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Cell cycle involvement in cancer therapy; WEE1 kinase, a potential target as therapeutic strategy. Mutat Res 2022; 824:111776. [PMID: 35247630 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2022.111776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitosis is the process of cell division and is regulated by checkpoints in the cell cycle. G1-S, S, and G2-M are the three main checkpoints that prevent initiation of the next phase of the cell cycle phase until previous phase has completed. DNA damage leads to activation of the G2-M checkpoint, which can trigger a downstream DNA damage response (DDR) pathway to induce cell cycle arrest while the damage is repaired. If the DNA damage cannot be repaired, the replication stress response (RSR) pathway finally leads to cell death by apoptosis, in this case called mitotic catastrophe. Many cancer treatments (chemotherapy and radiotherapy) cause DNA damages based on SSBs (single strand breaks) or DSBs (double strand breaks), which cause cell death through mitotic catastrophe. However, damaged cells can activate WEE1 kinase (as a part of the DDR and RSR pathways), which prevents apoptosis and cell death by inducing cell cycle arrest at G2 phase. Therefore, inhibition of WEE1 kinase could sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. This review focuses on the role of WEE1 kinase (as a biological macromolecule which has a molecular mass of 96 kDa) in the cell cycle, and its interactions with other regulatory pathways. In addition, we discuss the potential of WEE1 inhibition as a new therapeutic approach in the treatment of various cancers, such as melanoma, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, etc.
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Quantifying the distribution of protein oligomerization degree reflects cellular information capacity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17689. [PMID: 33077848 PMCID: PMC7573690 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74811-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of information, energy and biomass in living cells involves integrated processes that optimally evolve into complex and robust cellular networks. Protein homo-oligomerization, which is correlated with cooperativity in biology, is one means of scaling the complexity of protein networks. It can play critical roles in determining the sensitivity of genetic regulatory circuits and metabolic pathways. Therefore, understanding the roles of oligomerization may lead to new approaches of probing biological functions. Here, we analyzed the frequency of protein oligomerization degree in the cell proteome of nine different organisms, and then, we asked whether there are design trade-offs between protein oligomerization, information precision and energy costs of protein synthesis. Our results indicate that there is an upper limit for the degree of protein oligomerization, possibly because of the trade-off between cellular resource limitations and the information precision involved in biochemical reaction networks. These findings can explain the principles of cellular architecture design and provide a quantitative tool to scale synthetic biological systems.
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Abstract
The transition between proliferating and quiescent states must be carefully regulated to ensure that cells divide to create the cells an organism needs only at the appropriate time and place. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are critical for both transitioning cells from one cell cycle state to the next, and for regulating whether cells are proliferating or quiescent. CDKs are regulated by association with cognate cyclins, activating and inhibitory phosphorylation events, and proteins that bind to them and inhibit their activity. The substrates of these kinases, including the retinoblastoma protein, enforce the changes in cell cycle status. Single cell analysis has clarified that competition among factors that activate and inhibit CDK activity leads to the cell's decision to enter the cell cycle, a decision the cell makes before S phase. Signaling pathways that control the activity of CDKs regulate the transition between quiescence and proliferation in stem cells, including stem cells that generate muscle and neurons. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:317-344, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary A Coller
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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5
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Shoemaker JE, Fukuyama S, Eisfeld AJ, Zhao D, Kawakami E, Sakabe S, Maemura T, Gorai T, Katsura H, Muramoto Y, Watanabe S, Watanabe T, Fuji K, Matsuoka Y, Kitano H, Kawaoka Y. An Ultrasensitive Mechanism Regulates Influenza Virus-Induced Inflammation. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004856. [PMID: 26046528 PMCID: PMC4457877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses present major challenges to public health, evident by the 2009 influenza pandemic. Highly pathogenic influenza virus infections generally coincide with early, high levels of inflammatory cytokines that some studies have suggested may be regulated in a strain-dependent manner. However, a comprehensive characterization of the complex dynamics of the inflammatory response induced by virulent influenza strains is lacking. Here, we applied gene co-expression and nonlinear regression analysis to time-course, microarray data developed from influenza-infected mouse lung to create mathematical models of the host inflammatory response. We found that the dynamics of inflammation-associated gene expression are regulated by an ultrasensitive-like mechanism in which low levels of virus induce minimal gene expression but expression is strongly induced once a threshold virus titer is exceeded. Cytokine assays confirmed that the production of several key inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 6 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1, exhibit ultrasensitive behavior. A systematic exploration of the pathways regulating the inflammatory-associated gene response suggests that the molecular origins of this ultrasensitive response mechanism lie within the branch of the Toll-like receptor pathway that regulates STAT1 phosphorylation. This study provides the first evidence of an ultrasensitive mechanism regulating influenza virus-induced inflammation in whole lungs and provides insight into how different virus strains can induce distinct temporal inflammation response profiles. The approach developed here should facilitate the construction of gene regulatory models of other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E. Shoemaker
- ERATO Infection-induced Host Responses Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukuyama
- ERATO Infection-induced Host Responses Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Amie J. Eisfeld
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Dongming Zhao
- ERATO Infection-induced Host Responses Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiryo Kawakami
- ERATO Infection-induced Host Responses Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
- Laboratory for Disease Systems Modeling, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Saori Sakabe
- ERATO Infection-induced Host Responses Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tadashi Maemura
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Gorai
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Hiroaki Katsura
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Muramoto
- ERATO Infection-induced Host Responses Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Watanabe
- ERATO Infection-induced Host Responses Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Tokiko Watanabe
- ERATO Infection-induced Host Responses Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Fuji
- ERATO Infection-induced Host Responses Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Matsuoka
- ERATO Infection-induced Host Responses Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
- The Systems Biology Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kitano
- ERATO Infection-induced Host Responses Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
- Laboratory for Disease Systems Modeling, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
- The Systems Biology Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- ERATO Infection-induced Host Responses Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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