Influence of alcohols and varying temperatures on the interaction between drug ceftriaxone sodium trihydrate and surfactant: A multi-techniques study

Aggregation behavior, interaction forces and physico-chemical parameters of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride in aqueous solution of bovine serum albumin: Impacts of short-chain alcohols and temperature

To better understand the molecular interactions between cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) and bovine serum albumin (BSA), we report the alteration of the physicochemical characteristics of CTAC in aqueous BSA solutions in the presence of different alcohols. The analyses were performed using the conductivity method at temperatures ranging from 298.15 to 323.15 K, with 5 K intervals. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) values of the BSA + CTAC systems were found to change with variations in alcohol types, solvent compositions, and temperatures. The CMC values grew with the rising of alcohol contents. The negative free energy changes (∆Gm0) indicated the spontaneous association of the systems in all solvents media. The magnitudes of ∆Hm0 and ∆Sm0, determined from the micellization of the systems, indicated the presence of electrostatic, ion-dipole, and hydrophobic forces. The thermodynamics of transfer (free energy (∆Gm,tr0), enthalpy (∆Hm,tr0), entropy (∆Sm,tr0)), and compensation parameters (∆Hm0,∗ and Tc)-were also calculated, which provided significant insights into the potential interactions between CTAC and BSA in the presence of various alcohol additives. Furthermore, molecular docking studies suggested the binding of CTAC to different BSA binding sites with varying affinities.

Ciprofloxacin and Azithromycin Antibiotics Interactions with Bilayer Ionic Surfactants: A Molecular Dynamics Study

The introduction of pharmaceuticals into aquatic ecosystems can lead to the generation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This paper employed molecular dynamics simulations to examine the interactions between cationic/anionic surfactants and two antibiotics or drugs, namely, ciprofloxacin and azithromycin. The analysis focused on many factors to elucidate the mechanism by which the surfactant bilayer molecular structure affects the selected antibiotics. These factors include the tilt angle, rotational angle of the surfactants, electrostatic potential, and charge density along the bilayers. Our molecular-level investigation of the adsorption mechanisms of hydrophobic (azithromycin) and hydrophilic (ciprofloxacin) drugs on the cationic/anionic surfactant bilayer offers a crucial understanding for comprehending the optimal selection of surfactants for effectively separating antibiotics.

Study on the association and phase separation behavior of surfactants and promethazine hydrochloride: impact of ammonium electrolytes

In the current study, the association and phase separation of cationic tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB) and nonionic Triton X-100 (TX-100) surfactants with promethazine hydrochloride (PMH) were investigated in aqueous ammonium-based solutions. The micellization nature of the TTAB and PMH drug mixture was examined by evaluating critical micelle concentration (CMC) and counterion binding extent (β) at different salt contents and temperatures (298.15-323.15 K). Micelle formation in the TTAB + PMH mixture was enhanced in the presence of ammonium salts, whereas the process was delayed with an increase in temperature in the respective salt solution. With an increase in salt content, the cloud point (CP) of the TX-100 + PMH mixture decreased, which revealed that the respective progression occurred through the salting out phenomenon. In micellization and clouding processes, the changes in free energies ΔG0m and ΔG0c were found to be negative and positive, respectively, demonstrating that the corresponding processes are spontaneous and non-spontaneous. Standard enthalpies (ΔH0m/ΔH0c) and standard entropies (ΔS0m/ΔS0c) for the association and clouding processes, respectively, were also calculated and discussed. The core forces amid TTAB/TX-100 and PMH in the manifestation of electrolytes are dipole-dipole and hydrophobic forces among the employed components according to the values for ΔH0m/ΔH0c and ΔS0m/ΔS0c, respectively.

Interaction between gastric enzyme pepsin and tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide in presence of sodium electrolytes: Exploration of micellization behavior

Pepsin is a proteolytic enzyme used in the treatment of digestive disorders. In this study, we investigated the physicochemical properties of the tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB) and pepsin protein mixture in various sodium salt media within a temperature range of 300.55-320.55 K with 5 K intervals. The conductometric study of the TTAB+pepsin mixture revealed a reduction in the critical micelle concentration (CMC) in electrolyte media. The micellization of TTAB was delayed in the presence of pepsin. The CMC of the TTAB + pepsin mixture was found to depend on the concentrations of electrolytes and protein, as well as the temperature variations. The aggregation of the TTAB+pepsin mixture was hindered as a function of [pepsin] and increasing temperatures, while micellization was promoted in aqueous electrolyte solutions. The negative free energy changes (∆Gm0) indicated the spontaneous aggregation of the TTAB+pepsin mixture. Changes in enthalpy, entropy, molar heat capacities, transfer properties, and enthalpy-entropy compensation variables were calculated and illustrated rationally. The interaction forces between TTAB and pepsin protein in the experimental solvents were primarily hydrophobic and electrostatic (ion-dipole) in nature. An analysis of molecular docking revealed hydrophobic interactions as the main stabilizing forces in the TTAB-pepsin complex.

Association of bovine serum albumin and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride: An investigation of the effects of temperature and hydrotropes

Interactions between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) were studied utilizing conductivity approach. The critical micelle concentration (CMC), micelle ionization (α) along with counter ion binding (β) of CTAC micellization in aqueous solutions of BSA/BSA + hydrotropes (HYTs) have been computed at 298.15-323.15 K. Increase in temperatures of CTAC + BSA/BSA mixtures in HYTs resulted in elevation of CMC due to the association of chemical species in the respective systems which reduced the degree of micelle formation. CTAC + BSA consumed greater extents of surfactant species to generate micelle formation in the corresponding systems at higher temperatures. Standard free energy change associated with the assembling processes of CTAC in BSA was found negative suggesting the spontaneous nature of micellization processes. Magnitudes of ∆Hm0 and ∆Sm0 obtained from CTAC + BSA aggregation revealed the existence of H-bonding, electrostatic interactions along with hydrophobic forces among the constituents employed in the respective systems. ∆Gm0 The estimated thermodynamic parameters of transfer (free energy (∆Gm,tr0), enthalpy (∆Hm,tr0) and entropy (∆Sm,tr0)) and compensation variables (∆Hm0,∗ and Tc) provided significant insights on the association behaviors of the CTAC + BSA system in the selected HYTs solutions.

Association behavior and physico-chemical parameters of a cetylpyridinium bromide and levofloxacin hemihydrate mixture in aqueous and additive media

The investigation of the micellization of a mixture of cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) and levofloxacin hemihydrate (LFH) was carried out by a conductivity technique in aqueous and aq. additive mixtures, including NaCl, NaOAc, NaBenz, 4-ABA, and urea. The aggregation behavior of the CPB + LFH mixture was studied considering the variation in additive contents and the change in experimental temperature. The micelle formation of the CPB + LFH mixture was examined from the breakpoint observed in the specific conductivity versus surfactant concentration plots. Different micellar characteristics, such as the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the extent of counter ion bound (β), were evaluated for the CPB + LFH mixture. The CMC and β were found to undergo a change with the types of solvents, composition of solvents, and working temperatures. The ΔG0m values of the CPB + LFH system in aqueous and aq. additive solutions were found to be negative, which denotes a spontaneous aggregation phenomenon of the CPB + LFH system. The changes in ΔH0m and ΔS0m for the CPB + LFH mixture were also detected with the alteration in the solvent nature and solution temperature. The ΔH0m and ΔS0m values obtained for the association of the CPB + LFH mixture reveal that the characteristic interaction forces may possibly be ion-dipole, dipole-dipole, and hydrophobic between CPB and LFH. The thermodynamics of transfer and ΔH0m-ΔS0m compensation variables were also determined. All the parameters computed in the present investigation are illustrated with proper logic.

A recent overview of surfactant-drug interactions and their importance

This review focuses on the self-aggregation properties of different drugs, as well as on their interaction with anionic, cationic, and gemini surfactants. The interaction of drugs with surfactants has been reviewed concerning conductivity, surface tension, viscosity, density, and UV-Vis spectrophotometric measurements, and their relation with critical micelle concentration (CMC), cloud point, and binding constant. The conductivity measurement technique is used for the micellization of ionic surfactants. Cloud point studies can be used for the non-ionic, and also for certain ionic surfactants. Usually, surface tension studies are mostly employed for non-ionic surfactants. The degree of dissociation that is determined is used to evaluate thermodynamic parameters of micellization at various temperatures. The effect of external parameters like temperature, salt, solvent, pH, etc., is discussed for thermodynamics parameters using recent experimental works on drug-surfactant interactions. Consequences of drug-surfactant interaction, condition of drugs during interaction with surfactants, and applications of drug-surfactant interaction are being generalized which reflects current and future potential uses of drug-surfactant interactions.

Investigation of the impacts of simple electrolytes and hydrotrope on the interaction of ceftriaxone sodium with cetylpyridinium chloride at numerous study temperatures

Herein, interactions between cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and ceftriaxone sodium (CTS) were investigated applying conductivity technique. Impacts of the nature of additives (e.g. electrolytes or hydrotrope (HDT)), change of temperatures (from 298.15 to 323.15 K), and concentration variation of CTS/additives were assessed on the micellization of CPC + CTS mixture. The conductometric analysis of critical micelle concentration (CMC) with respect to the concentration reveals that the CMC values were increased with the increase in CTS concentration. In terms of using different mediums, CMC did not differ much with the increase in electrolyte salt (NaCl, Na2SO4) concentration, but increased significantly with the rise of HDT (NaBenz) amount. In the presence of electrolyte, CMC showed a gentle increment with temperature, while the HDT showed the opposite trend. Obtained result was further correlated with conventional thermodynamic relationship, where standard Gibb's free energy change ( Δ G m o ) , change of enthalpy ( Δ H m o ) , and change of entropy ( Δ S m o ) were utilized to investigate. The Δ G m o values were negative for all the mixed systems studied indicating that the micellization process was spontaneous. Finally, the stability of micellization was studied by estimating the intrinsic enthalpy gain (Δ H m o , ∗ ) and compensation temperature (Tc). Here, CPC + CTS mixed system showed more stability in Na2SO4 medium than the NaCl, while in NaBenz exhibited the lowest stability.

Physico-chemical properties of the association of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and bovine serum albumin mixture in aqueous-organic mixed solvents

Herein, we have investigated the association behavior of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) using the conductivity method in H₂O and H₂O + organic mixed solvents at different temperatures. The association phenomenon was detected from the deviation of the conductivity changes with enhancing the surfactant concentration and changes of numerous physico-chemical properties, such as CMC, α, β and thermodynamic variables (∆G⁰_m, ∆H⁰_m and ∆S⁰_m). The values of CMC for the CTAB + BSA system in 10 % (v/v) solvents follow the trend: CMC_water < CMC_water+DMSO < CMC_water+AN < CMC_water+DX < CMC_water+DMF. The interaction of BSA with CTAB is notably influenced due to a change of temperature and extent of hydration of BSA and surfactant. The obtained values of -∆G⁰_m manifest that the association of BSA and CTAB mixture is a spontaneous process, while the values of -∆G⁰_m in presence of 10 % (v/v) aq. organic solvents come out in the given sequence: -∆G_m^o (H₂O + DMSO) > ∆G_m^o (H₂O + DMF) > -∆G_m^o (H₂O + DX) > -∆G_m^o (H₂O + AN). The H-bonding, ion-dipole, along with the hydrophobic interactions, are believed to be the binding interactions between BSA and CTAB in the study media.

Interaction of cationic surfactant with acid yellow dye in absence/presence of organic and inorganic additives: conductivity and dye solubilization methods

In the present study, the conductometric and dye-solubilization techniques have been utilized to investigate the interaction between an anionic dye (acid yellow 23 [AY]) and a cationic surfactant (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide [CTAB]) in presence of organic (ethanol)/inorganic (NaCl) additives. From the conductometric method, two critical micelle concentrations (cmc) were found for AY + CTAB mixture in an aqueous system and the cmc values were found to undergo a change with the variation of AY concentrations. The cmc values of AY + CTAB systems were observed higher in the alcoholic medium, while the same was found to be lower in the NaCl solutions. The change in cmc of AY + CTAB systems shows an U-like curve with an increase of temperature. The negative free energy of micellization ( Δ G m o ${\Delta}{G}_{m}^{o}$ ) for the AY + CTAB systems has indicated a spontaneous micelle formation in all of the cases studied. The enthalpy ( Δ H m o ${\Delta}{H}_{m}^{o}$ ), as well as the entropy of micellization ( Δ S m o ${\Delta}{S}_{m}^{o}$ ) for the AY + CTAB systems, were assessed and discussed with proper reasoning. Additionally, the enthalpy-entropy compensation parameters were also investigated and illustrated. The solubility of AY and C D was observed to rise linearly with an increase in the concentration of CTAB/NaCl solution. The solubilization capacity (χ) of AY, the molar partition coefficient (K M) amongst the micellar and the aqueous phase, and free energy of solubilization ( Δ G S o ${\Delta}{G}_{S}^{o}$ ) were evaluated and discussed in detail. The former parameters undergo an increase with an increase of NaCl concentrations.

Self-assembled phospholipid-based mixed micelles for improving the solubility, bioavailability and anticancer activity of lenvatinib

The clinical efficacy of lenvatinib (LFT) is limited by its poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability. In this work, LFT-loaded soy phospholipid and sodium glycocholate mixed micelles (LFT-MMs) were prepared through classical co-precipitation. And it was served as an oral administration to address these shortcomings. The preparation conditions were optimized by single-factor experiments. The mass ratio of PC, SGC and LFT, and the species of dispersing media were proved to be decisive factors in controlling the properties of LFT-MMs. The optimal LFT-MMs presented prominent enhancement (500-fold) in LFT solubility, high encapsulation efficiency (87.6 %) as well as suitable stability (>1 month at 4 °C). The biocompatibility of LFT-MMs was estimated by in vitro serum stability measurement and hemolysis test. It showed that serum proteins hardly adhered to the surface of LFT-MMs, and insignificant hemolytic rate (<0.5 %) was observed at the micelles concentration below 1 mg/mL. Cytotoxicity test (MTT assay) was carried out to judge the in vitro antitumor activity. LFT-MMs showed an enhanced inhibitory activity against two main kinds of differentiated thyroid cancer cells over LFT and LFT Mesylate. To estimate the in vivo oral bioavailability of LFT-MMs, SD rats were used as animal model. Notably, the relative bioavailability of LFT-MMs compared with the original form of LFT was 176.7 %. These superior characteristics indicated that the mixed micelles are promising water-soluble formulations suitable for LFT oral delivery.

Synthesis and characterization of geminis and implications of their micellar solution on ninhydrin and metal amino acid complex

In our study, three gemini dicationic surfactants with different methylene group spacer (16-6-16, 16-5-16 and 16-4-16) have been synthesized and characterized in solution by 1H NMR spectroscopic technique. The implications of gemini micellar solution on ninhydrin and metal amino acid complex ([Cu(II)-Trp]+) were performed by the means of single-beam UV-visible spectroscopy. The absorbance was noted at regular time intervals and values of rate constant (kψ ) were determined by using a computer-based program. Synthesized surfactants proved as an efficient catalyst on the interaction of ninhydrin with metal amino acid complex as compared with conventional surfactant and aqueous systems. The required description regarding the implications of gemini dicationic surfactants are provided in the text in detail. The conductivity technique was applied in order to get critical micelle concentration (cmc) of geminis in the presence and absence of reactants. Catalytic results developed in gemini dicationic surfactant system were explained effectively by pseudo-phase model. Various thermodynamic quantities, viz., activation energy, E a, activation enthalpy, ΔH #, and activation entropy, ΔS #, were obtained on interaction of ninhydrin with [Cu(II)-Trp]+ in gemini systems by applying Eyring equation. A detailed explanation about these evaluated parameters was also made.

Catalytic influence of 16-s-16 gemini surfactants on the rate constant of histidine and ninhydrin

The present paper reports the catalytic influence of 16-s-16 (spacer (s) = 4, 5, 6) gemini surfactants on the rate constant of histidine and ninhydrin at 343 K and pH 5.0 using the spectrophotometric technique. The effect of varying amounts of geminis was made on the rate constant of histidine and ninhydrin keeping other constituents constant. Characteristics of the rate constant (kψ ) versus [gemini] depict the effect of surfactants on the rate constant. A systematic explanation about the effect of surfactants is revealed and discussed in the text. The influence of different parameters that includes [reactants], temperature and pH has also been performed on the study. In order to determine the critical micelle concentration (cmc) of pure surfactants and their solution mixtures, conductivity measurement was employed. By using the Eyring equation, activation parameters at different temperatures have been obtained. The resultant data of kψ versus [gemini] plot were rationalized with the pseudo-phase model of micelles.

Influence of Cationic Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide on Rate of Zn(II)-Histidine Complex and Ninhydrin

Paper analyses the influence of cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide on rate of Zn(II)-histidine and ninhydrin. UV-visible spectroscopy was applied to note absorbance of Zn(II)-histidine complex with ninhydrin at the end of reaction in the two systems. Rate constant, k_obs, (in aqueous) and rate constant, k_ψ, (in cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB) were determined by computer software. Reactions depict first-order in Zn(II)-histidine concentration and fractional-order in ninhydrin concentration in aqueous and micellar media. The results achieved indicate that the reactions take place principally by the same reaction mechanism in both the media. Critical micelle concentration of CTAB surfactant was calculated by recording the conductivity as a function of surfactant concentrations. Influence of various amounts of surfactant on Zn(II)-histidine complex and ninhydrin reaction was performed under different reaction conditions. Reaction was catalyzed and accelerated efficiently by surfactant medium compared to aqueous medium. The observed influence of surfactant on rate has been mentioned in details and their quantitative treatment of kinetic results have been deduced by the means of Menger and Portnoy model for micellar catalysis.