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de Gonzalo G, Alcántara AR. Recent Developments in the Synthesis of β-Diketones. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14101043. [PMID: 34681266 PMCID: PMC8541089 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from being one of the most important intermediates in chemical synthesis, broadly used in the formation of C-C bonds among other processes, the β-dicarbonyl structure is present in a huge number of biologically and pharmaceutically active compounds. In fact, mainly derived from the well-known antioxidant capability associated with the corresponding enol tautomer, β-diketones are valuable compounds in the treatment of many pathological disorders, such as cardiovascular and liver diseases, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, neurological disorders, inflammation, skin diseases, fibrosis, or arthritis; therefore, the synthesis of these structures is an area of overwhelming interest for organic chemists. This paper is devoted to the advances achieved in the last ten years for the preparation of 1,3-diketones, using different chemical (Claisen, hydration of alkynones, decarboxylative coupling) or catalytic (biocatalysis, organocatalytic, metal-based catalysis) methodologies: Additionally, the preparation of branched β-dicarbonyl compounds by means of α-functionalization of non-substituted 1,3-diketones are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo de Gonzalo
- Organic Chemistry Department, University of Sevilla, c/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
- Correspondence: (G.d.G.); (A.R.A.); Tel.: +34-95-455-99-97 (G.d.G.); +34-91-394-18-21 (A.R.A.)
| | - Andrés R. Alcántara
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n., 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (G.d.G.); (A.R.A.); Tel.: +34-95-455-99-97 (G.d.G.); +34-91-394-18-21 (A.R.A.)
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2
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Giovannini PP, Müller M, Presini F, Baraldi S, Ragno D, Di Carmine G, Jacoby C, Bernacchia G, Bortolini O. A One‐Pot Two‐Step Enzymatic Pathway for the Synthesis of Enantiomerically Enriched Vicinal Diols. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pier Paolo Giovannini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche Università degli studi di Ferrara Via Luigi Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Michel Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstrasse 25 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Francesco Presini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche Università degli studi di Ferrara Via Luigi Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Serena Baraldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche Università degli studi di Ferrara Via Luigi Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Daniele Ragno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche Università degli studi di Ferrara Via Luigi Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Graziano Di Carmine
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche Università degli studi di Ferrara Via Luigi Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Christian Jacoby
- Microbiology Faculty of Biology Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Schänzlestr. 1 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Giovanni Bernacchia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie Università degli studi di Ferrara Via Luigi Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche Università degli studi di Ferrara Via Luigi Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
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3
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Building Up Quaternary Stereocenters Through Biocatalyzed Direct Insertion of Carbon Nucleophiles on Ketones. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Hampel S, Steitz JP, Baierl A, Lehwald P, Wiesli L, Richter M, Fries A, Pohl M, Schneider G, Dobritzsch D, Müller M. Structural and Mutagenesis Studies of the Thiamine-Dependent, Ketone-Accepting YerE from Pseudomonas protegens. Chembiochem 2018; 19:2283-2292. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Hampel
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstrasse 25 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Jan-Patrick Steitz
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstrasse 25 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Anna Baierl
- IBG-1: Biotechnology; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; Wilhelm-Johnen Str. 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Patrizia Lehwald
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstrasse 25 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Luzia Wiesli
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Laboratory for Biointerfaces; Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 9014 St. Gallen Switzerland
| | - Michael Richter
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Laboratory for Biointerfaces; Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 9014 St. Gallen Switzerland
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB; Branch BioCat; Schulgasse 11a 94315 Straubing Germany
| | - Alexander Fries
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstrasse 25 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Martina Pohl
- IBG-1: Biotechnology; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; Wilhelm-Johnen Str. 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Gunter Schneider
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet; Tomtebodavägen 6 17177 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Doreen Dobritzsch
- Vising address: Department of Chemistry-BMC; Uppsala Universitet; Husargatan 3 75237 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Michael Müller
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstrasse 25 79104 Freiburg Germany
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5
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Regio- and Stereoselective Aliphatic-Aromatic Cross-Benzoin Reaction: Enzymatic Divergent Catalysis. Chemistry 2016; 22:13999-14005. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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6
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Giovannini PP, Lerin LA, Müller M, Bernacchia G, Bastiani MD, Catani M, Di Carmine G, Massi A. (S
)-Selectivity in Phenylacetyl Carbinol Synthesis Using the Wild-Type Enzyme Acetoin:Dichlorophenolindophenol Oxidoreductase from Bacillus licheniformis. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pier Paolo Giovannini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche; Università di Ferrara; Via Fossato di Mortara 17 I-44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Lindomar Alberto Lerin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche; Università di Ferrara; Via Fossato di Mortara 17 I-44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Michael Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstrasse 25 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Giovanni Bernacchia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie; Università di Ferrara; Via L. Borsari 46 I-44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Morena De Bastiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie; Università di Ferrara; Via L. Borsari 46 I-44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche; Università di Ferrara; Via Fossato di Mortara 17 I-44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Graziano Di Carmine
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche; Università di Ferrara; Via Fossato di Mortara 17 I-44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche; Università di Ferrara; Via Fossato di Mortara 17 I-44121 Ferrara Italy
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Schmidt NG, Eger E, Kroutil W. Building Bridges: Biocatalytic C-C-Bond Formation toward Multifunctional Products. ACS Catal 2016; 6:4286-4311. [PMID: 27398261 PMCID: PMC4936090 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-carbon bond formation is the key reaction for organic synthesis to construct the carbon framework of organic molecules. The review gives a selection of biocatalytic C-C-bond-forming reactions which have been investigated during the last 5 years and which have already been proven to be applicable for organic synthesis. In most cases, the reactions lead to products functionalized at the site of C-C-bond formation (e.g., α-hydroxy ketones, aminoalcohols, diols, 1,4-diketones, etc.) or allow to decorate aromatic and heteroaromatic molecules. Furthermore, examples for cyclization of (non)natural precursors leading to saturated carbocycles are given as well as the stereoselective cyclopropanation of olefins affording cyclopropanes. Although many tools are already available, recent research also makes it clear that nature provides an even broader set of enzymes to perform specific C-C coupling reactions. The possibilities are without limit; however, a big library of variants for different types of reactions is required to have the specific enzyme for a desired specific (stereoselective) reaction at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina G. Schmidt
- ACIB
GmbH c/o, Department of Chemistry, University
of Graz, Heinrichstrasse
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Eger
- Department
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- ACIB
GmbH c/o, Department of Chemistry, University
of Graz, Heinrichstrasse
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Department
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Giovannini PP, Bortolini O, Massi A. Thiamine-Diphosphate-Dependent Enzymes as Catalytic Tools for the Asymmetric Benzoin-Type Reaction. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pier Paolo Giovannini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Ferrara; 17, Via Fossato di Mortara 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Ferrara; 17, Via Fossato di Mortara 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Ferrara; 17, Via Fossato di Mortara 44121 Ferrara Italy
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Bernacchia G, Bortolini O, De Bastiani M, Lerin LA, Loschonsky S, Massi A, Müller M, Giovannini PP. Enzymatic Chemoselective Aldehyde-Ketone Cross-Couplings through the Polarity Reversal of Methylacetoin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7171-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bernacchia G, Bortolini O, De Bastiani M, Lerin LA, Loschonsky S, Massi A, Müller M, Giovannini PP. Enzymatic Chemoselective Aldehyde-Ketone Cross-Couplings through the Polarity Reversal of Methylacetoin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Loschonsky S, Wacker T, Waltzer S, Giovannini PP, McLeish MJ, Andrade SLA, Müller M. Extended Reaction Scope of Thiamine Diphosphate Dependent Cyclohexane-1,2-dione Hydrolase: From CC Bond Cleavage to CC Bond Ligation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:14402-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Loschonsky S, Wacker T, Waltzer S, Giovannini PP, McLeish MJ, Andrade SLA, Müller M. Extended Reaction Scope of Thiamine Diphosphate Dependent Cyclohexane-1,2-dione Hydrolase: From CC Bond Cleavage to CC Bond Ligation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Müller CR, Pérez-Sánchez M, Domínguez de María P. Benzaldehyde lyase-catalyzed diastereoselective C-C bond formation by simultaneous carboligation and kinetic resolution. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 11:2000-4. [PMID: 23280121 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob27344f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes create chiral microenvironments that may simultaneously generate several stereogenic centers in the same catalytic cycle, broadening the possibilities of biocatalysis. Benzaldehyde lyase (BAL) affords highly diastereoselective α-hydroxy-ketones by simultaneously performing ligation and kinetic resolution of a racemic aldehyde. Thus, to the well-known enantioselective BAL-carboligation of aldehydes (C-C bond formation), another property, namely diastereoselectivity, is added in this paper for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph R Müller
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Müller M, Sprenger GA, Pohl M. CC bond formation using ThDP-dependent lyases. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:261-70. [PMID: 23523314 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The present review summarizes recent achievements in enzymatic thiamine catalysis during the past three years. With well-established enzymes such as BAL, PDC and TK new reactions have been identified and respective variants were prepared, which enable access to stereoisomeric products. Further we highlight recent progress with 'new' ThDP-dependent enzymes like MenD and PigD, which catalyze the Stetter-like 1,4 addition of aldehydes and YerE, which is the first known ThDP-dependent enzyme accepting ketones as acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Bortolini O, Giovannini PP, Maietti S, Massi A, Pedrini P, Sacchetti G, Venturi V. An enzymatic approach to the synthesis of optically pure (3R)- and (3S)-enantiomers of green tea flavor compound 3-hydroxy-3-methylnonane-2,4-dione. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bertolasi V, Bortolini O, Donvito A, Fantin G, Fogagnolo M, Giovannini PP, Massi A, Pacifico S. Unexpected reactivity of diaryl α-diketones with thiazolium carbenes: discovery of a novel multicomponent reaction for the facile synthesis of 1,4-thiazin-3-ones. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:6579-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25928a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rose CA, Gundala S, Fagan CL, Franz JF, Connon SJ, Zeitler K. NHC-catalysed, chemoselective crossed-acyloin reactions. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc00622g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Bortolini O, Fantin G, Fogagnolo M, Giovannini PP, Massi A, Pacifico S. Thiazolium-catalyzed intermolecular Stetter reaction of linear and cyclic alkyl α-diketones. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:8437-44. [PMID: 22027902 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06480k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient method for the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed conjugate addition of acetyl anions to various α,β-unsaturated acceptors (Stetter reaction) has been optimized by using 2,3-butandione (biacetyl) as an alternative surrogate of acetaldehyde. The disclosed procedure proved to be compatible with microwave dielectric heating for reaction time reduction and with the use of different linear α-diketones as acyl anion donors (e.g. 3,4-hexanedione for propionyl anion additions). Moreover, the unprecedented umpolung reactivity of cyclic α-diketones in the atom economic nucleophilic acylation of chalcones is herein presented. Mechanistic aspects of the thiazolium-based catalysis involving linear and cyclic α-diketone substrates are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bortolini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Organica, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, I-44121, Ferrara, Italy
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Bortolini O, Fantin G, Fogagnolo M, Giovannini PP, Venturi V, Pacifico S, Massi A. α-Diketones as acyl anion equivalents: a non-enzymatic thiamine-promoted route to aldehyde–ketone coupling in PEG400 as recyclable medium. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Giovannini PP, Mantovani M, Grandini A, Medici A, Pedrini P. New acetoin reductases from Bacillus stearothermophilus: meso- and 2R,3R-butanediol as fermentation products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Giovannini PP, Fantin G, Massi A, Venturi V, Pedrini P. Enzymatic diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of α-alkyl-α,β-dihydroxyketones. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:8038-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05928a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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