak strains were separated from sporadic cases as well as from another outbreak circulating in Europe at the same time period. This is, to our knowledge, the first Salmonella food-borne outbreak investigation uniquely linking the food source using a metagenomics approach and this in a fast time frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence E. Buytaers
- Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Assia Saltykova
- Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wesley Mattheus
- National Reference Center for Salmonella and Shigella spp., Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bavo Verhaegen
- National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella and Food-Borne Infections, Food-Borne Pathogens, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Kevin Vanneste
- Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Brigitte Pochet
- Federal Agency for the Security of the Food Chain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vera Cantaert
- Federal Agency for the Security of the Food Chain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Marchal
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Information Technology, IDlab, IMEC, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sarah Denayer
- National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella and Food-Borne Infections, Food-Borne Pathogens, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
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Van Damme I, Berkvens D, Botteldoorn N, Dierick K, Wits J, Pochet B, De Zutter L. Evaluation of the ISO 10273:2003 method for the isolation of human pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica from pig carcasses and minced meat. Food Microbiol 2013; 36:170-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Yde M, Naranjo M, Mattheus W, Stragier P, Pochet B, Beulens K, De Schrijver K, Van den Branden D, Laisnez V, Flipse W, Leclercq A, Lecuit M, Dierick K, Bertrand S. Usefulness of the European Epidemic Intelligence Information System in the management of an outbreak of listeriosis, Belgium, 2011. Euro Surveill 2012; 17:20279. [PMID: 23040965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A cluster of time-linked cases and the identification of a clonal strain suggest the occurrence of an outbreak of listeriosis in Belgium in 2011, presumably due to the consumption of hard cheese made with pasteurised milk and produced by a Belgium manufacturer. The outbreak clone was identified as Listeria monocytogenes serovar 1/2a, sensitive to arsenic and cadmium and of multilocus sequence typing MLST-type 37. Food investigation of this outbreak was facilitated by the European Epidemic Intelligence Information System and data exchanged between French and Belgium listeriosis surveillance systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yde
- Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
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Yde M, Naranjo M, Mattheus W, Stragier P, Pochet B, Beulens K, De Schrijver K, Van den Branden D, Laisnez V, Flipse W, Leclercq A, Lecuit M, Dierick K, Bertrand S. Usefulness of the European Epidemic Intelligence Information System in the management of an outbreak of listeriosis, Belgium, 2011. Euro Surveill 2012. [DOI: 10.2807/ese.17.38.20279-en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A cluster of time-linked cases and the identification of a clonal strain suggest the occurrence of an outbreak of listeriosis in Belgium in 2011, presumably due to the consumption of hard cheese made with pasteurised milk and produced by a Belgium manufacturer. The outbreak clone was identified as Listeria monocytogenes serovar 1/2a, sensitive to arsenic and cadmium and of multilocus sequence typing MLST-type 37. Food investigation of this outbreak was facilitated by the European Epidemic Intelligence Information System and data exchanged between French and Belgium listeriosis surveillance systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yde
- Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Naranjo
- Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - W Mattheus
- Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Stragier
- Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - B Pochet
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Belgium
| | - K Beulens
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Belgium
| | - K De Schrijver
- Infectious Disease Control Unit, Department of Public Health Surveillance, Flemish Agency for Care and Health, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - D Van den Branden
- Infectious Disease Control Unit, Department of Public Health Surveillance, Flemish Agency for Care and Health, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - V Laisnez
- Infectious Disease Control Unit, Department of Public Health Surveillance, Flemish Agency for Care and Health, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - W Flipse
- Infectious Disease Control Unit, Department of Public Health Surveillance, Flemish Agency for Care and Health, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - A Leclercq
- French National Reference Centre and WHOCC for Listeria, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - M Lecuit
- French National Reference Centre and WHOCC for Listeria, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - K Dierick
- Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Bertrand
- Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
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Mattheus W, Botteldoorn N, Heylen K, Pochet B, Dierick K. Trend Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance inCampylobacter jejuniandCampylobacter coliIsolated from Belgian Pork and Poultry Meat Products Using Surveillance Data of 2004–2009. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012; 9:465-72. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Mattheus
- Institute of Public Health, Scientific Service Food-Borne Pathogens, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nadine Botteldoorn
- Institute of Public Health, Scientific Service Food-Borne Pathogens, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kim Heylen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Pochet
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katelijne Dierick
- Institute of Public Health, Scientific Service Food-Borne Pathogens, Brussels, Belgium
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Bertrand S, Dierick K, Heylen K, De Baere T, Pochet B, Robesyn E, Lokietek S, Van Meervenne E, Imberechts H, De Zutter L, Collard JM. Lessons learned from the management of a national outbreak of Salmonella ohio linked to pork meat processing and distribution. J Food Prot 2010; 73:529-34. [PMID: 20202340 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.3.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
During the summer of 2005, an increase in reports of human cases of Salmonella enterica serovar Ohio infection was observed in Belgium. During 11 weeks, between 1 July and 13 September, 60 cases of laboratory-confirmed Salmonella Ohio infection were reported to the National Reference Centre for Salmonella, with a peak onset of symptoms in the third week of July. All clinical isolates caused self-limiting gastroenteritis; both genders (32 males and 28 females) and all age groups (three children <5 years of age, three children 5 to 14 years of age, 32 adults 15 to 64 years of age, and 22 adults >65 years of age) were affected. The isolates were distributed throughout Belgium but a cluster of several cases was observed around Brussels. At the same time, an increase in the incidence of this serovar was observed in the Salmonella isolates originating from the official surveillance campaign conducted by the Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, which identified pork as a likely source of the outbreak strain. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing confirmed the clonal relationship between the human isolates, the isolates from samples collected in the cutting plants, and the isolates from pork meat in distribution. Further epidemiological investigations indicated that one particular slaughterhouse was involved. In that slaughterhouse, the carcasses were contaminated during the evisceration process because of contaminated equipment and uncontrolled environmental conditions. This study highlights the importance of a centralized surveillance laboratory in the management of outbreaks and the need of strict implementation of hygienic rules to avoid this type of outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Bertrand
- National Reference Centre for Salmonella and Shigella, Scientific Institute of Public Health, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Pochet B, Scoman V, Mestdagh MM, Moreau B, Andre P. Influence of agar gel properties on the in vitro micropropagation of different clones of Thuja plicata. Plant Cell Rep 1991; 10:406-409. [PMID: 24221734 DOI: 10.1007/bf00232612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/1991] [Revised: 06/18/1991] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The influence of four agar-type polysaccharides, used as solidifying agents for culture media and differing in their sulfate content (0.14 to 10.95 % w/w), was tested on the budding and the elongation of five clones of Thuja plicata. Budding is reduced on the most sulfated polysaccharide and the differences observed between clones in elongation are as important as those observed between agar types.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pochet
- Unité de Chimie des Interfaces, Place Croix du Sud 2, boîte 18, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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