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Abed KM, Hayyan A, Elgharbawy AAM, Hizaddin HF, Hashim MA, Hasan HA, Hamid MD, Zuki FM, Saleh J, Aldaihani AGH. Palm Raceme as a Promising Biomass Precursor for Activated Carbon to Promote Lipase Activity with the Aid of Eutectic Solvents. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248734. [PMID: 36557866 PMCID: PMC9781083 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study concerns the role of activated carbon (AC) from palm raceme as a support material for the enhancement of lipase-catalyzed reactions in an aqueous solution, with deep eutectic solvent (DES) as a co-solvent. The effects of carbonization temperature, impregnation ratio, and carbonization time on lipase activity were studied. The activities of Amano lipase from Burkholderia cepacia (AML) and lipase from the porcine pancreas (PPL) were used to investigate the optimum conditions for AC preparation. The results showed that AC has more interaction with PPL and effectively provides greater enzymatic activity compared with AML. The optimum treatment conditions of AC samples that yield the highest enzymatic activity were 0.5 (NaOH (g)/palm raceme (g)), 150 min, and a carbonization temperature of 400 °C. DES was prepared from alanine/sodium hydroxide and used with AC for the further enhancement of enzymatic activity. Kinetic studies demonstrated that the activity of PPL was enhanced with the immobilization of AC in a DES medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid M. Abed
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10071, Iraq
- University of Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Adeeb Hayyan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- University of Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (A.H.); (H.F.H.); (H.A.H.)
| | - Amal A. M. Elgharbawy
- International Institute for Halal Research and Training (INHART), International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia
- Bioenvironmental Engineering Research Centre (BERC), Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia
| | - Hanee F. Hizaddin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- University of Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (A.H.); (H.F.H.); (H.A.H.)
| | - Mohd Ali Hashim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Hassimi Abu Hasan
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
- Research Centre for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (A.H.); (H.F.H.); (H.A.H.)
| | - Mahar Diana Hamid
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- University of Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Fathiah M. Zuki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- University of Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Jehad Saleh
- Chemical Engineering Department, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
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