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Gupta D, Burstein AW, Schwalbe DC, Shankar K, Varshney S, Singh O, Paul S, Ogden SB, Osborne-Lawrence S, Metzger NP, Richard CP, Campbell JN, Zigman JM. Ghrelin deletion and conditional ghrelin cell ablation increase pancreatic islet size in mice. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e169349. [PMID: 38099492 PMCID: PMC10721155 DOI: 10.1172/jci169349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin exerts key effects on islet hormone secretion to regulate blood glucose levels. Here, we sought to determine whether ghrelin's effects on islets extend to the alteration of islet size and β cell mass. We demonstrate that reducing ghrelin - by ghrelin gene knockout (GKO), conditional ghrelin cell ablation, or high-fat diet (HFD) feeding - was associated with increased mean islet size (up to 62%), percentage of large islets (up to 854%), and β cell cross-sectional area (up to 51%). In GKO mice, these effects were more apparent in 10- to 12-week-old mice than in 4-week-old mice. Higher β cell numbers from decreased β cell apoptosis drove the increase in β cell cross-sectional area. Conditional ghrelin cell ablation in adult mice increased the β cell number per islet by 40% within 4 weeks. A negative correlation between islet size and plasma ghrelin in HFD-fed plus chow-fed WT mice, together with even larger islet sizes in HFD-fed GKO mice than in HFD-fed WT mice, suggests that reduced ghrelin was not solely responsible for diet-induced obesity-associated islet enlargement. Single-cell transcriptomics revealed changes in gene expression in several GKO islet cell types, including upregulation of Manf, Dnajc3, and Gnas expression in β cells, which supports decreased β cell apoptosis and/or increased β cell proliferation. These effects of ghrelin reduction on islet morphology might prove useful when designing new therapies for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Gupta
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Avi W. Burstein
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Dana C. Schwalbe
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Kripa Shankar
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Salil Varshney
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Omprakash Singh
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Subhojit Paul
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Sean B. Ogden
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Sherri Osborne-Lawrence
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Nathan P. Metzger
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Corine P. Richard
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - John N. Campbell
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Zigman
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine and
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Lorza-Gil E, Kaiser G, Carlein C, Hoffmann MDA, König GM, Haug S, Prates Roma L, Rexen Ulven E, Ulven T, Kostenis E, Birkenfeld AL, Häring HU, Ullrich S, Gerst F. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion depends on FFA1 and Gq in neonatal mouse islets. Diabetologia 2023; 66:1501-1515. [PMID: 37217659 PMCID: PMC10317898 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05932-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS After birth, the neonatal islets gradually acquire glucose-responsive insulin secretion, a process that is subjected to maternal imprinting. Although NEFA are major components of breastmilk and insulin secretagogues, their role for functional maturation of neonatal beta cells is still unclear. NEFA are the endogenous ligands of fatty acid receptor 1 (FFA1, encoded by Ffar1 in mice), a Gq-coupled receptor with stimulatory effect on insulin secretion. This study investigates the role of FFA1 in neonatal beta cell function and in the adaptation of offspring beta cells to parental high-fat feeding. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and Ffar1-/- mice were fed high-fat (HFD) or chow diet (CD) for 8 weeks before mating, and during gestation and lactation. Blood variables, pancreas weight and insulin content were assessed in 1-, 6-, 11- and 26-day old (P1-P26) offspring. Beta cell mass and proliferation were determined in P1-P26 pancreatic tissue sections. FFA1/Gq dependence of insulin secretion was evaluated in isolated islets and INS-1E cells using pharmacological inhibitors and siRNA strategy. Transcriptome analysis was conducted in isolated islets. RESULTS Blood glucose levels were higher in CD-fed Ffar1-/- P6-offspring compared with CD-fed WT P6-offspring. Accordingly, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and its potentiation by palmitate were impaired in CD Ffar1-/- P6-islets. In CD WT P6-islets, insulin secretion was stimulated four- to fivefold by glucose and five- and sixfold over GSIS by palmitate and exendin-4, respectively. Although parental HFD increased blood glucose in WT P6-offspring, it did not change insulin secretion from WT P6-islets. In contrast, parental HFD abolished glucose responsiveness (i.e. GSIS) in Ffar1-/- P6-islets. Inhibition of Gq by FR900359 or YM-254890 in WT P6-islets mimicked the effect of Ffar1 deletion, i.e. suppression of GSIS and of palmitate-augmented GSIS. The blockage of Gi/o by pertussis toxin (PTX) enhanced (100-fold) GSIS in WT P6-islets and rendered Ffar1-/- P6-islets glucose responsive, suggesting constitutive activation of Gi/o. In WT P6-islets, FR900359 cancelled 90% of PTX-mediated stimulation, while in Ffar1-/- P6-islets it completely abolished PTX-elevated GSIS. The secretory defect of Ffar1-/- P6-islets did not originate from insufficient beta cells, since beta cell mass increased with the offspring's age irrespective of genotype and diet. In spite of that, in the breastfed offspring (i.e. P1-P11) beta cell proliferation and pancreatic insulin content had a genotype- and diet-driven dynamic. Under CD, the highest proliferation rate was reached by the Ffar1-/- P6 offspring (3.95% vs 1.88% in WT P6), whose islets also showed increased mRNA levels of genes (e.g. Fos, Egr1, Jun) typically high in immature beta cells. Although parental HFD increased beta cell proliferation in both WT (4.48%) and Ffar1-/- (5.19%) P11 offspring, only the WT offspring significantly increased their pancreatic insulin content upon parental HFD (5.18 µg under CD to 16.93 µg under HFD). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION FFA1 promotes glucose-responsive insulin secretion and functional maturation of newborn islets and is required for adaptive offspring insulin secretion in the face of metabolic challenge, such as parental HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Lorza-Gil
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Kaiser
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Carlein
- Department of Biophysics Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus D A Hoffmann
- Department of Biophysics Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele M König
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Bonn University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sieglinde Haug
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leticia Prates Roma
- Department of Biophysics Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Rexen Ulven
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Bonn University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Ullrich
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Felicia Gerst
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany.
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Su Q, Yuan F, Li X, Wang X, Yang K, Shao L, Li W. Wfs1 loss-of-function disrupts the composition of mouse pancreatic endocrine cells from birth and impairs Glut2 localization to cytomembrane in pancreatic β cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 658:80-87. [PMID: 37027908 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Wfs1 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane located protein highly expressed in pancreatic β cells and brain. Wfs1 deficiency causes adult pancreatic β cells dysfunction following β cells apoptosis. Previous studies mainly focus on the Wfs1 function in adult mouse pancreatic β cells. However, whether Wfs1 loss-of-function impairs mouse pancreatic β cell from its early development is unknown. In our study, Wfs1 deficiency disrupts the composition of mouse pancreatic endocrine cells from early postnatal day 0 (P0) to 8 weeks old, with decreased percentage of β cells and increased percentage of α and δ cells. Meanwhile, Wfs1 loss-of-function leads to reduced intracellular insulin content. Notably, Wfs1 deficiency impairs Glut2 localization and causes the accumulation of Glut2 in mouse pancreatic β cell cytoplasm. In Wfs1-deficient mice, glucose homeostasis is disturbed from early 3 weeks old to 8 weeks old. This work reveals that Wfs1 is significantly required for the composition of pancreatic endocrine cells and is essential for Glut2 localization in mouse pancreatic β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Su
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Fei Yuan
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Kaijiang Yang
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Li Shao
- Department of VIP Clinic, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 1800 Yuntai Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Weida Li
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Reg-Verse Therapeutics (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, 200120, China.
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Abstract
The rodent pancreas is the prevalent model system for preclinical diabetes research. However, due to the compound endocrine-exocrine organization of the gland, with the endocrine islets of Langerhans scattered by the thousands throughout the much greater exocrine parenchyma, stereological assessments of endocrine cell mass, commonly insulin-producing ß-cells, are exceedingly challenging. In recent years, optical mesoscopic imaging techniques such as optical projection tomography (OPT) and light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) have seen dramatic developments, enabling 3D visualization of fluorescently labeled cells in mm- to cm-sized tissues with μm resolution. Here we present a protocol for 3D visualization and "absolute" quantitative assessments of, for example, islet mass throughout the volume of rodent pancreata with maintained spatial context.
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Thor D. G protein-coupled receptors as regulators of pancreatic islet functionality. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119235. [PMID: 35151663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis is maintained by hormones secreted from different types of pancreatic islets and its dysregulation can result in diseases including diabetes mellitus. The secretion of hormones from pancreatic islets is highly complex and tightly controlled by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Moreover, GPCR signaling may play a role in enhancing islet cell replication and proliferation. Thus, targeting GPCRs offers a promising strategy for regulating the functionality of pancreatic islets. Here, available RNAseq datasets from human and mouse islets were used to identify the GPCR expression profile and the impact of GPCR signaling for normal islet functionality is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Thor
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Effects of Arachidonic Acid and Its Metabolites on Functional Beta-Cell Mass. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040342. [PMID: 35448529 PMCID: PMC9031745 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) is a polyunsaturated 20-carbon fatty acid present in phospholipids in the plasma membrane. The three primary pathways by which AA is metabolized are mediated by cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes, and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. These three pathways produce eicosanoids, lipid signaling molecules that play roles in biological processes such as inflammation, pain, and immune function. Eicosanoids have been demonstrated to play a role in inflammatory, renal, and cardiovascular diseases as well type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Alterations in AA release or AA concentrations have been shown to affect insulin secretion from the pancreatic beta cell, leading to interest in the role of AA and its metabolites in the regulation of beta-cell function and maintenance of beta-cell mass. In this review, we discuss the metabolism of AA by COX, LOX, and CYP, the roles of these enzymes and their metabolites in beta-cell mass and function, and the possibility of targeting these pathways as novel therapies for treating diabetes.
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