Enzymes inhibition profiles and antibacterial activities of benzylidenemalononitrile derivatives

Synthesis and Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition Profiles of N-(3-sulfamoylphenyl)propanamide/benzamide Derivatives: Experimental and Computational Insights With Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion Profiling

Carbonic anhydrases (CA) I and II are the most abundant CA isozymes in erythrocytes and have been therapeutic targets in treating glaucoma, hypertension, ulcers, osteoporosis, and, neurological disorders. In this study, N-(3-sulfamoylphenyl) propanamide/benzamide derivatives were synthesized. Then, the CA isozymes were isolated and the inhibitory effects of the synthesized derivatives on these enzymes were investigated experimentally. The mechanism of inhibition was estimated by molecular docking studies. Finally, the Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion properties of derivatives were evaluated and analyzed in terms of pharmacokinetics and drug similarity. P4 was the most effective inhibitor among derivatives against both hCA-I and hCA-II with Ki constants as 0.22 ± 0.01 and 0.33 ± 0.05 µM, respectively. Besides, P4 had a higher binding affinity to both enzymes with free binding energies of -8.14 and -8.03 kcal/mol. According to drug-likeness analysis, it was predicted that the derivatives comply with Lipinski's rule of five without any deviation.

Design, synthesis, and biological studies of isoniazid-based hydrazone Derivatives: Antibacterial, anticancer, and enzyme inhibitory properties

Discovery of novel and effective molecules is of vital importance in solving global health problems such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and antibiotic resistance. In this study, a series of isoniazid-based hydrazone derivatives were synthesized for the first time via the condensation of isoniazid with structurally diverse aldehydes, including Mannich base, acylated, and sulfonate-containing derivatives. The primary focus was to assess their anticancer properties, antibacterial efficacy, and enzyme inhibition potential, contributing to the development of promising therapeutic agents. In addition, enzyme inhibition mechanisms were predicted by molecular docking methods, structural explanations were made for the biological activities and drug likeness characters of these molecules. The highest inhibitory effects were exhibited by compounds 6a for hCAI, 5b for hCAII, and 6a for AChE with Ki constants of 0.020 ± 0.003, 0.019 ± 0.002, and 0.027 ± 0.004 μM respectively. For hCAs acetazoleamide was used as standard inhibitor (having IC50 0.068 μM and 0.273 μM for hCAI and hCAII) and tacrine was used for AChE with 0.047 μM IC50. Compound 5b showed the highest binding scores for all enzymes in molecular docking tests having -8.15, -8.56, and -11.09 kcal/mol against CAI, CAII and AChE receptors. For both antibacterial and anticancer research, compound 5b had the most significant outcomes. In particular, mechanistic investigation of antibacterial, anticancer and enzyme inhibition effects will help new treatment options and better understanding of biochemical mechanisms. The study presents a new and up-to-date technique for chemical synthesis and biological evaluation.

In vitro inhibition potency of malononitrile derivatives on the activity of two pentose phosphate pathway enzymes: accompanied by molecular docking evaluation

Many disorders, including cancer and malaria, could be targeted via the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), whose products are key in biosynthetic reactions in cells. The goal of this study was to find new PPP inhibitors. The inhibition effects of malononitrile derivatives on Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) were analyzed through in vitro experiments. Besides, molecular docking studies were performed to predict the interactions having role in inhibition of compounds. K i constants of derivatives were found between 4.24 ± 0.46-69.63 ± 7.75 µM for G6PD and 1.91 ± 0.12-95.07 ± 11.08 µM for 6PGD. Derivatives indicated non-competitive inhibition on both enzymes except for compound 4. The findings of the molecular docking studies revealed that free-binding energy estimations agreed with in vitro data. The structure of these malononitrile derivatives may guide for drug discovery in targeting the PPP.

Novel beta-lactam substituted benzenesulfonamides: in vitro enzyme inhibition, cytotoxic activity and in silico interactions

In this study, a library of twelve beta-lactam-substituted benzenesulfonamides (5a-l) was synthesized using the tail-approach method. The compounds were characterized using IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and elemental analysis techniques. These newly synthesized compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit the activity of two carbonic anhydrases (hCA) isoforms, I and II, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in vitro. The results showed that the synthesized compounds were potent inhibitors of hCA I, with KIs in the low nanomolar range (66.60-278.40 nM) than the reference drug acetazolamide (AAZ), which had a KI of 439.17 nM. The hCA II was potently inhibited by compounds 5a, 5d-g and 5l, with KIs of 69.56, 39.64, 79.63, 74.76, 78.93 and 74.94 nM, respectively (AAZ, KI of 98.28 nM). Notably, compound 5a selectively inhibited hCA II with a selectivity of > 4-fold over hCA I. In terms of inhibition of AChE, the synthesized compounds had KIs ranging from 30.95 to 154.50 nM, compared to the reference drug tacrine, which had a KI of 159.61 nM. Compounds 5f, 5h and 5l were also evaluated for their ability to inhibit the MCF-7 cancer cell line proliferation and were found to have promising anticancer activity, more potent than 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin. Molecular docking studies suggested that the sulfonamide moiety of these compounds fits snugly into the active sites of hCAs and interacts with the Zn2+ ion. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations were performed for 200 ns to assess the stability and dynamics of each enzyme-ligand complex. The acceptability of the compounds based on Lipinski's and Jorgensen's rules was also estimated from the ADME/T results. These results indicate that the synthesized molecules have the potential to be developed into effective and safe inhibitors of hCAs and AChE and could be lead agents.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Synthesis of New Derivatives of Benzylidinemalononitrile and Ethyl 2-Cyano-3-phenylacrylate: In Silico Anticancer Evaluation

In this study, microwave-assisted Knoevenagel condensation was used to produce two novel series of derivatives (1-6) from benzylidenemalononitrile and ethyl 2-cyano-3-phenylacrylate. The synthesized compounds were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and ¹H NMR spectroscopies. The pharmacodynamics, toxicity profiles, and biological activities of the compounds were evaluated through an in silico study using prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) and Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity (ADMET) studies. According to the PASS prediction results, compounds 1-6 showed greater antineoplastic potency for breast cancer than other types of cancer. Molecular docking was employed to investigate the binding mode and interaction sites of the derivatives (1-6) with three human cancer targets (HER2, EGFR, and human FPPS), and the protein-ligand interactions of these derivatives were compared to those reference standards Tyrphostin 1 (AG9) and Tyrphostin 23 (A23). Compound 3 showed a stronger effect on two cell lines (HER2 and FPPS) than the reference drugs. A 20 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was also conducted to examine the ligand's behavior at the active binding site of the modeled protein, utilizing the lowest docking energy obtained from the molecular docking study. Enthalpies (ΔH), Gibbs free energies (ΔG), entropies (ΔS), and frontier molecular orbital parameters (highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) gap, hardness, and softness) were calculated to confirm the thermodynamic stability of all derivatives. The consistent results obtained from the in silico studies suggest that compound 3 has potential as a new anticancer and antiparasitic drug. Further research is required to validate its efficacy.

Structure-Activity Relationship of Methyl 4-Aminobenzoate Derivatives as Being Drug Candidate Targeting Glutathione Related Enzymes: in Vitro and in Silico Approaches

A thiol compound, glutathione, is essential for healthy cell defence against xenobiotics and oxidative stress. Glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) are two glutathione-related enzymes that function in the antioxidant and the detoxification systems. In this study, potential inhibitory effects of methyl 4-aminobenzoate derivatives on GR and GST were examined in vitro. GR and GST were isolated from human erythrocytes with 7.63 EU/mg protein and 5.66 EU/mg protein specific activity, respectively. It was found that compound 1 (methyl 4-amino-3-bromo-5-fluorobenzoate with K_i value of 0.325±0.012 μM) and compound 5 (methyl 4-amino-2-nitrobenzoate with K_i value of 92.41±22.26 μM) inhibited GR and GST stronger than other derivatives. Furthermore, a computer-aided method was used to predict the binding affinities of derivatives, ADME characteristics, and toxicities. Derivatives 4 (methyl 4-amino-2-bromobenzoate) and 6 (methyl 4-amino-2-chlorobenzoate) were estimated to have the lowest binding energies into GR and GST receptors, respectively according to results of in silico studies.

Synthesis of New Ester Derivatives of Salicylic Acid and Evaluation of Their COX Inhibitory Potential

Salicylic acid is an NSAID with serious side effects on the GIS. The side effects of salicylic acid on the GIS are slightly reduced by acetylating salicylic acid. 12 new ester analogs of salicylic acid were synthesized with high yields in this study. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized by ¹ H-NMR, ¹³ C-NMR, and HRMS spectra. The inhibitory potential of the compounds was evaluated on COXs by in vitro and in silico studies. The COX2 inhibitory activity of the most potent inhibitor MEST1 (IC₅₀ : 0.048 μM) was found to be much higher than the COX2 inhibitory activity of aspirin (IC₅₀ : 2.60 μM). In docking studies, the strongest inhibitor among the compounds synthesized was predicted to be MEST1, with the lowest binding energy. Docking studies revealed that MEST1 extends from the hydrophobic channel to the top of the cyclooxygenase active site, forming various interactions with residues in the binding pocket.

2-amino thiazole derivatives as inhibitors of some metabolic enzymes: An In Vitro and In Silico study

The thiazole derivatives are desirable compounds in the evaluation of their biological activities such as antiprotozoal antibacterial, antifungal, antituberculosis. Considering the medical application potential of 2-amino thiazole compounds, we aimed to determine the effects of 2-amino thiazole derivatives on the activities of carbonic anhydrase I-II isoenzymes, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Among the chemicals we used in our study, 2-Amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)thiazole compound exhibited the best inhibition against hCA I with K_i of 0.008±0.001 μM. The 2-Amino-4-(4-bromophenyl)thiazole compound exhibited the best inhibition against hCA II, AChE and BChE with K_i of 0.124±0.017 μM, 0.129±0.030 μM and 0.083±0.041 μM, respectively. Molecular docking analysis showed that compound 2-Amino-4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)thiazole had the highest inhibitory potency against hCA I, hCA II, AChE, BChE with the estimated binding energy of -6.75 , -7.61, -7.86, -7.96 kcal/mol, respectively. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Design and Synthesis of Novel Dual Cholinesterase Inhibitors: In Vitro Inhibition Studies Supported with Molecular Docking

The major cholinesterase enzymes, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), are important in the therapy of Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on the cholinergic hypothesis. As a result, in recent years, the investigation of dual cholinesterase inhibition methods has become important among scientists. In this study, novel N-(4-chlorobenzyl)-3,4-dimethoxy-N-(m-substituted)benzamide derivatives were synthesized. Then, inhibitory properties of these derivatives were examined in human AChE and BuChE in vitro and possible interactions were determined by molecular docking studies. All benzamide derivatives were exhibited dual inhibitory character and high BBB permeability. The most effective inhibitor was found as N7 for both AChE and BuChE with IC₅₀ values of 1.57 and 2.85 μM, respectively. Besides the most potent inhibitor was predicted as N7 in terms of binding energies with -12.18 kcal/mol and -9.92 kcal/mol, respectively. The reason for these results is that bromine (N7) is the bulkiest molecule among the other substituted groups. These derivatives could be exploited to develop new medications for the treatment of central nervous system-related diseases as AD by acting as dual inhibitors of AChE and BChE.

In vitro and In silico Interactions of Antiulcer, Glucocorticoids and Urological Drugs on Human Carbonic Anhydrase I and II isozymes

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) convert carbon dioxide to bicarbonate in metabolism and use Zn²⁺ ions as a cofactor for their catalytic activity. The activators or inhibitors of CA-I and CA-II, which are the most abundant CA isozymes in erythrocytes, have pharmacological applications in medicine. So, investigation of drug-protein interaction of these isozymes is significant. On this basis, the objective of this study was to clarify the primer effects of widely used drugs on the activity of human CA-I and CA-II enzymes and elucidate the inhibition mechanism through molecular docking studies. For this aim isozymes were purified from human erythrocytes by affinity chromatography technique. Then inhibition profiles of antiulcer, glucocorticoids, and urological drugs were investigated. As a result, while budesonide had the highest inhibitory potency on hydratase activity of hCA-I with the IC₅₀ of 0.08 mM, levofloxacin showed the highest inhibition effect on hCA-II with the IC₅₀ of 0.886 mM. The most effective inhibitor on the esterase activity of isozymes was found as fluticasone propionate with the K_i values of 0.0365±0.016 mM and 0.054±0.018 mM respectively. However, by molecular docking study, it was estimated that budesonide showed maximum inhibition potency for both isozymes with the free binding energy of -7.58 and -6.97 kcal/mol respectively. Consequently, it was observed that some of the drugs studied did not show any inhibitory effect. Drug-enzyme interactions were also estimated by molecular docking. This study could contribute to the discovery of new drug candidates and as well as target proteins. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.