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Yang K, Hasegawa Y, Bhattarai JP, Hua J, Dower M, Etyemez S, Prasad N, Duvall L, Paez A, Smith A, Wang Y, Zhang YF, Lane AP, Ishizuka K, Kamath V, Ma M, Kamiya A, Sawa A. Inflammation-related pathology in the olfactory epithelium: its impact on the olfactory system in psychotic disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02425-8. [PMID: 38321120 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Smell deficits and neurobiological changes in the olfactory bulb (OB) and olfactory epithelium (OE) have been observed in schizophrenia and related disorders. The OE is the most peripheral olfactory system located outside the cranium, and is connected with the brain via direct neuronal projections to the OB. Nevertheless, it is unknown whether and how a disturbance of the OE affects the OB in schizophrenia and related disorders. Addressing this gap would be the first step in studying the impact of OE pathology in the disease pathophysiology in the brain. In this cross-species study, we observed that chronic, local OE inflammation with a set of upregulated genes in an inducible olfactory inflammation (IOI) mouse model led to a volume reduction, layer structure changes, and alterations of neuron functionality in the OB. Furthermore, IOI model also displayed behavioral deficits relevant to negative symptoms (avolition) in parallel to smell deficits. In first episode psychosis (FEP) patients, we observed a significant alteration in immune/inflammation-related molecular signatures in olfactory neuronal cells (ONCs) enriched from biopsied OE and a significant reduction in the OB volume, compared with those of healthy controls (HC). The increased expression of immune/inflammation-related molecules in ONCs was significantly correlated to the OB volume reduction in FEP patients, but no correlation was found in HCs. Moreover, the increased expression of human orthologues of the IOI genes in ONCs was significantly correlated with the OB volume reduction in FEP, but not in HCs. Together, our study implies a potential mechanism of the OE-OB pathology in patients with psychotic disorders (schizophrenia and related disorders). We hope that this mechanism may have a cross-disease implication, including COVID-19-elicited mental conditions that include smell deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yuto Hasegawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janardhan P Bhattarai
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jun Hua
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Milan Dower
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Semra Etyemez
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Neal Prasad
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lauren Duvall
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adrian Paez
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yingqi Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yun-Feng Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew P Lane
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Koko Ishizuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vidyulata Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Minghong Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Atsushi Kamiya
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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2
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Yang K, Hasegawa Y, Bhattarai JP, Hua J, Dower M, Etyemez S, Prasad N, Duvall L, Paez A, Smith A, Wang Y, Zhang YF, Lane AP, Ishizuka K, Kamath V, Ma M, Kamiya A, Sawa A. Inflammation-related pathology in the olfactory epithelium: its impact on the olfactory system in psychotic disorders. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2022.09.23.509224. [PMID: 36203543 PMCID: PMC9536041 DOI: 10.1101/2022.09.23.509224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Smell deficits and neurobiological changes in the olfactory bulb (OB) and olfactory epithelium (OE) have been observed in schizophrenia and related disorders. The OE is the most peripheral olfactory system located outside the cranium, and is connected with the brain via direct neuronal projections to the OB. Nevertheless, it is unknown whether and how a disturbance of the OE affects the OB in schizophrenia and related disorders. Addressing this gap would be the first step in studying the impact of OE pathology in the disease pathophysiology in the brain. In this cross-species study, we observed that chronic, local OE inflammation with a set of upregulated genes in an inducible olfactory inflammation (IOI) mouse model led to a volume reduction, layer structure changes, and alterations of neuron functionality in the OB. Furthermore, IOI model also displayed behavioral deficits relevant to negative symptoms (avolition) in parallel to smell deficits. In first episode psychosis (FEP) patients, we observed a significant alteration in immune/inflammation-related molecular signatures in olfactory neuronal cells (ONCs) enriched from biopsied OE and a significant reduction in the OB volume, compared with those of healthy controls (HC). The increased expression of immune/inflammation-related molecules in ONCs was significantly correlated to the OB volume reduction in FEP patients, but no correlation was found in HCs. Moreover, the increased expression of human orthologues of the IOI genes in ONCs was significantly correlated with the OB volume reduction in FEP, but not in HCs. Together, our study implies a potential mechanism of the OE-OB pathology in patients with psychotic disorders (schizophrenia and related disorders). We hope that this mechanism may have a cross-disease implication, including COVID-19-elicited mental conditions that include smell deficits.
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3
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Mihaljevic M, Lam M, Ayala-Grosso C, Davis-Batt F, Schretlen DJ, Ishizuka K, Yang K, Sawa A. Olfactory neuronal cells as a promising tool to realize the "druggable genome" approach for drug discovery in neuropsychiatric disorders. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1081124. [PMID: 36967982 PMCID: PMC10038100 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1081124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
"Druggable genome" is a novel concept that emphasizes the importance of using the information of genome-wide genetic studies for drug discovery and development. Successful precedents of "druggable genome" have recently emerged for some disorders by combining genomic and gene expression profiles with medical and pharmacological knowledge. One of the key premises for the success is the good access to disease-relevant tissues from "living" patients in which we may observe molecular expression changes in association with symptomatic alteration. Thus, given brain biopsies are ethically and practically difficult, the application of the "druggable genome" approach is challenging for neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, to fill this gap, we propose the use of olfactory neuronal cells (ONCs) biopsied and established via nasal biopsy from living subjects. By using candidate genes that were proposed in a study in which genetic information, postmortem brain expression profiles, and pharmacological knowledge were considered for cognition in the general population, we addressed the utility of ONCs in the "druggable genome" approach by using the clinical and cell resources of an established psychosis cohort in our group. Through this pilot effort, we underscored the chloride voltage-gated channel 2 (CLCN2) gene as a possible druggable candidate for early-stage psychosis. The CLCN2 gene expression was associated with verbal memory, but not with other dimensions in cognition, nor psychiatric manifestations (positive and negative symptoms). The association between this candidate molecule and verbal memory was also confirmed at the protein level. By using ONCs from living subjects, we now provide more specific information regarding molecular expression and clinical phenotypes. The use of ONCs also provides the opportunity of validating the relationship not only at the RNA level but also protein level, leading to the potential of functional assays in the future. Taken together, we now provide evidence that supports the utility of ONCs as a tool for the "druggable genome" approach in translational psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Mihaljevic
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Max Lam
- IMH Neuropsychiatric Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
- Population and Global Health, LKC Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Neurogenomic Biomarkers Laboratory, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, United States
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Carlos Ayala-Grosso
- Unit of Cellular Therapy, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas IVIC, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Finn Davis-Batt
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David J. Schretlen
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Koko Ishizuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Namkung H, Yukitake H, Fukudome D, Lee BJ, Tian M, Ursini G, Saito A, Lam S, Kannan S, Srivastava R, Niwa M, Sharma K, Zandi P, Jaaro-Peled H, Ishizuka K, Chatterjee N, Huganir RL, Sawa A. The miR-124-AMPAR pathway connects polygenic risks with behavioral changes shared between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Neuron 2023; 111:220-235.e9. [PMID: 36379214 PMCID: PMC10183200 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BP) are highly heritable major psychiatric disorders that share a substantial portion of genetic risk as well as their clinical manifestations. This raises a fundamental question of whether, and how, common neurobiological pathways translate their shared polygenic risks into shared clinical manifestations. This study shows the miR-124-3p-AMPAR pathway as a key common neurobiological mediator that connects polygenic risks with behavioral changes shared between these two psychotic disorders. We discovered the upregulation of miR-124-3p in neuronal cells and the postmortem prefrontal cortex from both SZ and BP patients. Intriguingly, the upregulation is associated with the polygenic risks shared between these two disorders. Seeking mechanistic dissection, we generated a mouse model that upregulates miR-124-3p in the medial prefrontal cortex. We demonstrated that the upregulation of miR-124-3p increases GRIA2-lacking calcium-permeable AMPARs and perturbs AMPAR-mediated excitatory synaptic transmission, leading to deficits in the behavioral dimensions shared between SZ and BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Namkung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Brian J Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Gianluca Ursini
- Department of Psychiatry, Baltimore, MD, USA; Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Shravika Lam
- Department of Psychiatry, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Suvarnambiga Kannan
- Department of Psychiatry, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Mental Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Minae Niwa
- Department of Psychiatry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kamal Sharma
- Department of Psychiatry, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter Zandi
- Department of Psychiatry, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Mental Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Nilanjan Chatterjee
- Department of Epidemiology, Baltimore, MD, USA; Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Richard L Huganir
- Department of Psychiatry, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baltimore, MD, USA; Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Baltimore, MD, USA; Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Mental Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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5
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Olfactory Neuroblastoma: Morphological Reappraisal and Molecular Insights with Quantum Leap in Clinical Perspectives. Curr Oncol Rep 2023; 25:11-18. [PMID: 36449116 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-022-01348-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of review is to provide a comprehensive review of the literature focusing on the recent advances in the diagnosis, molecular underpinning, and targeted therapy of olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB). RECENT FINDINGS Studies focused on the molecular fingerprinting of ONB are critical to engage new promising treatment strategies. Molecular-based subtype classifications have been proposed (basal-like ONB and neural-like ONB) but are not widely used. The rationale for implementation of DNA methylation analysis and IDH2 sequencing in routine work-up for ONB is gaining recognition. Expression of somatostatin receptors (SSTR) in ONB open new avenues for both, diagnostic (especially metastatic disease) and new treatment protocols with somatostatin analogs. Olfactory carcinoma is proposed as a unifying diagnostic terminology pertinent to epithelial divergent differentiation in olfactory neuroblastoma. Molecular (genetic and epigenetic) efforts on olfactory neuroblastoma are promising; however further refinement is needed for employment of these biomarkers as clinical standard of care. Ongoing and future multi-institutional collaborative studies will contribute to further understanding of ONB biology and aid the development of targeted treatments for this disease.
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6
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Estrada-Reyes R, Quero-Chávez DB, Alarcón-Elizalde S, Cercós MG, Trueta C, Constantino-Jonapa LA, Oikawa-Sala J, Argueta J, Cruz-Garduño R, Dubocovich ML, Benítez-King GA. Antidepressant Low Doses of Ketamine and Melatonin in Combination Produce Additive Neurogenesis in Human Olfactory Neuronal Precursors. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175650. [PMID: 36080418 PMCID: PMC9458007 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (MEL), an indolamine with diverse functions in the brain, has been shown to produce antidepressant-like effects, presumably through stimulating neurogenesis. We recently showed that the combination of MEL with ketamine (KET), an NMDA receptor antagonist, has robust antidepressant-like effects in mice, at doses that, by themselves, are non-effective and have no adverse effects. Here, we show that the KET/MEL combination increases neurogenesis in a clone derived from human olfactory neuronal precursors, a translational pre-clinical model for effects in the human CNS. Neurogenesis was assessed by the formation of cell clusters > 50 µm in diameter, positively stained for nestin, doublecortin, BrdU and Ki67, markers of progenitor cells, neurogenesis, and proliferation. FGF, EGF and BDNF growth factors increased the number of cell clusters in cultured, cloned ONPs. Similarly, KET or MEL increased the number of clusters in a dose-dependent manner. The KET/MEL combination further increased the formation of clusters, with a maximal effect obtained after a triple administration schedule. Our results show that the combination of KET/MEL, at subeffective doses that do not produce adverse effects, stimulate neurogenesis in human neuronal precursors. Moreover, the mechanism by which the combination elicits neurogenesis is meditated by melatonin receptors, CaM Kinase II and CaM antagonism. This could have clinical advantages for the fast treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Estrada-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Fitofarmacología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico
| | - Daniel B. Quero-Chávez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico
| | - Salvador Alarcón-Elizalde
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico
| | - Montserrat G. Cercós
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico
| | - Citlali Trueta
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico
| | - Luis A. Constantino-Jonapa
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico
| | - Julián Oikawa-Sala
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico
| | - Jesús Argueta
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Cruz-Garduño
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico
| | - Margarita L. Dubocovich
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Gloria A. Benítez-King
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +52-5541605097
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7
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Jaaro-Peled H, Landek-Salgado MA, Cascella NG, Nucifora FC, Coughlin JM, Nestadt G, Sedlak TW, Lavoie J, De Silva S, Lee S, Tajinda K, Hiyama H, Ishizuka K, Yang K, Sawa A. Sex-specific involvement of the Notch-JAG pathway in social recognition. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:99. [PMID: 35273151 PMCID: PMC8913639 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01867-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Under the hypothesis that olfactory neural epithelium gene expression profiles may be useful to look for disease-relevant neuronal signatures, we examined microarray gene expression in olfactory neuronal cells and underscored Notch-JAG pathway molecules in association with schizophrenia (SZ). The microarray profiling study underscored JAG1 as the most promising candidate. Combined with further validation with real-time PCR, downregulation of NOTCH1 was statistically significant. Accordingly, we reverse-translated the significant finding from a surrogate tissue for neurons, and studied the behavioral profile of Notch1+/- mice. We found a specific impairment in social novelty recognition, whereas other behaviors, such as sociability, novel object recognition and olfaction of social odors, were normal. This social novelty recognition deficit was male-specific and was rescued by rapamycin treatment. Based on the results from the animal model, we next tested whether patients with psychosis might have male-specific alterations in social cognition in association with the expression of NOTCH1 or JAG1. In our first episode psychosis cohort, we observed a specific correlation between the expression of JAG1 and a face processing measure only in male patients. The expression of JAG1 was not correlated with any other cognitive and symptomatic scales in all subjects. Together, although we acknowledge the pioneering and exploratory nature, the present work that combines both human and animal studies in a reciprocal manner suggests a novel role for the Notch-JAG pathway in a behavioral dimension(s) related to social cognition in psychotic disorders in a male-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Jaaro-Peled
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Melissa A. Landek-Salgado
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Nicola G. Cascella
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Frederick C. Nucifora
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Jennifer M. Coughlin
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Gerald Nestadt
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Thomas W. Sedlak
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Joelle Lavoie
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Sarah De Silva
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Somin Lee
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Katsunori Tajinda
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Hideki Hiyama
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Koko Ishizuka
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Kun Yang
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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8
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Targeting neuroinflammation by intranasal delivery of nanoparticles in neurological diseases: a comprehensive review. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2022; 395:133-148. [PMID: 34982185 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation (NIF) plays an essential role in the pathology of neurological disorders like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy. Despite progress in the drug discovery and development of new drugs, drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) still represents the challenge due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Targeting NIF may require an adequate amount of drug to cross the BBB. Recently, the intranasal (IN) drug administration has attracted increasing attention as a reliable method to cross the BBB and treat neurological disorders. On the other hand, using optimized nanoparticles may improve the IN delivery limitations, increase the mucoadhesive properties, and prevent drug degradation. NPs can carry and deliver drugs to the CNS by bypassing the BBB. In this review, we described briefly the NIF as a pathologic feature of CNS diseases. The potential treatment possibilities with IN transfer of NP-loaded drugs will enhance the establishment of more efficient nanoformulations and delivery systems.
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9
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Yang K, Hua J, Etyemez S, Paez A, Prasad N, Ishizuka K, Sawa A, Kamath V. Volumetric alteration of olfactory bulb and immune-related molecular changes in olfactory epithelium in first episode psychosis patients. Schizophr Res 2021; 235:9-11. [PMID: 34280869 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Jun Hua
- Department of Psychiatry, Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Semra Etyemez
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Adrian Paez
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Neal Prasad
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Koko Ishizuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.
| | - Vidyulata Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
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10
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Li ST, Young TH, Huang TW. Regeneration of olfactory neuroepithelium in 3-methylindole-induced anosmic rats treated with intranasal chitosan. Biomaterials 2021; 271:120738. [PMID: 33711565 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction significantly impairs the life quality of patients but without effective treatments to date. The previous report has demonstrated that chitosan mediates the differentiation of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) through insulin-like growth factors and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 axis in an in vitro model. However, whether chitosan can further treat olfactory dysfunction in vivo remains unexplored. This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic effect of chitosan on a 3-methylindole-induced anosmic rat model. Intraperitoneal injection of 3-methylindole is performed to induce anosmia in rats. Experimental results demonstrate that the food-finding duration after chitosan treatment gradually decrease to around 80 s, and both the olfactory neuroepithelium (ON) thickness and mature ORNs (expressing olfactory marker protein) are significantly restored. Furthermore, proliferating cells (expressing bromodeoxyuridine) are mainly co-expressed with immature ORNs (expressing βIII tubulin) below the intermediate layer of the ON in the chitosan-treated group on day 28 following 3-methylindole treatment. Conversely, proliferating cells are scattered over the ON, and co-localized with immature ORNs and sustentacular cells (expressing keratin 18) in the sham group, and even immature ORNs go into apoptosis (expressing DNA fragmentation and cleaved caspase-3), possibly causing incomplete regeneration. Consequently, chitosan regenerates the ON by regulating olfactory neural homeostasis and reducing ORN apoptosis, and serves as a potential therapeutic intervention for olfactory dysfunction in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Tien Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Horng Young
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Wei Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical and Communication Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Otolaryngology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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11
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Blackie L, Walther RF, Staddon MF, Banerjee S, Pichaud F. Cell-type-specific mechanical response and myosin dynamics during retinal lens development in Drosophila. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1355-1369. [PMID: 32320320 PMCID: PMC7353141 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-09-0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During organogenesis, different cell types need to work together to generate functional multicellular structures. To study this process, we made use of the genetically tractable fly retina, with a focus on the mechanisms that coordinate morphogenesis between the different epithelial cell types that make up the optical lens. Our work shows that these epithelial cells present contractile apical-medial MyosinII meshworks, which control the apical area and junctional geometry of these cells during lens development. Our study also suggests that these MyosinII meshworks drive cell shape changes in response to external forces, and thus they mediate part of the biomechanical coupling that takes place between these cells. Importantly, our work, including mathematical modeling of forces and material stiffness during lens development, raises the possibility that increased cell stiffness acts as a mechanism for limiting this mechanical coupling. We propose this might be required in complex tissues, where different cell types undergo concurrent morphogenesis and where averaging out of forces across cells could compromise individual cell apical geometry and thereby organ function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael F Staddon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, UK
| | - Shiladitya Banerjee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, UK
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Franck Pichaud
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, UK
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12
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Tomoda T, Yang K, Sawa A. Neuronal Autophagy in Synaptic Functions and Psychiatric Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 87:787-796. [PMID: 31542152 PMCID: PMC6986983 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Homeostatic maintenance of physiological functions is fundamental to organismal well-being. Disruption or imbalance in homeostasis results in functional disturbances at molecular, cellular, and tissue levels, leading to manifestation as physical and mental illnesses. Homeostatic imbalance is caused by a range of pathophysiological mechanisms, including disrupted reduction-oxidation reactions, inflammatory responses, metabolic disturbances, or failure in quality control of cellular proteins and organelles. However, the roles for the protein/organelle quality control in the regulation of behaviors, in particular of cognitive processes, had not been well documented, until recent reports finally supported this concept. The frontline studies in neuroscience have revealed that synaptic components (e.g., synaptic proteins, organelles, neurotransmitters and their receptors) are selectively degraded by autophagy, a cellular recycling machinery implicated in surveillance and quality control of proteins and organelles responsible for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Apart from the canonical role of autophagy in supporting cell viability, synaptic autophagy appears to regulate synapse remodeling and plasticity. Consistently, emerging evidence suggests novel roles of autophagy in memory encoding, information processing, or cognitive functions. In this review, we overview recent progress in understanding the roles of neuronal autophagy in homeostatic maintenance of synaptic functions, with particular focus on how disruptions in these processes may contribute to the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Tomoda
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
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13
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Human olfactory mesenchymal stromal cells co-expressing horizontal basal and ensheathing cell proteins in culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 40:72-88. [PMID: 32220165 PMCID: PMC7357377 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.4762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The olfactory neuro-epithelium has an intrinsic capability of renewal during lifetime provided by the existence of globose and horizontal olfactory precursor cells. Additionally, mesenchymal stromal olfactory cells also support the homeostasis of the olfactory mucosa cell population. Under in vitro culture conditions with Dulbecco modified eagle/F12 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, tissue biopsies from upper turbinate have generated an adherent population of cells expressing mainly mesenchymal stromal phenotypic markers. A closer examination of these cells has also found co-expression of olfactory precursors and ensheathing cell phenotypic markers. These results were suggestive of a unique property of olfactory mesenchymal stromal cells as potentially olfactory progenitor cells. Objective: To study whether the expression of these proteins in mesenchymal stromal cells is modulated upon neuronal differentiation. Materials and methods: We observed the phenotype of olfactory stromal cells under DMEM/F12 plus 10% fetal bovine serum in comparison to cells from spheres induced by serum-free medium plus growth factors inducers of neural progenitors. Results: The expression of mesenchymal stromal (CD29+, CD73+, CD90+, CD45-), horizontal basal (ICAM-1/CD54+, p63+, p75NGFr+), and ensheathing progenitor cell (nestin+, GFAP+) proteins was determined in the cultured population by flow cytometry. The determination of Oct 3/4, Sox-2, and Mash-1 transcription factors, as well as the neurotrophins BDNF, NT3, and NT4 by RT-PCR in cells, was indicative of functional heterogeneity of the olfactory mucosa tissue sample. Conclusions: Mesenchymal and olfactory precursor proteins were downregulated by serum-free medium and promoted differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells into neurons and astroglial cells.
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14
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Yang K, Sawa A. Open Sesame: Open Chromatin Regions Shed Light onto Non-coding Risk Variants. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 21:285-287. [PMID: 28886358 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Human genetics and stem cell biology have advanced neurobiology for neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Forrest et al. (2017) demonstrate that studying the landscape of open chromatin regions in stem cell-derived neurons helps functional interpretation of non-coding genetic variants associated with these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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15
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Sumitomo A, Yukitake H, Hirai K, Horike K, Ueta K, Chung Y, Warabi E, Yanagawa T, Kitaoka S, Furuyashiki T, Narumiya S, Hirano T, Niwa M, Sibille E, Hikida T, Sakurai T, Ishizuka K, Sawa A, Tomoda T. Ulk2 controls cortical excitatory-inhibitory balance via autophagic regulation of p62 and GABAA receptor trafficking in pyramidal neurons. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:3165-3176. [PMID: 29893844 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays an essential role in intracellular degradation and maintenance of cellular homeostasis in all cells, including neurons. Although a recent study reported a copy number variation of Ulk2, a gene essential for initiating autophagy, associated with a case of schizophrenia (SZ), it remains to be studied whether Ulk2 dysfunction could underlie the pathophysiology of the disease. Here we show that Ulk2 heterozygous (Ulk2+/-) mice have upregulated expression of sequestosome-1/p62, an autophagy-associated stress response protein, predominantly in pyramidal neurons of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and exhibit behavioral deficits associated with the PFC functions, including attenuated sensorimotor gating and impaired cognition. Ulk2+/- neurons showed imbalanced excitatory-inhibitory neurotransmission, due in part to selective down-modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor surface expression in pyramidal neurons. Genetically reducing p62 gene dosage or suppressing p62 protein levels with an autophagy-inducing agent restored the GABAA receptor surface expression and rescued the behavioral deficits in Ulk2+/- mice. Moreover, expressing a short peptide that specifically interferes with the interaction of p62 and GABAA receptor-associated protein, a protein that regulates endocytic trafficking of GABAA receptors, also restored the GABAA receptor surface expression and rescued the behavioral deficits in Ulk2+/- mice. Thus, the current study reveals a novel mechanism linking deregulated autophagy to functional disturbances of the nervous system relevant to SZ, through regulation of GABAA receptor surface presentation in pyramidal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Sumitomo
- Department of Research and Drug Discovery, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yukitake
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kazuko Hirai
- Department of Research and Drug Discovery, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kouta Horike
- Department of Research and Drug Discovery, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keisho Ueta
- Department of Research and Drug Discovery, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Youjin Chung
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eiji Warabi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Toru Yanagawa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Shiho Kitaoka
- CREST Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Furuyashiki
- CREST Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- CREST Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoo Hirano
- Department of Biophysics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Minae Niwa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Etienne Sibille
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Takatoshi Hikida
- Department of Research and Drug Discovery, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- Department of Research and Drug Discovery, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koko Ishizuka
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Toshifumi Tomoda
- Department of Research and Drug Discovery, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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16
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Namkung H, Lee BJ, Sawa A. Causal Inference on Pathophysiological Mediators in Psychiatry. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2019; 83:17-23. [PMID: 30850434 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2018.83.037655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Supported by technological advances and collaborative efforts, psychiatric genetics has provided robust genetic findings in the past decade, particularly through genome-wide association studies (GWASs). However, translating these genetic findings into biological mechanisms and new therapies has been enormously challenging because of the complexity of their interpretation. Furthermore, the heterogeneity among patients with the same diagnosis, such as schizophrenia or major depressive disorder, challenges the biological validity of existing categorical approaches in clinical nosology, which is further complicated by the pleiotropic nature of many genetic variants across multiple disorders. Therefore, in the post-GWAS era, the greatest challenge lies in integrating such enriched genetic information with functional dimensions of neurobiological measures and observable behaviors. In this integration, the causal inference from genotypes to phenotypes through intermediate biological processes is of particular importance. In this review, we aim to construct an intellectual framework in which we may obtain causal, mechanistic insights into how multifactorial etiologies-in particular, many genetic variants-affect downstream biological pathways that lead to dimensions of psychiatric relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Namkung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Brian J Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Maryland 21287, USA
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17
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Lema YY, Gamo NJ, Yang K, Ishizuka K. Trait and state biomarkers for psychiatric disorders: Importance of infrastructure to bridge the gap between basic and clinical research and industry. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 72:482-489. [PMID: 29687938 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To further improve clinical activities in psychiatry by early diagnosis and early intervention with novel mechanism-guided treatments, there is a great need for biomarkers that reflect 'trait' and 'state' in major mental disorders. Stable trait biomarkers would allow early diagnosis, prognosis, and hopefully early intervention in these disorders, while dynamic state markers that reflect symptomatic changes would help to develop treatments that target these molecular mechanisms. However, in the search for such biomarkers, and eventually translating them to the clinic and industry, challenges currently exist at multiple levels, from basic scientific understanding, patient sample collection, and sample and data management, to bridging the gap between basic and clinical research and industry. To address these challenges, we propose an infrastructure that emphasizes: (i) a research and educational framework to facilitate translation between basic neuroscience, clinical research, and industry; (ii) patient recruitment and collection of disease-relevant samples to study trait and state biomarkers; and (iii) a comprehensive database to integrate patient and sample information with biological and clinical data. We believe that such an approach would bolster: research into the biological mechanisms of psychiatric disorders; and collaboration among the laboratory, clinic, and industry to translate these findings into successful treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Y Lema
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Nao J Gamo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Koko Ishizuka
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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18
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Girerd C, Lihoreau T, Rabenorosoa K, Tamadazte B, Benassarou M, Tavernier L, Pazart L, Haffen E, Andreff N, Renaud P. In Vivo Inspection of the Olfactory Epithelium: Feasibility of Robotized Optical Biopsy. Ann Biomed Eng 2018; 46:1951-1961. [PMID: 29922959 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-018-2076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Inspecting the olfactory cleft can be of high interest, as it is an open access to neurons, and thus an opportunity to collect in situ related data in a non-invasive way. Also, recent studies show a strong link between olfactory deficiency and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. However, no inspection of this area is possible today, as it is very difficult to access. Only robot-assisted interventions seem viable to provide the required dexterity. The feasibility of this approach is demonstrated in this article, which shows that the path complexity to the olfactory cleft can be managed with a concentric tube robot (CTR), a particular type of continuum robot. First, new anatomical data are elaborated, in particular for the olfactory cleft, that remains hardly characterized. 3D reconstructions are conducted on the database of 20 subjects, using CT scan images. Measurements are performed to describe the anatomy, including metrics with inter-subject variability. Then, the existence of collision-free passageways for CTR is shown using the 3D reconstructions. Among the 20 subjects, 19 can be inspected using only 3 different robot geometries. This constitutes an essential step towards a robotic device to inspect subjects for clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Girerd
- AVR-ICube, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, INSA Strasbourg, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Thomas Lihoreau
- CIC Inserm 1431, Univ. Hospital of Besançon, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 3 bd Alexandre Fleming, 25030, Besançon, France
| | - Kanty Rabenorosoa
- FEMTO-ST Institute, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté/CNRS, Besançon, France
| | - Brahim Tamadazte
- FEMTO-ST Institute, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté/CNRS, Besançon, France
| | - Mourad Benassarou
- La Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Tavernier
- Univ. Hospital of Besançon, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 3 bd Alexandre Fleming, 25030, Besançon, France
| | - Lionel Pazart
- CIC Inserm 1431, Univ. Hospital of Besançon, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 3 bd Alexandre Fleming, 25030, Besançon, France
| | - Emmanuel Haffen
- CIC Inserm 1431, Univ. Hospital of Besançon, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 3 bd Alexandre Fleming, 25030, Besançon, France
| | - Nicolas Andreff
- FEMTO-ST Institute, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté/CNRS, Besançon, France
| | - Pierre Renaud
- AVR-ICube, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, INSA Strasbourg, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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19
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Srivastava R, Faust T, Ramos A, Ishizuka K, Sawa A. Dynamic Changes of the Mitochondria in Psychiatric Illnesses: New Mechanistic Insights From Human Neuronal Models. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:751-760. [PMID: 29486891 PMCID: PMC6469392 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a crucial role in neuronal function, especially in energy production, the generation of reactive oxygen species, and calcium signaling. Multiple lines of evidence have suggested the possible involvement of mitochondrial deficits in major psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. This review will outline the current understanding of the physiological role of mitochondria and their dysfunction under pathological conditions, particularly in psychiatric disorders. The current knowledge about mitochondrial deficits in these disorders is somewhat limited because of the lack of effective methods to dissect dynamic changes in functional deficits that are directly associated with psychiatric conditions. Human neuronal cell model systems have been dramatically developed in recent years with the use of stem cell technology, and these systems may be key tools for overcoming this dilemma and improving our understanding of the dynamic changes in the mitochondrial deficits in patients with psychiatric disorders. We introduce recent discoveries from new experimental models and conclude the discussion by referring to future perspectives. We emphasize the significance of combining studies of human neuronal cell models with those of other experimental systems, including animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Srivastava
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Travis Faust
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Adriana Ramos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Koko Ishizuka
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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20
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McLean CK, Narayan S, Lin SY, Rai N, Chung Y, Hipolito MS, Cascella NG, Nurnberger JI, Ishizuka K, Sawa AS, Nwulia EA. Lithium-associated transcriptional regulation of CRMP1 in patient-derived olfactory neurons and symptom changes in bipolar disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:81. [PMID: 29666369 PMCID: PMC5904136 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that lithium used in the treatment of bipolar disorder (BD) affects molecular targets that are involved in neuronal growth, survival, and maturation, but it remains unclear if neuronal alterations in any of these molecules predict specific symptom changes in BD patients undergoing lithium monotherapy. The goals of this study were to (a) determine which molecular changes in the olfactory neurons of symptomatic patients receiving lithium are associated with antimanic or antidepressant response, and (b) uncover novel intraneuronal regulatory mechanisms of lithium therapy. Twenty-two treatment-naïve non-smoking patients, with symptomatic BD underwent nasal biopsies for collection of olfactory tissues, prior to their treatment and following a 6-week course of lithium monotherapy. Sixteen healthy controls were also biopsied. Combining laser capture microdissection with real-time polymerase chain reaction, we investigated baseline and treatment-associated transcriptional changes in candidate molecular targets of lithium action in the olfactory neuroepithelium. Baseline mRNA levels of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) and collapsin response mediator protein 1 (CRMP1) genes were significantly associated with BD status and with severity of mood symptoms. Among BD subjects, treatment-associated downregulation of CRMP1 expression was most predictive of decreases in both manic and depressive symptoms. This study provides a novel insight into the relevance of CRMP1, a key molecule in semaphorin-3A signaling during neurodevelopment, in the molecular mechanism of action of lithium, and in the pathophysiology of BD. It supports the use of human-derived olfactory neuronal tissues in the evaluation of treatment response of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlee K. McLean
- 0000 0001 0547 4545grid.257127.4Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University, Washington, DC USA
| | - Soumya Narayan
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Sandra Y. Lin
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Narayan Rai
- 0000 0001 0547 4545grid.257127.4Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University, Washington, DC USA
| | - Youjin Chung
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - MariaMananita S. Hipolito
- 0000 0001 0547 4545grid.257127.4Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University, Washington, DC USA
| | - Nicola G. Cascella
- grid.415690.fDepartment of Psychiatry, Sheppard Pratt Health Systems, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - John I Nurnberger
- 0000 0001 0790 959Xgrid.411377.7Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Koko Ishizuka
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Akira S. Sawa
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Evaristus A. Nwulia
- 0000 0001 0547 4545grid.257127.4Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University, Washington, DC USA
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21
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Variability of the Expression of Reference Genes in Samples of Human Olfactory Epithelium. Bull Exp Biol Med 2018; 164:655-657. [PMID: 29577185 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-018-4052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed variability of the expression of three reference genes in biopsy samples of the olfactory epithelium obtained from healthy volunteers. The expression of B2M, HPRT1, and CASC3 genes was analyzed by real-time PCR. The pairs of genes B2M-HPRT1 and B2M-CASC3 were found to possess minimum individual variability of expression and can be reliable candidates for the reference genes in analysis of gene expression in neural cells.
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Bell D. Sinonasal Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Current Challenges and Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment, with a Focus on Olfactory Neuroblastoma. Head Neck Pathol 2018; 12:22-30. [PMID: 29427030 PMCID: PMC5873495 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-018-0887-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sinonasal tumors with neuroendocrine differentiation form a group of rare heterogeneous neoplasms of neuroectodermal and epithelial origin, consisting of olfactory neuroblastomas and neuroendocrine carcinomas. Because the natural history and biological behavior of this group of tumors vary, the morphological diagnosis coupled with grading/staging is important for prognostication, and the approach to treatment and rehabilitation is multidisciplinary. The identification of molecular abnormalities underlying these tumors is critical to the development of specific targeted therapies and the design of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bell
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Cervino AS, Paz DA, Frontera JL. Neuronal degeneration and regeneration induced by axotomy in the olfactory epithelium of Xenopus laevis. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 77:1308-1320. [PMID: 28719101 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory epithelium (OE) has the remarkable capability to constantly replace olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) due to the presence of neural stem cells (NSCs). For this reason, the OE provides an excellent model to study neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation. In the present work, we induced neuronal degeneration in the OE of Xenopus laevis larvae by bilateral axotomy of the olfactory nerves. We found that axotomy induces specific- neuronal death through apoptosis between 24 and 48h post-injury. In concordance, there was a progressive decrease of the mature-ORN marker OMP until it was completely absent 72h post-injury. On the other hand, neurogenesis was evident 48h post-injury by an increase in the number of proliferating basal cells as well as NCAM-180- GAP-43+ immature neurons. Mature ORNs were replenished 21 days post-injury and the olfactory function was partially recovered, indicating that new ORNs were integrated into the olfactory bulb glomeruli. Throughout the regenerative process no changes in the expression pattern of the neurotrophin Brain Derivate Neurotrophic Factor were observed. Taken together, this work provides a sequential analysis of the neurodegenerative and subsequent regenerative processes that take place in the OE following axotomy. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 1308-1320, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailen S Cervino
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dante A Paz
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jimena L Frontera
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of this review article is to introduce olfactory epithelium-derived cell/tissue models as a promising surrogate system to study the molecular mechanisms implicated in schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we particularly focus on the utility of their neural progenitors. RECENT FINDINGS Recent investigations of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia using olfactory epithelium-derived tissue/cell models have provided insights about schizophrenia-associated alterations in neurodevelopment, stress response, and gene/protein expression regulatory pathways. SUMMARY The olfactory epithelium retains the capacity for lifelong neurogenesis and regeneration, because of the presence of neural stem cells and progenitors. Thus, both mature neurons and neural progenitors can be obtained from the olfactory epithelium without the need for genetic reprogramming and related confounds. Furthermore, the olfactory epithelium is highly scalable resource in translational settings. Here, we also demonstrate recent findings from research using olfactory epithelium-derived tissue/cell models in schizophrenia and other brain disorders. In summary, we propose that the olfactory epithelium is a promising resource to study neural molecular and cellular signatures relevant to the pathology of schizophrenia and other mental disorders.
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