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Ramuta TŽ, Jerman UD, Tratnjek L, Janev A, Magatti M, Vertua E, Bonassi Signoroni P, Silini AR, Parolini O, Kreft ME. The Cells and Extracellular Matrix of Human Amniotic Membrane Hinder the Growth and Invasive Potential of Bladder Urothelial Cancer Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:554530. [PMID: 33240862 PMCID: PMC7680964 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.554530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers among men in industrialized countries and on the global level incidence and mortality rates are increasing. In spite of progress in surgical treatment and chemotherapy, the prognosis remains poor for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Therefore, there is a great need for the development of novel therapeutic approaches. The human amniotic membrane (hAM) is a multi-layered membrane that comprises the innermost part of the placenta. It has unique properties that make it suitable for clinical use, such as the ability to promote wound healing and decrease scarring, low immunogenicity, and immunomodulatory, antimicrobial and anticancer properties. This study aimed to investigate the effect of (i) hAM-derived cells and (ii) hAM scaffolds on the growth dynamics, proliferation rate, and invasive potential of muscle-invasive bladder cancer T24 cells. Our results show that 24 and 48 h of co-culturing T24 cells with hAM-derived cells (at 1:1 and 1:4 ratios) diminished the proliferation rate of T24 cells. Furthermore, when seeded on hAM scaffolds, namely (1) epithelium of hAM (e-hAM), (2) basal lamina of hAM (denuded; d-hAM), and (3) stroma of hAM (s-hAM), the growth dynamic of T24 cells was altered and proliferation was reduced, even more so by the e-hAM scaffolds. Importantly, despite their muscle-invasive potential, the T24 cells did not disrupt the basal lamina of hAM scaffolds. Furthermore, we observed a decrease in the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers N-cadherin, Snail and Slug in T24 cells grown on hAM scaffolds and individual T24 cells even expressed epithelial markers E-cadherin and occludin. Our study brings new knowledge on basic mechanisms of hAM affecting bladder carcinogenesis and the results serve as a good foundation for further research into the potential of hAM-derived cells and the hAM extracellular matrix to serve as a novel bladder cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taja Železnik Ramuta
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urška Dragin Jerman
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Larisa Tratnjek
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleksandar Janev
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marta Magatti
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elsa Vertua
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Antonietta Rosa Silini
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ornella Parolini
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Mateja Erdani Kreft
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Bernasconi R, Stat M, Koenders A, Paparini A, Bunce M, Huggett MJ. Establishment of Coral-Bacteria Symbioses Reveal Changes in the Core Bacterial Community With Host Ontogeny. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1529. [PMID: 31338082 PMCID: PMC6629827 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial communities are fundamental symbionts of corals. However, the process by which bacterial communities are acquired across the life history of corals, particularly in larval and early juvenile stages, is still poorly characterized. Here, transfer of bacteria of the Scleractinian coral Acropora digitifera from adults to spawned egg-sperm bundles was analyzed, as well as acquisition across early developmental stages (larvae and newly settled spat), and 6-month-old juveniles. Larvae were reared under manipulated environmental conditions to determine the source (maternal, seawater, or sediment) of bacteria likely to establish symbiotic relationships with the host using amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Maternal colonies directly transferred bacteria from the families Rhodobacteraceae, Cryomorphaceae, and Endozoicimonaceae to egg-sperm bundles. Furthermore, significant differences in the microbial community structure were identified across generations, yet the structure of the coral bacterial community across early life history stages was not impacted by different environmental rearing conditions. These data indicate that the uptake and structure of bacterial communities is developmentally, rather than environmentally, regulated. Both maternal coral colonies and ubiquitous bacteria found across environmental substrates represent a potential source of symbionts important in establishing the coral microbiome. Uniquely, we report the presence of variation with ontogeny of both the core and resident bacterial communities, supporting the hypothesis that microbial communities are likely to play specific roles within the distinct life history stages of the coral host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Bernasconi
- Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Centre for Ecosystem Management, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Michael Stat
- Faculty of Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Annette Koenders
- Centre for Ecosystem Management, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Andrea Paparini
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Michael Bunce
- Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, Department of Environment and Agriculture Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Megan J. Huggett
- Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Centre for Ecosystem Management, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Faculty of Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia
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Wang P, Yuan X, Wang Y, Zhao H, Sun X, Zheng Q. Licochalcone C induces apoptosis via B-cell lymphoma 2 family proteins in T24 cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:7623-8. [PMID: 26397392 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated the mechanisms by which licochalcone C induces apoptosis of T24 human malignant bladder cancer cells. Cell viability was evaluated using an MTT assay. Apoptosis was investigated using a morphological assay, flow cytometry and a caspase‑3 activity assay. Alterations in the gene expression levels of Bcl‑2 family members were measured by semi‑quantitative reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction assays. The protein levels of pro‑caspase‑3 and cleaved poly(ADP ribose) polymerase were measured using western blotting. The results indicated that licochalcone C induced T24 cell apoptosis in a concentration‑dependent manner. Licochalcone C treatment reduced the levels of the anti‑apoptotic mRNAs (Bcl‑2, Bcl‑w and Bcl‑XL) and increased expression of the pro‑apoptotic mRNAs (Bax and Bim). The Bcl‑2 family inhibitor (ABT‑737) reduced apoptosis induced by licochalcone C in T24 cells. The current study demonstrated that licochalcone C may be a potential adjuvant therapeutic agent for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penglong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Yuan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Xiling Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Heart‑Spleen Foundation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Binzhou Medical College, Yantai, Shandong 264005, P.R. China
| | - Qiusheng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
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Prognosis Relevance of Serum Cytokines in Pancreatic Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:518284. [PMID: 26346854 PMCID: PMC4539422 DOI: 10.1155/2015/518284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The overall survival of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is extremely low. Although gemcitabine is the standard used chemotherapy for this disease, clinical outcomes do not reflect significant improvements, not even when combined with adjuvant treatments. There is an urgent need for prognosis markers to be found. The aim of this study was to analyze the potential value of serum cytokines to find a profile that can predict the clinical outcome in patients with pancreatic cancer and to establish a practical prognosis index that significantly predicts patients' outcomes. We have conducted an extensive analysis of serum prognosis biomarkers using an antibody array comprising 507 human cytokines. Overall survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate and multivariate Cox's proportional hazard models were used to analyze prognosis factors. To determine the extent that survival could be predicted based on this index, we used the leave-one-out cross-validation model. The multivariate model showed a better performance and it could represent a novel panel of serum cytokines that correlates to poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer. B7-1/CD80, EG-VEGF/PK1, IL-29, NRG1-beta1/HRG1-beta1, and PD-ECGF expressions portend a poor prognosis for patients with pancreatic cancer and these cytokines could represent novel therapeutic targets for this disease.
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Licochalcone A-induced human bladder cancer T24 cells apoptosis triggered by mitochondria dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:474272. [PMID: 23936805 PMCID: PMC3722779 DOI: 10.1155/2013/474272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Licochalcone A (LCA), a licorice chalconoid, is considered to be a bioactive agent with chemopreventive potential. This study investigated the mechanisms involved in LCA-induced apoptosis in human bladder cancer T24 cells. LCA significantly inhibited cells proliferation, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and caused T24 cells apoptosis. Moreover, LCA induced mitochondrial dysfunction, caspase-3 activation, and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage, which displayed features of mitochondria-dependent apoptotic signals. Besides, exposure of T24 cells to LCA triggered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress; as indicated by the enhancement in 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP 78), growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene 153/C/EBP homology protein (GADD153/CHOP) expression, ER stress-dependent apoptosis is caused by the activation of ER-specific caspase-12. All the findings from our study suggest that LCA initiates mitochondrial ROS generation and induces oxidative stress that consequently causes T24 cell apoptosis via the mitochondria-dependent and the ER stress-triggered signaling pathways.
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Szepeshazi K, Schally AV, Keller G, Block NL, Benten D, Halmos G, Szalontay L, Vidaurre I, Jaszberenyi M, Rick FG. Receptor-targeted therapy of human experimental urinary bladder cancers with cytotoxic LH-RH analog AN-152 [AEZS- 108]. Oncotarget 2012; 3:686-99. [PMID: 22824624 PMCID: PMC3443252 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many bladder cancers progress to invasion with poor prognosis; new therapeutic methods are needed. We developed a cytotoxic LH-RH analog, AN-152 (AEZS-108) containing doxorubicin (DOX), for targeted therapy of cancers expressing LHRH receptors. We investigated the expression of LH-RH receptors in clinical bladder cancers and in HT-1376, J82, RT-4 and HT-1197 human bladder cancer lines. The effect of analog, AN-152, on growth of these tumor lines xenografted into nude mice was analyzed. Using molecular and functional assays, we also evaluated the differences between the effects of AN-152, and DOX alone. We demonstrated the expression of LH-RH receptors on 18 clinical bladder cancers by immunohistochemistry and on four human urinary bladder cancer lines HT-1376, J82, RT-4 and HT-1197 by Western blotting and binding assays. AN-152 powerfully inhibited growth of these bladder cancers in nude mice. AN-152 exerted greater effects than DOX and was less toxic. DOX activated strong multidrug resistance mechanisms in RT-4 and HT-1197 cancers, while AN-152 had no or less such effect. PCR assays and in vitro studies revealed differences in the action of AN-152 and DOX on the expression of genes involved in apoptosis. These results suggest that targeted cytotoxic LH-RH analog, AN-152 (AEZS- 108), should be examined for treatment of patients with LH-RH receptor positive invasive bladder cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoly Szepeshazi
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center Miami, FL
- South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL
| | - Andrew V. Schally
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center Miami, FL
- South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Division of Hematology/Oncology University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Gunhild Keller
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, University Clinic, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Norman L. Block
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center Miami, FL
- South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Division of Hematology/Oncology University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Daniel Benten
- Department of Gastroenterology University Clinic, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gabor Halmos
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center Miami, FL
- South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Department of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Luca Szalontay
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center Miami, FL
- South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL
| | - Irving Vidaurre
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center Miami, FL
- South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL
| | - Miklos Jaszberenyi
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center Miami, FL
- South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Ferenc G. Rick
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center Miami, FL
- South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
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Bartsch G, Mitra AP, Cote RJ. Expression profiling for bladder cancer: strategies to uncover prognostic factors. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2011; 10:1945-54. [PMID: 21110760 DOI: 10.1586/era.10.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite being a common cancer worldwide, management of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder currently relies primarily on clinical staging and histopathologic parameters. Assaying alterations in molecular pathways can contribute valuable information that can accurately predict outcome and chemotherapeutic response in individual patients with bladder cancer. Medium- to high-throughput gene-expression profiling technologies are now allowing multiplexed assessment of alterations responsible for the genesis and progression of bladder tumors. These investigations employ global or pathway-based approaches to define molecular signatures that can predict prognosis independent of traditional clinical performance metrics. Prognostic panels generated using these strategies can also elucidate the biology of tumor progression and identify potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Bartsch
- Institute of Urology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Babjuk M. New Insights in Intravesical Treatment for Intermediate- and High-Risk Non–Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Bladder Carcinoma. Eur Urol 2010; 57:774-6; author reply 776-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mitra AP, Bartsch CC, Cote RJ. Strategies for molecular expression profiling in bladder cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2010; 28:317-26. [PMID: 19997771 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-009-9196-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Carcinoma of the urinary bladder involves alterations in multiple cellular pathways that dictate the pathology of the disease and clinical outcome of the patient. This includes alterations in regulation of the cell cycle, apoptotic mechanisms, signal transduction and tumor angiogenesis. Interrogation of alterations in multiple molecules associated with these pathways is leading to the development of biomarker panels that are capable of predicting an individual patient's outcome or response to specific treatments. With respect to gene expression profiling, two broad approaches may be identified: a global approach and a pathway-specific approach. The global approach involves a high-throughput effort to profile the entire genome, while the pathway-specific approach quantifies select genes across several pathways. While the former has a high potential for discovery of novel signatures, the latter is important in generating reproducible and concise panels that have the potential for rapid clinical implementation. A combination of both these approaches is needed for the identification and validation of robust marker panels of potential clinical importance in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban P Mitra
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR 308, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Moreira JMA, Ohlsson G, Gromov P, Simon R, Sauter G, Celis JE, Gromova I. Bladder cancer-associated protein, a potential prognostic biomarker in human bladder cancer. Mol Cell Proteomics 2009; 9:161-77. [PMID: 19783793 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900294-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that no single marker will have the sensitivity and specificity necessary to be used on its own for diagnosis/prognosis of tumors. Interpatient and intratumor heterogeneity provides overwhelming odds against the existence of such an ideal marker. With this in mind, our laboratory has been applying a long term systematic approach to identify multiple biomarkers that can be used for clinical purposes. As a result of these studies, we have identified and reported several candidate biomarker proteins that are deregulated in bladder cancer. Following the conceptual biomarker development phases proposed by the Early Detection Research Network, we have taken some of the most promising candidate proteins into postdiscovery validation studies, and here we report on the characterization of one such biomarker, the bladder cancer-associated protein (BLCAP), formerly termed Bc10. To characterize BLCAP protein expression and cellular localization patterns in benign bladder urothelium and urothelial carcinomas (UCs), we used two independent sets of samples from different patient cohorts: a reference set consisting of 120 bladder specimens (formalin-fixed as well as frozen biopsies) and a validation set consisting of 2,108 retrospectively collected UCs with long term clinical follow-up. We could categorize the UCs examined into four groups based on levels of expression and subcellular localization of BLCAP protein and showed that loss of BLCAP expression is associated with tumor progression. The results indicated that increased expression of this protein confers an adverse patient outcome, suggesting that categorization of staining patterns for this protein may have prognostic value. Finally, we applied a combinatorial two-marker discriminator using BLCAP and adipocyte-type fatty acid-binding protein, another UC biomarker previously reported by us, and found that the combination of the two markers correlated more closely with grade and/or stage of disease than the individual markers. The implications of these results in biomarker discovery are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M A Moreira
- Department of Proteomics in Cancer, Institute of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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Gromov P, Moreira JMA, Gromova I, Celis JE. Proteomic strategies in bladder cancer: From tissue to fluid and back. Proteomics Clin Appl 2008; 2:974-88. [PMID: 21136898 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200780163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We have applied protein expression profiling technologies in combination with immunohistochemistry, using fresh tissue and urine samples, to assess bladder cancer heterogeneity and prognosis as well as to generate protein markers for tumor progression and early diagnosis of the disease. Here, we review some selected lines of investigation and approaches undertaken by our laboratory, drawing on more than 15 years of experience in bladder cancer proteomics, to highlight a number of issues that may be useful for researchers entering the field. In particular, we address the identification of markers for bladder cancer progression and exemplify the potential of gel-based proteomic profiling of urine samples for the early detection of urothelial carcinomas. In addition, we provide a brief description of a novel and highly promising source of biomarkers, the tumor interstitial fluid (TIF) that perfuses the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Gromov
- Institute of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Zieger K. High throughput molecular diagnostics in bladder cancer - on the brink of clinical utility. Mol Oncol 2007; 1:384-94. [PMID: 19383312 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An enormous body of high-throughput genome-wide data, in particular gene expression data, has been gathered from roughly all human cancer forms in the past 10 years. This has widely increased our understanding of the cancer disease and its molecular changes and pathways, with a large contribution from studies of cancer cell lines and functional genomics. In the last three years, the focus has been moved to clinical outcome parameters as recurrence, progression, metastasis and treatment response. The huge variability of molecular changes and poor availability of samples have hampered progress in the field of epithelial cancer (carcinoma). However, independent validation of molecular profiles across high-throughput platforms, methods, laboratories and cancer populations has recently been successfully performed for several carcinomas, including bladder cancer. Application of advanced bioinformatics to identify interrelated pathways has revealed common signatures predictive of molecular subgroups, improving histopathological diagnosis, and ultimately outcome prediction. With breast cancer leading the field, colorectal, bladder and renal cell carcinomas well on their way, and many others soon to join, the era of clinical applications of high-throughput molecular methods in cancer lies closely ahead. This review illustrates in detail the perspectives for the management of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Zieger
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, Skejby 8200, Denmark.
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