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Wang T, Deng L, Dai W, Tan C, Hu J, Singh RP. Bromide induced the formation of brominated halonitromethanes from aspartic acid in the UV/chlorine disinfection process. Environ Geochem Health 2024; 46:54. [PMID: 38252329 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-01854-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Brominated halonitromethanes (Br-HNMs) are generated in water disinfection processes and present high toxicity to human health. This work used aspartic acid (ASP) as the precursor to reveal that bromide (Br-) induced the production of Br-HNMs in the UV/chlorine disinfection process. Consequently, six Br-HNMs were identified, and their yields presented an increasing and then declining evolution over the reaction time from 0 to 15 min. Also, the total Br-HNMs yield reached the maximum of 251.1 μg L-1 at 5 min and then declined to 107.1 μg L-1. The total Br-HNMs yield increased from 2.40 to 251.14 μg L-1 with the increase of Cl2:Br- ratios from 0.25 to 3.0 by increasing free chlorine dosage with a fixed Br- concentration, and it increased from 207.59 to 251.14 μg L-1 and then decreased to 93.44 μg L-1 with the increase of Cl2:Br- ratio from 1.0 to 3.6 by increasing Br- concentration with a fixed free chlorine dosage. Besides, the total Br-HNMs yield reached the highest value (251.14 μg L-1) at pH 7.0 and the lowest value (74.20 μg L-1) at pH 8.0. Subsequently, the possible reaction mechanism of Br-HNMs generated from ASP was deduced, and the changes in toxicity of Br-HNMs also followed an increasing and then declining trend, closely relating to Br-HNMs yields and Br- utilization. This work explored and illustrated the yields, influence factors, reaction mechanisms, and toxicity of Br-HNMs formed from Br- containing ASP water during UV/chlorine disinfection, which might help to control Br-HNMs formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Lin Deng
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - Wenjuan Dai
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Chaoqun Tan
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
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Liao X, Allen JM, Granger CO, Richardson SD. How well does XAD resin extraction recover halogenated disinfection byproducts for comprehensive identification and toxicity testing? J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 117:264-275. [PMID: 35725078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are an unintended consequence of drinking water disinfection, and can have significant toxicity. XAD resins are commonly used to extract and enrich trace levels of DBPs for comprehensive, nontarget identification of DBPs and also for in vitro toxicity studies. However, XAD resin recoveries for complete classes of halogenated DBPs have not been evaluated, particularly for low, environmentally relevant levels (ng/L to low µg/L). Thus, it is not known whether levels of DBPs or the toxicity of drinking water might be underestimated. In this study, DAX-8/XAD-2 layered resins were evaluated, considering both adsorption and elution from the resins, for extracting 66 DBPs from water. Results demonstrate that among the 7 classes of DBPs investigated, trihalomethanes (THMs), including iodo-THMs, were the most efficiently adsorbed, with recovery of most THMs ranging from 50%-96%, followed by halonitromethanes (40%-90%). The adsorption ability of XAD resins for haloacetonitriles, haloacetamides, and haloacetaldehydes was highly dependent on the individual species. The adsorption capacity of XAD resins for haloacetic acids was lower (5%-48%), even after adjusting to pH 1 before extraction. Recovery efficiency for most DBPs was comparable with their adsorption, as most were eluted effectively from XAD resins by ethyl acetate. DBP polarity and molecular weight were the two most important factors that determine their recovery. Recovery of trichloromethane, iodoacetic acid, chloro- and iodo-acetonitrile, and chloroacetamide were among the lowest, which could lead to underestimation of toxicity, particularly for iodoacetic acid and iodo-acetonitrile, which are highly toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Liao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA; Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Joshua M Allen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA; Currently at LanzaTech, 535 Commerce Drive, Soperton, Georgia 30457, USA
| | - Caroline O Granger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
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Liberatore HK, Daiber EJ, Ravuri SA, Schmid JE, Richardson SD, DeMarini DM. Disinfection byproducts in chlorinated or brominated swimming pools and spas: Role of brominated DBPs and association with mutagenicity. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 117:253-263. [PMID: 35725077 PMCID: PMC9986846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Although the health benefits of swimming are well-documented, health effects such as asthma and bladder cancer are linked to disinfection by-products (DBPs) in pool water. DBPs are formed from the reaction of disinfectants such as chlorine (Cl) or bromine (Br) with organics in the water. Our previous study (Daiber et al., Environ. Sci. Technol. 50, 6652; 2016) found correlations between the concentrations of classes of DBPs and the mutagenic potencies of waters from chlorinated or brominated swimming pools and spas. We extended this study by identifying significantly different concentrations of 21 individual DBPs in brominated or chlorinated pool and spa waters as well as identifying which DBPs and additional DBP classes were most associated with the mutagenicity of these waters. Using data from our previous study, we found that among 21 DBPs analyzed in 21 pool and spa waters, the concentration of bromoacetic acid was significantly higher in Br-waters versus Cl-waters, whereas the concentration of trichloroacetic acid was significantly higher in Cl-waters. Five Br-DBPs (tribromomethane, dibromochloroacetic acid, dibromoacetonitrile, bromoacetic acid, and tribromoacetic acid) had significantly higher concentrations in Br-spa versus Cl-spa waters. Cl-pools had significantly higher concentrations of Cl-DBPs (trichloroacetaldehyde, trichloromethane, dichloroacetic acid, and chloroacetic acid), whereas Br-pools had significantly higher concentrations of Br-DBPs (tribromomethane, dibromoacetic acid, dibromoacetonitrile, and tribromoacetic acid). The concentrations of the sum of all 4 trihalomethanes, all 11 Br-DBPs, and all 5 nitrogen-containing DBPs were each significantly higher in brominated than in chlorinated pools and spas. The 8 Br-DBPs were the only DBPs whose individual concentrations were significantly correlated with the mutagenic potencies of the pool and spa waters. These results, along with those from our earlier study, highlight the importance of Br-DBPs in the mutagenicity of these recreational waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Liberatore
- Air Methods and Characterization Division, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Eric J Daiber
- Student Services Authority, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Sridevi A Ravuri
- Student Services Authority, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Judith E Schmid
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - David M DeMarini
- Air Methods and Characterization Division, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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Wang J, Li Z, Hu S, Ma J, Gong T, Xian Q. Formation and influence factors of halonitromethanes in chlorination of nitro-aromatic compounds. Chemosphere 2021; 278:130497. [PMID: 34126695 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Halonitromethanes (HNMs), typical nitrogenous disinfection byproducts generated during disinfection of chlorination and chloramination, are widely detected in drinking water. This study investigated the formation of two dominant HNMs, trichloronitromethane (TCNM) and dichloronitromethane (DCNM) during chlorination/chloramination of ten nitro-aromatic compounds (NACs), including six aromatic mono-nitro compounds, three aromatic di-nitro compounds and one aromatic tri-nitro compound. The results showed that 2-nitrophenol and 3-nitrophenol could be the main precursors of TCNM and DCNM, and the yields of TCNM were one order of magnitude higher than that of DCNM. HNMs formation in chlorination was much higher than that in chloramination. However, HNMs were hardly produced during chlorination and chloramination of the other eight NACs. In chlorination of 2-nitrophenol, a pH range of 5.0-7.0 facilitated the TCNM formation. Besides, the concentration of ferric and manganese ions had different influences on TCNM formation. While the concentration ranges were 0-2 mg/L, ferric ion significantly decreased TCNM formation but manganese ion had not any influence on TCNM formation. Contrary to a previous finding, nitrite significantly reduced TCNM formation, which implied that nitrite has different effects on TCNM formation from various precursors. Moreover, dissolved organic matter (DOM, 0-5 mg/L as C) significantly influenced the formation of TCNM in chlorination of 2-nitrophenol despite the low TCNM formation in chlorination of DOM. Several chlorinated intermediates were detected and identified as mono/di/tri-chloro-2-nitrophenol during chlorination of 2-nitrophenol. It is effectively to reduce the production of TCNM and DCNM formation from chlorination of 2-nitrophenol by controlling disinfection conditions in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Zhigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Shaoyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Jian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Tingting Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Qiming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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DeMarini DM, Warren SH, Smith WJ, Richardson SD, Liberatore HK. Inability of GSTT1 to activate iodinated halomethanes to mutagens in Salmonella. Environ Mol Mutagen 2021; 62:168-176. [PMID: 33484035 PMCID: PMC8051615 DOI: 10.1002/em.22423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs), including the ubiquitous trihalomethanes (THMs), are formed during the treatment of water with disinfectants (e.g., chlorine, chloramines) to produce and distribute potable water. Brominated THMs (Br-THMs) are activated to mutagens via glutathione S-transferase theta 1 (GSTT1); however, iodinated THMs (I-THMs) have never been evaluated for activation by GSTT1. Among the I-THMs, only triiodomethane (iodoform) has been tested previously for mutagenicity in Salmonella and was positive (in the absence of GSTT1) in three strains (TA98, TA100, and BA13), all of which have error-prone DNA repair (pKM101). We evaluated five I-THMs (chlorodiiodomethane, dichloroiodomethane, dibromoiodomethane, bromochloroiodomethane, and triiodomethane) for mutagenicity in Salmonella strain RSJ100, which expresses GSTT1, and its homologue TPT100, which does not; neither strain has pKM101. We also evaluated chlorodiiodo-, dichloroiodo-, and dibromoiodo-methanes in strain TA100 +/- rat liver S9 mix; TA100 has pKM101. None was mutagenic in any of the strains. The I-THMs were generally more cytotoxic than their brominated and chlorinated analogues but less cytotoxic than analogous trihalonitromethanes tested previously. All five I-THMs showed similar thresholds for cytotoxicity at ~2.5 μmoles/plate, possibly due to release of iodine, a well-known antimicrobial. Although none of these I-THMs was activated by GSTT1, iodoform appears to be the only I-THM that is mutagenic in Salmonella, only in strains deficient in nucleotide excision repair (uvrB) and having pKM101. Given that only iodoform is mutagenic among the I-THMs and is generally present at low concentrations in drinking water, the I-THMs likely play little role in the mutagenicity of drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. DeMarini
- Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Sarah H. Warren
- Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - Susan D. Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Hannah K. Liberatore
- Chemical Characterization and Exposure Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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Yin J, Wu B, Liu S, Hu S, Gong T, Cherr GN, Zhang XX, Ren H, Xian Q. Rapid and complete dehalogenation of halonitromethanes in simulated gastrointestinal tract and its influence on toxicity. Chemosphere 2018; 211:1147-1155. [PMID: 30223330 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Halonitromethanes (HNMs) as one typical class of nitrogenous disinfection byproducts in drinking water and wastewater are receiving attentions due to their high toxicity. This study applied a simulator of the human gastrointestinal tract to determine the dehalogenation processes of trichloronitromethane, bromonitromethane and bromochloronitromethane for the first time. Influence of digestion process of HNMs on gut microbiota and hepatotoxicity was further analyzed. Results showed that the three HNMs were rapidly and completely dehalogenated in the gastrointestinal tract, especially in the stomach (2 h retention Time) and small intestine (4 h retention Time). Mucin, cysteine, pancreatin and bile salts in the digestive juice played major roles in the dehalogenation process. HNMs and their dehalogenation products in the resulting fluids of stomach induced the highest toxicity followed by those in intestine and colon, exhibiting dose-dependent effects. Although most HNMs were degraded in the stomach and small intestine, residual HNMs entered into colon changed the microbial community. Abundance of several genera, such as Bacteroides, Lachnospiraceae_unassigned and Lactobacillus had high correlation with exposure concentration of HNMs. This study sheds new light on dehalogenation and toxic processes of HNMs by oral exposure, which provides basic data for their human health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
| | - Su Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Shaoyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Tingting Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Gary N Cherr
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, Departments of Environmental Toxicology and Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Xu-Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Qiming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
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Lan J, Rahman SM, Gou N, Jiang T, Plewa MJ, Alshawabkeh A, Gu AZ. Genotoxicity Assessment of Drinking Water Disinfection Byproducts by DNA Damage and Repair Pathway Profiling Analysis. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:6565-6575. [PMID: 29660283 PMCID: PMC6941474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Genotoxicity is considered a major concern for drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Of over 700 DBPs identified to date, only a small number has been assessed with limited information for DBP genotoxicity mechanism(s). In this study, we evaluated genotoxicity of 20 regulated and unregulated DBPs applying a quantitative toxicogenomics approach. We used GFP-fused yeast strains that examine protein expression profiling of 38 proteins indicative of all known DNA damage and repair pathways. The toxicogenomics assay detected genotoxicity potential of these DBPs that is consistent with conventional genotoxicity assays end points. Furthermore, the high-resolution, real-time pathway activation and protein expression profiling, in combination with clustering analysis, revealed molecular level details in the genotoxicity mechanisms among different DBPs and enabled classification of DBPs based on their distinct DNA damage effects and repair mechanisms. Oxidative DNA damage and base alkylation were confirmed to be the main molecular mechanisms of DBP genotoxicity. Initial exploration of QSAR modeling using moleular genotoxicity end points (PELI) suggested that genotoxicity of DBPs in this study was correlated with topological and quantum chemical descriptors. This study presents a toxicogenomics-based assay for fast and efficient mechanistic genotoxicity screening and assessment of a large number of DBPs. The results help to fill in the knowledge gap in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of DBP genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Lan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Sheikh Mokhlesur Rahman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Na Gou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Micheal J. Plewa
- Safe Global Water Institute and Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Akram Alshawabkeh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - April Z. Gu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
- Corresponding Author:
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8
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Deng Y, Zhang Y, Lu Y, Lu K, Bai H, Ren H. Metabolomics evaluation of the in vivo toxicity of bromoacetonitriles: One class of high-risk nitrogenous disinfection byproducts. Sci Total Environ 2017; 579:107-114. [PMID: 27866740 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bromoacetonitriles (BANs), one class of nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs), have frequently been detected in drinking water. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of BANs have been demonstrated in mammalian cells. However, a systematic study of the in vivo toxicity of BANs is rare. In this study, metabolomics combined with histopathology and oxidative stress analysis were used to evaluate the toxicity of BANs in mice. The results indicated that BAN exposure induced liver and kidney injury in mice. Furthermore, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities decreased, and the level of malonaldehyde (MDA) increased in mice livers due to BANs exposure, which indicated that hepatic oxidative stress was induced. These toxicities increased with an increasing number of bromine at the α carbon. In addition, BAN exposure disrupted the metabolic pathways of amino acid, energy and lipid metabolism in mice. Our results provide evidence for the comprehensive omics endpoints of the in vivo toxicity of BANs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Yifeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Kai Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Hao Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
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Krasner SW, Lee TCF, Westerhoff P, Fischer N, Hanigan D, Karanfil T, Beita-Sandí W, Taylor-Edmonds L, Andrews RC. Granular Activated Carbon Treatment May Result in Higher Predicted Genotoxicity in the Presence of Bromide. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:9583-91. [PMID: 27467860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Certain unregulated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are more of a health concern than regulated DBPs. Brominated species are typically more cytotoxic and genotoxic than their chlorinated analogs. The impact of granular activated carbon (GAC) on controlling the formation of regulated and selected unregulated DBPs following chlorine disinfection was evaluated. The predicted cyto- and genotoxicity of DBPs was calculated using published potencies based on the comet assay for Chinese hamster ovary cells (assesses the level of DNA strand breaks). Additionally, genotoxicity was measured using the SOS-Chromotest (detects DNA-damaging agents). The class sum concentrations of trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, and unregulated DBPs, and the SOS genotoxicity followed the breakthrough of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), however the formation of brominated species did not. The bromide/DOC ratio was higher than the influent through much of the breakthrough curve (GAC does not remove bromide), which resulted in elevated brominated DBP concentrations in the effluent. Based on the potency of the haloacetonitriles and halonitromethanes, these nitrogen-containing DBPs were the driving agents of the predicted genotoxicity. GAC treatment of drinking or reclaimed waters with appreciable levels of bromide and dissolved organic nitrogen may not control the formation of unregulated DBPs with higher genotoxicity potencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart W Krasner
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Tiffany Chih Fen Lee
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- Arizona State University , School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Tempe, Arizona 85259-3005, United States
| | - Natalia Fischer
- Arizona State University , School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Tempe, Arizona 85259-3005, United States
| | - David Hanigan
- University of Nevada , Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Reno, Nevada 89557-0258, United States
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Clemson University , Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
| | - Wilson Beita-Sandí
- Clemson University , Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
- University of Costa Rica , Research Center of Environmental Pollution (CICA), San José, Costa Rica 2060, and
| | - Liz Taylor-Edmonds
- University of Toronto , Department of Civil Engineering, Toronto, Ontario Canada , M5S 1A4
| | - Robert C Andrews
- University of Toronto , Department of Civil Engineering, Toronto, Ontario Canada , M5S 1A4
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Stalter D, O'Malley E, von Gunten U, Escher BI. Fingerprinting the reactive toxicity pathways of 50 drinking water disinfection by-products. Water Res 2016; 91:19-30. [PMID: 26773486 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A set of nine in vitro cellular bioassays indicative of different stages of the cellular toxicity pathway was applied to 50 disinfection by-products (DBPs) to obtain a better understanding of the commonalities and differences in the molecular mechanisms of reactive toxicity of DBPs. An Eschericia coli test battery revealed reactivity towards proteins/peptides for 64% of the compounds. 98% activated the NRf2-mediated oxidative stress response and 68% induced an adaptive stress response to genotoxic effects as indicated by the activation of the tumor suppressor protein p53. All DBPs reactive towards DNA in the E. coli assay and activating p53 also induced oxidative stress, confirming earlier studies that the latter could trigger DBP's carcinogenicity. The energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital ELUMO as reactivity descriptor was linearly correlated with oxidative stress induction for trihalomethanes (r(2)=0.98) and haloacetamides (r(2)=0.58), indicating that potency of these DBPs is connected to electrophilicity. However, the descriptive power was poor for haloacetic acids (HAAs) and haloacetonitriles (r(2) (<) 0.06). For HAAs, we additionally accounted for speciation by including the acidity constant with ELUMO in a two-parameter multiple linear regression model. This increased r(2) to >0.80, indicating that HAAs' potency is connected to both, electrophilicity and speciation. Based on the activation of oxidative stress response and the soft electrophilic character of most tested DBPs we hypothesize that indirect genotoxicity-e.g., through oxidative stress induction and/or enzyme inhibition-is more plausible than direct DNA damage for most investigated DBPs. The results provide not only a mechanistic understanding of the cellular effects of DBPs but the effect concentrations may also serve to evaluate mixture effects of DBPs in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Stalter
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Entox, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Elissa O'Malley
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Entox, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Beate I Escher
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Entox, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Cell Toxicology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Environmental Toxicology, Center for Applied Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
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11
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Zeng Q, Zhang SH, Liao J, Miao DY, Wang XY, Yang P, Yun LJ, Liu AL, Lu WQ. Evaluation of genotoxic effects caused by extracts of chlorinated drinking water using a combination of three different bioassays. J Hazard Mater 2015; 296:23-29. [PMID: 25910456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Potential genotoxic effects of chlorinated drinking water now are of a great concern. In this study, raw water, finished water, and tap water from a water plant in Wuhan, China were collected in two different sampling times of the year (January and July). Genotoxic effects of water extracts were evaluated using a combination of three different bioassays: SOS/umu test, HGPRT gene mutation assay, and micronucleus assay, which were separately used to detect DNA damage, gene mutation, and chromosome aberration. The results of three different bioassays showed that all water samples in January and July induced at least one types of genotoxic effects, of which the DNA-damage effects were all detectable. The levels of DNA-damage effects and gene-mutation effects of finished water and tap water in January were higher than those in July. Chlorination could increase the DNA-damage effects of drinking water in January and the gene-mutation effects of drinking water in both January and July, but did not increase the chromosome-aberration effects of drinking water in both January and July. Our results highlighted the importance of using a combination of different bioassays to evaluate the genotoxicity of water samples in different seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zeng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Shao-Hui Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Experiment Center, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Jing Liao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Dong-Yue Miao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xin-Yi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Pan Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Luo-Jia Yun
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Ai-Lin Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wen-Qing Lu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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12
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Halme M, Pesonen M, Grandell T, Kuula M, Pasanen M, Vähäkangas K, Vanninen P. Analysis of nitromethane from samples exposed in vitro to chloropicrin by stable isotope dilution headspace gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:3383-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mia Halme
- VERIFIN, Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention, Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; P.O. Box 55 FI Finland
| | - Maija Pesonen
- Research and Development, Centre for Military Medicine; Finnish Defence Forces; P.O Box 50 FI Helsinki Finland
- School of Pharmacy/Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Eastern Finland; P.O. Box 1627 FI Kuopio Finland
| | - Toni Grandell
- VERIFIN, Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention, Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; P.O. Box 55 FI Finland
| | - Matti Kuula
- VERIFIN, Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention, Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; P.O. Box 55 FI Finland
| | - Markku Pasanen
- School of Pharmacy/Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Eastern Finland; P.O. Box 1627 FI Kuopio Finland
| | - Kirsi Vähäkangas
- School of Pharmacy/Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Eastern Finland; P.O. Box 1627 FI Kuopio Finland
| | - Paula Vanninen
- VERIFIN, Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention, Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; P.O. Box 55 FI Finland
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13
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Hrudey SE, Backer LC, Humpage AR, Krasner SW, Michaud DS, Moore LE, Singer PC, Stanford BD. Evaluating Evidence for Association of Human Bladder Cancer with Drinking-Water Chlorination Disinfection By-Products. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2015; 18:213-41. [PMID: 26309063 PMCID: PMC4642182 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2015.1067661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to chlorination disinfection by-products (CxDBPs) is prevalent in populations using chlorination-based methods to disinfect public water supplies. Multifaceted research has been directed for decades to identify, characterize, and understand the toxicology of these compounds, control and minimize their formation, and conduct epidemiologic studies related to exposure. Urinary bladder cancer has been the health risk most consistently associated with CxDBPs in epidemiologic studies. An international workshop was held to (1) discuss the qualitative strengths and limitations that inform the association between bladder cancer and CxDBPs in the context of possible causation, (2) identify knowledge gaps for this topic in relation to chlorine/chloramine-based disinfection practice(s) in the United States, and (3) assess the evidence for informing risk management. Epidemiological evidence linking exposures to CxDBPs in drinking water to human bladder cancer risk provides insight into causality. However, because of imprecise, inaccurate, or incomplete estimation of CxDBPs levels in epidemiologic studies, translation from hazard identification directly to risk management and regulatory policy for CxDBPs can be challenging. Quantitative risk estimates derived from toxicological risk assessment for CxDBPs currently cannot be reconciled with those from epidemiologic studies, notwithstanding the complexities involved, making regulatory interpretation difficult. Evidence presented here has both strengths and limitations that require additional studies to resolve and improve the understanding of exposure response relationships. Replication of epidemiologic findings in independent populations with further elaboration of exposure assessment is needed to strengthen the knowledge base needed to better inform effective regulatory approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve E. Hrudey
- Environmental and Analytical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Stuart W. Krasner
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, JM Palms Center, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research, (IDAEA-CSIC), Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Postigo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, JM Palms Center, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research, (IDAEA-CSIC), Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Hladik ML, Focazio MJ, Engle M. Discharges of produced waters from oil and gas extraction via wastewater treatment plants are sources of disinfection by-products to receiving streams. Sci Total Environ 2014; 466-467:1085-93. [PMID: 23994821 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Fluids co-produced with oil and gas production (produced waters) are often brines that contain elevated concentrations of bromide. Bromide is an important precursor of several toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs) and the treatment of produced water may lead to more brominated DBPs. To determine if wastewater treatment plants that accept produced waters discharge greater amounts of brominated DBPs, water samples were collected in Pennsylvania from four sites along a large river including an upstream site, a site below a publicly owned wastewater treatment plant (POTW) outfall (does not accept produced water), a site below an oil and gas commercial wastewater treatment plant (CWT) outfall, and downstream of the POTW and CWT. Of 29 DBPs analyzed, the site at the POTW outfall had the highest number detected (six) ranging in concentration from 0.01 to 0.09 μg L(-1) with a similar mixture of DBPs that have been detected at POTW outfalls elsewhere in the United States. The DBP profile at the CWT outfall was much different, although only two DBPs, dibromochloronitromethane (DBCNM) and chloroform, were detected, DBCNM was found at relatively high concentrations (up to 8.5 μg L(-1)). The water at the CWT outfall also had a mixture of inorganic and organic precursors including elevated concentrations of bromide (75 mg L(-1)) and other organic DBP precursors (phenol at 15 μg L(-1)). To corroborate these DBP results, samples were collected in Pennsylvania from additional POTW and CWT outfalls that accept produced waters. The additional CWT also had high concentrations of DBCNM (3.1 μg L(-1)) while the POTWs that accept produced waters had elevated numbers (up to 15) and concentrations of DBPs, especially brominated and iodinated THMs (up to 12 μg L(-1) total THM concentration). Therefore, produced water brines that have been disinfected are potential sources of DBPs along with DBP precursors to streams wherever these wastewaters are discharged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Hladik
- California Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 6000 J Street, Placer Hall, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA.
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16
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Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Cheng S, Ren H. Identifying health effects of exposure to trichloroacetamide using transcriptomics and metabonomics in mice ( Mus musculus ). Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:2918-2924. [PMID: 23406383 DOI: 10.1021/es3048976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Microarray-based transcriptomics and one-dimensional proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) based metabonomics approaches were employed to investigate the health effects of nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs) of trichloroacetamide (TCAcAm) on mice. Mice were exposed to TCAcAm at concentrations of 50, 500, and 5000 μg/L for 90 days, and hepatic transcriptome and serum metabonome and histopathological parameters were detected in comparison with those of control. TCAcAm esposures resulted in liver inflammation, weight loss (in 5000 ug/L TCAcAm group), and alterations in hepatic transcriptome and serum metabonome. Based on the differentially expressed genes and altered metabolites, several significant pathways were identified, which are associated with lipid, xenobiotics, amino acid and energy metabolism, and cell process. Moreover, integrative pathway analyses revealed that TCAcAm exposure in this study induced hepatotoxicity and cytotoxicity. These results also highlight the noninvasive prospect of transcriptomic and metabonomic approaches in evaluating the health risk of emerging N-DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
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17
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Mezyk SP, Mincher BJ, Cooper WJ, Kirkham Cole S, Fox RV, Gardinali PR. Kinetic model for the radical degradation of tri-halonitromethane disinfection byproducts in water. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Plewa MJ, Wagner ED, Metz DH, Kashinkunti R, Jamriska KJ, Meyer M. Differential toxicity of drinking water disinfected with combinations of ultraviolet radiation and chlorine. Environ Sci Technol 2012; 46:7811-7817. [PMID: 22703385 DOI: 10.1021/es300859t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Alternative technologies to disinfect drinking water such as ultraviolet (UV) disinfection are becoming more widespread. The benefits of UV disinfection include reduced risk of microbial pathogens such as Cryptosporidium and reduced production of regulated drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBPs). The objective of this research was to determine if mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity varied in response to different chlorination protocols with and without polychromatic medium pressure UV (MPUV) and monochromatic low pressure UV (LPUV) disinfection technologies. The specific aims were to analyze the mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of concentrated organic fractions from source water before and after chlorination and to determine the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the concentrated organic fractions from water samples treated with UV alone or UV before or after chlorination. Exposure of granular activated carbon-filtered Ohio River water to UV alone resulted in the lowest levels of mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. With combinations of UV and chlorine, the lowest levels of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were observed with MPUV radiation. The best combined UV plus chlorine methodology that generated the lowest cytotoxicity and genotoxicity employed chlorination first followed by MPUV radiation. These data may prove important in the development of multibarrier methods of pathogen inactivation of drinking water, while limiting unintended toxic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Plewa
- College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop Sciences, and the NSF WaterCAMPWS Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.
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Li Y, Zhang X, Krasner SW, Shang C, Zhai H, Liu J, Yang M. Penetration of polar brominated DBPs through the activated carbon columns during total organic bromine analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:2851-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1em10397k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pesonen M, Vähäkangas K, Halme M, Vanninen P, Seulanto H, Hemmilä M, Pasanen M, Kuitunen T. Capsaicinoids, chloropicrin and sulfur mustard: possibilities for exposure biomarkers. Front Pharmacol 2010; 1:140. [PMID: 21833179 PMCID: PMC3153014 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2010.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Incapacitating and irritating agents produce temporary disability persisting for hours to days after the exposure. One can be exposed to these agents occupationally in industrial or other working environments. Also general public can be exposed in special circumstances, like industrial accidents or riots. Incapacitating and irritating agents discussed in this review are chloropicrin and capsaicinoids. In addition, we include sulfur mustard, which is an old chemical warfare agent and known to cause severe long-lasting injuries or even death. Chloropicrin that was used as a warfare agent in the World War I is currently used mainly as a pesticide. Capsaicinoids, components of hot pepper plants, are used by police and other law enforcement personnel as riot control agents. Toxicity of these chemicals is associated particularly with the respiratory tract, eyes, and skin. Their acute effects are relatively well known but the knowledge of putative long-term effects is almost non-existent. Also, mechanisms of effects at cellular level are not fully understood. There is a need for further research to get better idea of health risks, particularly of long-term and low-level exposures to these chemicals. For this, exposure biomarkers are essential. Validated exposure biomarkers for capsaicinoids, chloropicrin, and sulfur mustard do not exist so far. Metabolites and macromolecular adducts have been suggested biomarkers for sulfur mustard and these can already be measured qualitatively, but quantitative biomarkers await further development and validation. The purpose of this review is, based on the existing mechanistic and toxicokinetic information, to shed light on the possibilities for developing biomarkers for exposure biomonitoring of these compounds. It is also of interest to find ideas for early effect biomarkers considering the need for studies on subchronic and chronic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Pesonen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Cantor KP, Villanueva CM, Silverman DT, Figueroa JD, Real FX, Garcia-Closas M, Malats N, Chanock S, Yeager M, Tardon A, Garcia-Closas R, Serra C, Carrato A, Castaño-Vinyals G, Samanic C, Rothman N, Kogevinas M. Polymorphisms in GSTT1, GSTZ1, and CYP2E1, disinfection by-products, and risk of bladder cancer in Spain. Environ Health Perspect 2010; 118:1545-50. [PMID: 20675267 PMCID: PMC2974691 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer has been linked with long-term exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water. OBJECTIVES In this study we investigated the combined influence of DBP exposure and polymorphisms in glutathione S-transferase (GSTT1, GSTZ1) and cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1) genes in the metabolic pathways of selected by-products on bladder cancer in a hospital-based case-control study in Spain. METHODS Average exposures to trihalomethanes (THMs; a surrogate for DBPs) from 15 years of age were estimated for each subject based on residential history and information on municipal water sources among 680 cases and 714 controls. We estimated effects of THMs and GSTT1, GSTZ1, and CYP2E1 polymorphisms on bladder cancer using adjusted logistic regression models with and without interaction terms. RESULTS THM exposure was positively associated with bladder cancer: adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were 1.2 (0.8-1.8), 1.8 (1.1-2.9), and 1.8 (0.9-3.5) for THM quartiles 2, 3, and 4, respectively, relative to quartile 1. Associations between THMs and bladder cancer were stronger among subjects who were GSTT1 +/+ or +/- versus GSTT1 null (P(interaction) = 0.021), GSTZ1 rs1046428 CT/TT versus CC (P(interaction) = 0.018), or CYP2E1 rs2031920 CC versus CT/TT (P(interaction) = 0.035). Among the 195 cases and 192 controls with high-risk forms of GSTT1 and GSTZ1, the ORs for quartiles 2, 3, and 4 of THMs were 1.5 (0.7-3.5), 3.4 (1.4-8.2), and 5.9 (1.8-19.0), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Polymorphisms in key metabolizing enzymes modified DBP-associated bladder cancer risk. The consistency of these findings with experimental observations of GSTT1, GSTZ1, and CYP2E1 activity strengthens the hypothesis that DBPs cause bladder cancer and suggests possible mechanisms as well as the classes of compounds likely to be implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth P Cantor
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-7240, USA.
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23
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Liviac D, Wagner ED, Mitch WA, Altonji MJ, Plewa MJ. Genotoxicity of water concentrates from recreational pools after various disinfection methods. Environ Sci Technol 2010; 44:3527-3532. [PMID: 20380372 DOI: 10.1021/es903593w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Swimming and hot tub bathing are popular exercises and diversions. Disinfection of recreational pools is essential to prevent outbreaks of infectious disease. Recent research demonstrated an association between the application of disinfectants to recreational pools and adverse health outcomes. These pool waters represent extreme cases of disinfection that differ from disinfecting drinking waters. Pool waters are continuously exposed to disinfectants over average residence times extending to months. Disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors include natural humic substances plus inputs from bathers through urine, sweat, hair, skin, and consumer products including cosmetics and sunscreens. This study presents a systematic mammalian cell genotoxicity analysis to evaluate different recreational waters derived from a common tap water source. The data demonstrated that all disinfected recreational pool water samples induced more genomic DNA damage than the source tap water. The type of disinfectant and illumination conditions altered the genotoxicity of the water. Accordingly, care should be taken in the disinfectant employed to treat recreational pool waters. The genotoxicity data suggest that brominating agents should be avoided. Combining chlorine with UV may be beneficial as compared to chlorination alone. During the recycling of pool water the organic carbon could be removed prior to disinfection. Behavior modification by swimmers may be critical in reducing the genotoxicity of pool water. Actions such as showering before entering the water and informing patrons about the potential harm from urinating in a pool could reduce the precursors of toxic DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae Liviac
- Grup de Mutagenesi, Departament de Genetica i de Microbiologia, Edifici Cn, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
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Mincher BJ, Mezyk SP, Cooper WJ, Cole SK, Fox RV, Gardinali PR. Free-Radical Chemistry of Disinfection Byproducts. 3. Degradation Mechanisms of Chloronitromethane, Bromonitromethane, and Dichloronitromethane. J Phys Chem A 2009; 114:117-25. [PMID: 20055512 DOI: 10.1021/jp907305g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce J. Mincher
- Aqueous Separations and Radiochemistry Group, Idaho National Laboratory, PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University at Long Beach, Long Beach, California 90840; Urban Water Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697; Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Kaufman Hall, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529; and Department of Chemistry
| | - Stephen P. Mezyk
- Aqueous Separations and Radiochemistry Group, Idaho National Laboratory, PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University at Long Beach, Long Beach, California 90840; Urban Water Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697; Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Kaufman Hall, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529; and Department of Chemistry
| | - William J. Cooper
- Aqueous Separations and Radiochemistry Group, Idaho National Laboratory, PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University at Long Beach, Long Beach, California 90840; Urban Water Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697; Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Kaufman Hall, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529; and Department of Chemistry
| | - S. Kirkham Cole
- Aqueous Separations and Radiochemistry Group, Idaho National Laboratory, PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University at Long Beach, Long Beach, California 90840; Urban Water Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697; Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Kaufman Hall, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529; and Department of Chemistry
| | - Robert V. Fox
- Aqueous Separations and Radiochemistry Group, Idaho National Laboratory, PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University at Long Beach, Long Beach, California 90840; Urban Water Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697; Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Kaufman Hall, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529; and Department of Chemistry
| | - Piero R. Gardinali
- Aqueous Separations and Radiochemistry Group, Idaho National Laboratory, PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University at Long Beach, Long Beach, California 90840; Urban Water Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697; Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Kaufman Hall, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529; and Department of Chemistry
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García-Quispes WA, Carmona ER, Creus A, Marcos R. Genotoxic evaluation of two halonitromethane disinfection by-products in the Drosophila wing-spot test. Chemosphere 2009; 75:906-909. [PMID: 19215959 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Few studies on the genotoxicity of halonitromethanes (HNMs) have been done. This limited information on their potential genotoxic risk gives special relevance to the collection of new data on their potential genotoxic activity. In the present study we have analyzed the genotoxicity of two HNMs namely bromonitromethane (BNM) and trichloronitromethane (TCNM) in the in vivo wing somatic mutation and recombination test in Drosophila, also known as the wing-spot assay. This test is based on the principle that loss of heterozygosis and the corresponding expression of the suitable recessive markers, multiple wing hairs (mwh) and flare-3 (flr(3)), can lead to the formation of mutant clones in larval cells, which are then expressed as spots on the wings of adult flies. BNM and TCNM were supplied to third instar larvae (72+/-4 h-old) at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 2 mM. The results showed that none of the three categories of mutant spots recorded (small, large, and twin) increased significantly by the treatments, independently of the dose supplied, indicating that the selected HNMs exhibit a lack of genotoxic activity in the wing-spot assay of Drosophila melanogaster. These results contribute to increase the genotoxicity database on the HNMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilser A García-Quispes
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Liviac D, Creus A, Marcos R. Genotoxicity analysis of two halonitromethanes, a novel group of disinfection by-products (DBPs), in human cells treated in vitro. Environ Res 2009; 109:232-238. [PMID: 19200951 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2008.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Halonitromethanes (HNMs) constitute an emerging class of disinfection by-products (DBPs) produced when chlorine and/or ozone are used for water treatment. The HNMs are structurally similar to halomethanes, but have a nitro-group in place of hydrogen bonded to the central carbon atom. Since little information exists on the genotoxic potential of HNMs, a study has been carried out with two HNM compounds, namely trichloronitromethane (TCNM) and bromonitromethane (BNM) by using human cells. Primary damage induction has been measured with the Comet assay, which is used to determine both the repair kinetics of the induced damage and the proportion of induced oxidative damage. In addition, the fixed DNA damage has been evaluated by using the micronucleus (MN) assay. The results obtained indicate that both compounds are genotoxic, inducing high levels of DNA breaks in the Comet assay, and that this DNA damage repairs well over time. In addition, oxidized bases constitute a high proportion of DNA-induced damage (50-75%). Contrarily, no positive effects were observed in the frequency of micronucleus, which measures both clastogenic and aneugenic effects, neither using TK6 cells nor peripheral blood lymphocytes. This lack of fixed genetic damage would minimize the potential mutagenic risk associated with HNMs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae Liviac
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Edifici Cn, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Pérez-Garrido A, González MP, Escudero AG. Halogenated derivatives QSAR model using spectral moments to predict haloacetic acids (HAA) mutagenicity. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:5720-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Revised: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Alwis KU, Blount BC, Silva LK, Smith MM, Loose KH. Method for quantifying nitromethane in blood as a potential biomarker of halonitromethane exposure. Environ Sci Technol 2008; 42:2522-2527. [PMID: 18504991 DOI: 10.1021/es702733k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of nitromethane and its halogenated analogues in mammals raise concerns about potential toxicity to humans. This study shows that halonitromethanes are not stable in human blood and undergo dehalogenation to form nitromethane. We quantified nitromethane in human blood using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) headspace sampling coupled with gas chromatography (GC) and high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The limit of detection was 0.01 microg/L with a linear calibration curve spanning 3 orders of magnitude. This method employs isotope dilution to precisely quantify trace amounts of nitromethane (coefficient of variation <6%). At three spiked concentrations of nitromethane, method accuracy ranged from 88 to 99%. We applied this method to blood samples collected from 632 people with no known occupational exposure to nitromethane or halonitromethanes. Nitromethane was detected in all blood samples tested (range: 0.28-3.79 microg/L, median: 0.66 microg/L). Time-course experiments with trichloronitromethane- and tribromonitromethane-spiked blood showed that nitromethane was the major product formed (1 nmole tribromonitromethane formed 0.59 nmole of nitromethane, whereas 1 nmole trichloronitromethane formed 0.77 nmole nitromethane). Nitromethane may form endogenously from peroxynitrite: nitromethane concentrations increased proportionately in blood samples spiked with peroxynitrite. Blood nitromethane can be a biomarker of exposure to both nitromethane and halonitromethanes. This sensitive, accurate, and precise analytical method can be used to determine baseline blood nitromethane level in the general population. It can also be used to study the health impact from exposure to nitromethane and halonitromethanes in occupational environments and to assess trichloronitromethane (chloropicrin) exposure in chemical terrorism investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Udeni Alwis
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA.
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Hunter ES, Rogers E, Blanton M, Richard A, Chernoff N. Bromochloro-haloacetic acids: Effects on mouse embryos in vitro and QSAR considerations. Reprod Toxicol 2006; 21:260-6. [PMID: 16293395 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2005.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2005] [Revised: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The haloacetic acids (HAA) are a family of chemicals that are drinking water disinfection by-products. We previously reported that haloacetic acids, including several bromo- and chloro-HAAs, alter embryonic development when mouse conceptuses are directly exposed to these xenobiotics in whole embryo culture. Craniofacial dysmorphogenesis was observed in exposed embryos and a quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) for induction of cranial neural tube dysmorphogenesis was established for a series of 10 HAAs, which also included fluoro- and iodo-HAA representatives. In the current study, we evaluate the effects of exposing neurulation staged (3-6 somite pairs) CD-1 mouse conceptuses to bromochloro- (BCA), dibromochloro- (DBCA) and bromodichloro-acetic (BDCA) acids in whole embryo culture at concentrations ranging from 50 to 2500 microM. Morphological development was assessed after a 26 h exposure period. Exposure of conceptuses to these HAAs produced dysmorphogenesis, including prosencephalic and pharyngeal arch hypoplasia as well as eye and heart tube abnormalities. Benchmark concentrations for induction of neural tube dysmorphogenesis were 63, 500 and 536 microM for BCA, DBCA and BDCA, respectively. Our previously developed HAA QSAR accurately predicted placement of these three chemicals in the larger context of the previously tested di- and tri-HAAs, also correctly predicting that BCA would be more potent than DBCA and BDCA, and that the latter two HAAs would be near equi-potent. This study describes the concentration-dependent induction of dysmorphogenesis in whole embryo culture by three mixed chloro/bromo-HAAs and demonstrates the ability of the HAA QSAR to predict relative potencies within this family of xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sidney Hunter
- Reproductive Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, US EPA, RTP, NC 27711, USA.
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Kundu B, Richardson SD, Granville CA, Shaughnessy DT, Hanley NM, Swartz PD, Richard AM, DeMarini DM. Comparative mutagenicity of halomethanes and halonitromethanes in Salmonella TA100: structure-activity analysis and mutation spectra. Mutat Res 2004; 554:335-50. [PMID: 15450430 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2004] [Revised: 05/13/2004] [Accepted: 05/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Halonitromethanes (HNMs) are a recently identified class of disinfection by-products (DPBs) in drinking water that are mutagenic in Salmonella and potent inducers of DNA strand breaks in mammalian cells. Here we compared the mutagenic potencies of the HNMs to those of their halomethane (HM) homologues by testing all nine HNMs and seven of the nine HMs (minus bromomethane and chloromethane) under the same conditions (the pre-incubation assay) in Salmonella TA100 +/- S9. We also determined the mutation spectra for several DBPs. In the presence of S9, all nine HNMs, but only three HMs, dibromomethane (DBM), dichloromethane (DCM), and bromochloromethane (BCM), were mutagenic. Only two DBPs of each class were mutagenic in the absence of S9. The HNMs were generally more potent mutagens than their HM homologues, and the brominated forms of both classes of DBPs were more mutagenic and cytotoxic than their chlorinated homologues. The HNMs were at least 10 times more cytotoxic than the HMs, and the cytotoxicity rankings in the presence of S9 were similar for the HNMs and the HMs. The addition of a nitro-group to BCM did not change the mutation spectra significantly, with both homologues inducing primarily (55-58%) GC --> AT transitions. The greater cytotoxic and mutagenic activities of the HNMs relative to the HMs are likely due to the greater intrinsic reactivity conferred by the nitro-group. Energy calculations predicted increased reactivity with increasing bromination and greater reactivity of the HNMs versus the HMs (Elumo values were approximately 20 kcal/mol lower for the HNMs compared to their HM homologues). Given that the HNMs also are potent genotoxins in mammalian cells [Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 (2004) 62] and are more mutagenic and 10x more cytotoxic in Salmonella than the HMs, whose levels are regulated in drinking water, further study of their occurrence and potential health effects is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijit Kundu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, USA
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