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Bozza D, De Luca C, Felletti S, Spedicato M, Presini F, Giovannini PP, Carraro M, Macis M, Cavazzini A, Catani M, Ricci A, Cabri W. Dimethyl carbonate as a green alternative to acetonitrile in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Part II: Purification of a therapeutic peptide. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1713:464530. [PMID: 38035518 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Preparative liquid chromatography in reversed phase conditions (RPLC) is the most common approach adopted in the downstream processing for the purification of therapeutic peptides at industrial level. Due to the strict requirements on the quality imposed by the Regulatory Agencies, routinary methods based on the use of aqueous buffers and acetonitrile (ACN) as organic modifier are commonly used, where ACN is practically the only available choice for the purification of peptide derivatives. However, ACN is known to suffers of many shortcomings, such as drastic shortage in the market, high costs and, most importantly, it shows unwanted toxicity for human health and environment, which led it among the less environmentally friendly ones. For this reason, the selection of a suitable alternative becomes crucial for the sustainable downstream processing of peptides and biopharmaceuticals in general. In this paper, a promising green solvent, namely dimethyl carbonate (DMC) has been used for the separation of a peptide not only in linear conditions but also for its purification through non-linear overloaded chromatography. The performance of the process has been compared to that achievable with the common method where ACN is used as organic modifier and to that obtained with two additional solvents (namely ethanol and isopropanol), already used as greener alternatives to ACN. This proof-of-concept study showed that, thanks to its higher elution strength, DMC can be considered a green alternative to ACN, since it allows to reduce method duration while reaching good purities and recoveries. Indeed, at a target purity fixed to 98.5 %, DMC led to the best productivity with respect to all the other solvents tested, confirming its suitability as a sustainable alternative to ACN for the purification of complex biopharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Bozza
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Chiara De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Simona Felletti
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Matteo Spedicato
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Francesco Presini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Giovannini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Marco Carraro
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, via San Leonardo 23, Villadose, Rovigo 45010, Italy
| | - Marco Macis
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, via San Leonardo 23, Villadose, Rovigo 45010, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy; Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, via della Navicella 2/4, Rome 00184, Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
| | - Antonio Ricci
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, via San Leonardo 23, Villadose, Rovigo 45010, Italy.
| | - Walter Cabri
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, via San Leonardo 23, Villadose, Rovigo 45010, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, Bologna, Italy
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Felletti S, Spedicato M, Bozza D, De Luca C, Presini F, Giovannini PP, Carraro M, Macis M, Cavazzini A, Catani M, Ricci A, Cabri W. Dimethyl carbonate as a green alternative to acetonitrile in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Part I: Separation of small molecules. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1712:464477. [PMID: 37944433 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, environmental problems are drawing the attention of governments and international organisations, which are therefore encouraging the transition to green industrial processes and approaches. In this context, chemists can help indicate a suitable direction. Beside the efforts focused on greening synthetic approaches, currently also analytical techniques and separations are under observation, especially those employing large volumes of organic solvents, such as reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC). Acetonitrile has always been considered the best performing organic modifier for RPLC applications, due to its chemical features (complete miscibility in water, UV transparency, low viscosity etc); nevertheless, it suffers of severe shortcomings, and most importantly, it does not fully comply with Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) requirements. For these reasons, alternative greener solvents are being investigated, especially easily available alcohols. In this work, chromatographic performance of the most common solvents used in reversed-phase chromatography, i.e., acetonitrile, ethanol and isopropanol, have been compared to a scarcely used solvent, dimethyl carbonate (DMC). The analytes of interest were two small molecules, caffeine and paracetamol, whose kinetics and retention behaviour obtained with the four solvents have been compared, and all contributions to band broadening have been assessed. Results about kinetic performance are very promising, indicating that a small amount (7 % v/v) of DMC is able to produce the same efficiency as a 2.5-times larger ACN volume (18 % v/v), and larger efficiency than alcohols. This paper reports, for the first time, fundamental studies concerning the mass transfer phenomena when DMC is used as an organic solvent in RPLC, and, together with the companion paper, represents the results of a research whose final aim was to discover whether DMC is suitable for chromatographic applications both in linear and preparative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Felletti
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Matteo Spedicato
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Desiree Bozza
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Chiara De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Francesco Presini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Giovannini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Marco Carraro
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, via San Leonardo 23, Villadose, Rovigo 45010, Italy
| | - Marco Macis
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, via San Leonardo 23, Villadose, Rovigo 45010, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy; Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, via della Navicella 2/4, Rome 00184, Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
| | - Antonio Ricci
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, via San Leonardo 23, Villadose, Rovigo 45010, Italy.
| | - Walter Cabri
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, via San Leonardo 23, Villadose, Rovigo 45010, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, Bologna, Italy
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3
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Venturi V, Presini F, Trapella C, Bortolini O, Giovannini PP, Lerin LA. Microwave-assisted enzymatic synthesis of geraniol esters in solvent-free systems: optimization of the reaction parameters, purification and characterization of the products, and biocatalyst reuse. Mol Divers 2023:10.1007/s11030-023-10682-y. [PMID: 37368203 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10682-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Various geraniol esters act as insect pheromones and display pharmacological activities, especially as neuroprotective agents. Therefore, the search for synthetic strategies alternative to traditional chemical synthesis could help designing ecofriendly routes for the preparation of such bioactive compounds. Hence, this work aims at the microwave-assisted enzymatic synthesis of geranyl esters in solvent-free systems. The process variables were optimized for the synthesis of geranyl acetoacetate, achieving 85% conversion after 60 min using a 1:5 substrates molar ratio (ester to geraniol), 80 °C and 8.4% of Lipozyme 435 lipase without removal of the co-produced methanol. On the other hand, a 95% conversion was reached after 30 min using 1:6 substrates molar ratio, 70 °C and 7% lipase in the presence of 5Å molecular sieves for the methanol capture. In addition, the lipase showed good reusability, maintaining the same activity for five reaction cycles. Finally, under the above optimized conditions, other geraniol esters were successfully synthetized such as the geranyl butyrate (98%), geranyl hexanoate (99%), geranyl octanoate (98%), and geranyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (56%). These results demonstrate the microwave-assisted lipase-catalyzed transesterification in a solvent-free system as an excellent and sustainable catalytic methodology to produce geraniol esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Venturi
- Department of Environment and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara - UNIFE, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Francesco Presini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara - UNIFE, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Claudio Trapella
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara - UNIFE, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Department of Environment and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara - UNIFE, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Giovannini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara - UNIFE, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Lindomar Alberto Lerin
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara - UNIFE, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy.
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Venturi V, Lerin LA, Presini F, Giovannini PP, Catani M, Buratti A, Marchetti N, Dilliraj LN, Aprile S. Enzymatic Synthesis of Ascorbic Acid-Ketone Body Hybrids. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13040691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular hybrids obtained by connecting two or more bioactive molecules through a metabolizable linker are used as multi-target drugs for the therapy of multifactorial diseases. Ascorbic acid, as well as the ketone bodies acetoacetate and (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate, are bioactive molecules that have common fields of application in the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases and cardiac injuries as well. In spite of this, the preparation of ascorbic acid ketone body hybrids is uncovered by the literature. Herein, we report the lipase-catalyzed condensation of methyl acetoacetate with ascorbic acid, which affords the 6-O-acetoacetyl ascorbic acid in quantitative yield. The same approach, employing the methyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate in place of the methyl acetoacetate, allows the preparation of the 6-O-(R)-3-hydroxybutyryl ascorbic acid in 57% yield. A better result (90% overall yield) is achieved through the lipase-catalyzed coupling of ascorbic acid with methyl (R)-3-O-methoxymethyl-3-hydroxybutyrate followed by the cleavage of the MOM protecting group. The two novel products are fully characterized and additional information on the antioxidant activity of the new products is also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Venturi
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lindomar Alberto Lerin
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Presini
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Giovannini
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Buratti
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nicola Marchetti
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Latha Nagamani Dilliraj
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Simona Aprile
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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5
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Poletti L, Ragno D, Bortolini O, Presini F, Pesciaioli F, Carli S, Caramori S, Molinari A, Massi A, Di Carmine G. Photoredox Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of N-Aryl Glycines Mediated by Mesoporous Graphitic Carbon Nitride: An Environmentally Friendly Approach to the Synthesis of Non-Proteinogenic α-Amino Acids (NPAAs) Decorated with Indoles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7826-7837. [PMID: 35621232 PMCID: PMC9207928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Indole-decorated
glycine derivatives are prepared through an environmentally
benign cross-dehydrogenative coupling between N-aryl
glycine analogues and indoles (yield of ≤81%). Merging heterogeneous
organocatalysis and photocatalysis, C–H functionalization has
been achieved by selective C-2 oxidation of N-aryl
glycines to afford the electrophilic imine followed by Friedel–Crafts
alkylation with indole. The sustainability of the process has been
taken into account in the reaction design through the implementation
of a metal-free recyclable heterogeneous photocatalyst and a green
reaction medium. Scale-up of the benchmark reaction (gram scale, yield
of 69%) and recycling experiments (over seven runs without a loss
of efficiency) have been performed to prove the robustness of the
protocol. Finally, mechanistic studies were conducted employing electron
paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to unveil the roles of the photocatalyst
and oxygen in the formation of odd-electron species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Poletti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Daniele Ragno
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Presini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Pesciaioli
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 42, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Stefano Carli
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Caramori
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Molinari
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Graziano Di Carmine
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Giovannini PP, Müller M, Presini F, Baraldi S, Ragno D, Di Carmine G, Jacoby C, Bernacchia G, Bortolini O. A One‐Pot Two‐Step Enzymatic Pathway for the Synthesis of Enantiomerically Enriched Vicinal Diols. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pier Paolo Giovannini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche Università degli studi di Ferrara Via Luigi Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Michel Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstrasse 25 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Francesco Presini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche Università degli studi di Ferrara Via Luigi Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Serena Baraldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche Università degli studi di Ferrara Via Luigi Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Daniele Ragno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche Università degli studi di Ferrara Via Luigi Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Graziano Di Carmine
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche Università degli studi di Ferrara Via Luigi Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Christian Jacoby
- Microbiology Faculty of Biology Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Schänzlestr. 1 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Giovanni Bernacchia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie Università degli studi di Ferrara Via Luigi Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche Università degli studi di Ferrara Via Luigi Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
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