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Mišík M, Nersesyan A, Ferk F, Holzmann K, Krupitza G, Herrera Morales D, Staudinger M, Wultsch G, Knasmueller S. Search for the optimal genotoxicity assay for routine testing of chemicals: Sensitivity and specificity of conventional and new test systems. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 881:503524. [PMID: 36031336 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Many conventional in vitro tests that are currently widely used for routine screening of chemicals have a sensitivity/specificity in the range between 60 % and 80 % for the detection of carcinogens. Most procedures were developed 30-40 years ago. In the last decades several assays became available which are based on the use of metabolically competent cell lines, improvement of the cultivation conditions and development of new endpoints. Validation studies indicate that some of these models may be more reliable for the detection of genotoxicants (i.e. many of them have sensitivity and specificity values between 80 % and 95 %). Therefore, they could replace conventional tests in the future. The bone marrow micronucleus (MN) assay with rodents is at present the most widely used in vivo test. The majority of studies indicate that it detects only 5-6 out of 10 carcinogens while experiments with transgenic rodents and comet assays seem to have a higher predictive value and detect genotoxic carcinogens that are negative in MN experiments. Alternatives to rodent experiments could be MN experiments with hen eggs or their replacement by combinations of new in vitro tests. Examples for promising candidates are ToxTracker, TGx-DDI, multiplex flow cytometry, γH2AX experiments, measurement of p53 activation and MN experiments with metabolically competent human derived liver cells. However, the realization of multicentric collaborative validation studies is mandatory to identify the most reliable tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mišík
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Nersesyan
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - F Ferk
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - K Holzmann
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - G Krupitza
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - D Herrera Morales
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Staudinger
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - G Wultsch
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - S Knasmueller
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Hasspieler B, Haffner D, Stelljes M, Adeli K. Toxicological assessment of industrial solvents using human cell bioassays: assessment of short-term cytotoxicity and long-term genotoxicity potential. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 22:301-15. [PMID: 17022437 DOI: 10.1177/0748233706070312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for simple toxicological screening methods to assess the human health risk associated with exposure to environmental toxicants. Such screening tools should allow for risk evaluation in terms of both short-term/acute toxicity and longer-term genetic damage, which may lead to mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. We employed a battery of human cell bioassays using the human hepatoma cell-line, HepG2, to assess the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of environmental pollutants. Here, we demonstrate direct application of these human cell bioassays to the toxicological assessment of a number of industrial solvents that are in common use worldwide. HepG2 cells were exposed to various solvents at concentrations ranging from 25 to 500 ppm. The cells were then analysed using specific protocols for four different adverse effects: cell death/acute cytotoxicity using a neutral red uptake assay, altered enzyme function (often an indicator of cell stress) using the ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) bioassay, DNA single strand breaks (SSB), and DNA repair induction, which evaluates mutagenic activity. Using the positive controls, linear dose-response curves were achieved for all four bioassays. The high sensitivity of the tests allowed for environmentally meaningful assessments, and precision studies showed excellent reproducibility for all four bioassays. Comparing the results of the four bioassays on each of 16 industrial solvents allowed for ranking of the anticipated relative human toxicity of these solvents, which were comparable with data from standard toxicity tests and human occupational data. Overall, the study clearly supports the application of the HepG2 cell bioassay system for rapid toxicological screening of many candidate toxicants for both short- and long-term toxicity potential.
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Ono A, Ito A, Suzuki T, Yamaguchi M, Kawabe Y, Kamihira M. DNA damage-responsive transgene expression mediated by the p53 promoter with transcriptional amplification. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 120:463-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Blagus T, Zager V, Cemazar M, Sersa G, Kamensek U, Zegura B, Nunic J, Filipic M. A cell-based biosensor system HepG2CDKN1A–DsRed for rapid and simple detection of genotoxic agents. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 61:102-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Tolomeotti D, Castro-Prado MAAD, Sant’Anna JRD, Martins ABT, Della-Rosa VA. Genotoxic evaluation of terbinafine in human lymphocytesin vitro. Drug Chem Toxicol 2014; 38:306-11. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2014.959174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Akt and p53R2, partners that dictate the progression and invasiveness of cancer. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 22:24-9. [PMID: 25086499 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase or the so-called "Akt" is a key regulatory molecule of signaling pathway that regulates various cellular processes. Many intracellular proteins are involved in the activation or inhibition of Akt signaling and the hyperactivation of Akt signaling pathway is found to be frequently involved in various types of human cancers. Furthermore, while p53R2, a p53-inducible peptide involved in the synthesis of dNTPs normally works toward suppression of cancer through elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibition of MAPK/ERK pathway and providing dNTPs for DNA repair, the overexpression of p53R2 is reported to be associated with cancer progression and resistance to therapy. In this review article, we will discuss the situation in which cancer cells with hyperactive PI3K/Akt signaling can recruit p53R2 in favor of cancer progression and resistance to therapy. In the hyperactive state of PI3K/Akt signaling (which happens in the absence of deactivation or excess of activation), p53R2 can be used by cancer cells to promote proliferation. Therefore, the hyperactivity of PI3K/Akt pathway and elevated levels of p53R2 can give rise to highly invasive cancers.
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Kennedy GL. Toxicology of dimethyl and monomethyl derivatives of acetamide and formamide: a second update. Crit Rev Toxicol 2012; 42:793-826. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2012.725028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Development of a Fish Cell Biosensor System for Genotoxicity Detection Based on DNA Damage-Induced Trans-Activation of p21 Gene Expression. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2012; 2:318-40. [PMID: 25585933 PMCID: PMC4263550 DOI: 10.3390/bios2030318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
p21CIP1/WAF1 is a p53-target gene in response to cellular DNA damage. Here we report the development of a fish cell biosensor system for high throughput genotoxicity detection of new drugs, by stably integrating two reporter plasmids of pGL3-p21-luc (human p21 promoter linked to firefly luciferase) and pRL-CMV-luc (CMV promoter linked to Renilla luciferase) into marine flatfish flounder gill (FG) cells, referred to as p21FGLuc. Initial validation of this genotoxicity biosensor system showed that p21FGLuc cells had a wild-type p53 signaling pathway and responded positively to the challenge of both directly acting genotoxic agents (bleomycin and mitomycin C) and indirectly acting genotoxic agents (cyclophosphamide with metabolic activation), but negatively to cyclophosphamide without metabolic activation and the non-genotoxic agents ethanol and D-mannitol, thus confirming a high specificity and sensitivity, fast and stable response to genotoxic agents for this easily maintained fish cell biosensor system. This system was especially useful in the genotoxicity detection of Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a rodent carcinogen, but negatively reported in most non-mammalian in vitro mutation assays, by providing a strong indication of genotoxicity for DEHP. A limitation for this biosensor system was that it might give false positive results in response to sodium butyrate and any other agents, which can trans-activate the p21 gene in a p53-independent manner.
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Ouedraogo M, Baudoux T, Stévigny C, Nortier J, Colet JM, Efferth T, Qu F, Zhou J, Chan K, Shaw D, Pelkonen O, Duez P. Review of current and "omics" methods for assessing the toxicity (genotoxicity, teratogenicity and nephrotoxicity) of herbal medicines and mushrooms. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 140:492-512. [PMID: 22386524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The increasing use of traditional herbal medicines around the world requires more scientific evidence for their putative harmlessness. To this end, a plethora of methods exist, more or less satisfying. In this post-genome era, recent reviews are however scarce, not only on the use of new "omics" methods (transcriptomics, proteomics, metabonomics) for genotoxicity, teratogenicity, and nephrotoxicity assessment, but also on conventional ones. METHODS The present work aims (i) to review conventional methods used to assess genotoxicity, teratogenicity and nephrotoxicity of medicinal plants and mushrooms; (ii) to report recent progress in the use of "omics" technologies in this field; (iii) to underline advantages and limitations of promising methods; and lastly (iv) to suggest ways whereby the genotoxicity, teratogenicity, and nephrotoxicity assessment of traditional herbal medicines could be more predictive. RESULTS Literature and safety reports show that structural alerts, in silico and classical in vitro and in vivo predictive methods are often used. The current trend to develop "omics" technologies to assess genotoxicity, teratogenicity and nephrotoxicity is promising but most often relies on methods that are still not standardized and validated. CONCLUSION Hence, it is critical that toxicologists in industry, regulatory agencies and academic institutions develop a consensus, based on rigorous methods, about the reliability and interpretation of endpoints. It will also be important to regulate the integration of conventional methods for toxicity assessments with new "omics" technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustapha Ouedraogo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso. mustapha
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Mizota T, Ohno K, Yamada T. Validation of a genotoxicity test based on p53R2 gene expression in human lymphoblastoid cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2011; 724:76-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Liu X, Lai L, Wang X, Xue L, Leora S, Wu J, Hu S, Zhang K, Kuo ML, Zhou L, Zhang H, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhou B, Nelson RA, Zheng S, Zhang S, Chu P, Yen Y. Ribonucleotide reductase small subunit M2B prognoses better survival in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 2011; 71:3202-13. [PMID: 21415168 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ribonucleotide reductase subunit RRM2B (p53R2) has been reported to suppress invasion and metastasis in colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, we report that high levels of RRM2B expression are correlated with markedly better survival in CRC patients. In a fluorescence-labeled orthotopic mouse xenograft model, we confirmed that overexpression of RRM2B in nonmetastatic CRC cells prevented lung and/or liver metastasis, relative to control cells that did metastasize. Clinical outcome studies were conducted on a training set with 103 CRCs and a validation set with 220 CRCs. All participants underwent surgery with periodic follow-up to determine survivability. A newly developed specific RRM2B antibody was employed to carry out immunohistochemistry for determining RRM2B expression levels on tissue arrays. In the training set, the Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox analysis revealed that RRM2B is associated with better survival of CRCs, especially in stage IV patients (HR = 0.40; 95% CI = 0.18-0.86, P = 0.016). In the validation set, RRM2B was negatively related to tumor invasion (OR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.19-0.99, P = 0.040) and lymph node involvement (OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.25-0.92, P = 0.026). Furthermore, elevated expression of RRM2B was associated with better prognosis in this set as determined by multivariate analyses (HR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.26-0.91, P = 0.030). Further investigations revealed that RRM2B was correlated with better survival of CRCs with advanced stage III and IV tumors rather than earlier stage I and II tumors. Taken together, our findings establish that RRM2B suppresses invasiveness of cancer cells and that its expression is associated with a better survival prognosis for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyong Liu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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Shang H, Li Q, Feng G, Cui Z. Molecular analysis and functions of p53R2 in zebrafish. Gene 2010; 475:30-8. [PMID: 21194559 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
p53R2 is a newly identified small subunit of ribonucleotide reductase and plays a pivotal role in the supply of dNTPs for genomic DNA repair and mitochondrial DNA synthesis, but little is known about its functions in zebrafish. Herein, we obtained the cDNA of zebrafish p53R2 that shares 72.8% and 72.5% amino acid identities with human p53R2 and zebrafish R2, respectively. Residues crucial for enzymatic activity are highly conserved among p53R2 proteins from different species. p53R2 in zebrafish was maternally expressed, its transcripts were detected in developing embryos and all adult tissues examined. A 250-bp minimal promoter upstream of the translational initiation site was identified to drive basal expression of p53R2 in a p53-independent manner. Expression of p53R2 was induced by DNA-damaging reagents CPT or MMS, but suppressed by p53-knockdown in zebrafish embryos. Moreover, p53R2 was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of cells under normal condition and upon DNA damage. Furthermore, overexpression of p53R2 attenuated apoptosis of embryonic cells caused by CPT or MMS treatment and protected developing embryos from death. Therefore, functions of p53R2 in zebrafish are closely associated with its activity in DNA repair and synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqiao Shang
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Conservation of Aquatic Organism; Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Donghu Rd., Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
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Development of human cell biosensor system for genotoxicity detection based on DNA damage-induced gene expression. Radiol Oncol 2010; 44:42-51. [PMID: 22933890 PMCID: PMC3423669 DOI: 10.2478/v10019-010-0010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human exposure to genotoxic agents in the environment and everyday life represents a serious health threat. Fast and reliable assessment of genotoxicity of chemicals is of main importance in the fields of new chemicals and drug development as well as in environmental monitoring. The tumor suppressor gene p21, the major downstream target gene of activated p53 which is responsible for cell cycle arrest following DNA damage, has been shown to be specifically up-regulated by genotoxic carcinogens. The aim of our study was to develop a human cell-based biosensor system for simple and fast detection of genotoxic agents. Methods Metabolically active HepG2 human hepatoma cells were transfected with plasmid encoding Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP) under the control of the p21 promoter (p21HepG2GFP). DNA damage was induced by genotoxic agents with known mechanisms of action. The increase in fluorescence intensity, due to p21 mediated EGFP expression, was measured with a fluorescence microplate reader. The viability of treated cells was determined by the colorimetric MTS assay. Results The directly acting alkylating agent methylmethane sulphonate (MMS) showed significant increase in EGFP production after 48 h at 20 μg/mL. The indirectly acting carcinogen benzo(a)pyren (BaP) and the cross-linking agent cisplatin (CisPt) induced a dose- dependent increase in EGFP fluorescence, which was already significant at concentrations 0.13 μg/mL and 0.41 μg/mL, respectively. Vinblastine (VLB), a spindle poison that does not induce direct DNA damage, induced only a small increase in EGFP fluorescence intensity after 24 h at the lowest concentration (0.1 μg/mL), while exposure to higher concentrations was associated with significantly reduced cell viability. Conclusions The results of our study demonstrated that this novel assay based on the stably transformed cell line p21HepG2GFP can be used as a fast and simple biosensor system for detection of genetic damage caused by chemical agents.
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Baumstark-Khan C, Hellweg CE, Reitz G. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity reporter systems based on the use of mammalian cells. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 118:113-51. [PMID: 20140660 DOI: 10.1007/10_2009_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
With the dramatic increase in the number of new agents arising from the chemical, pharmaceutical, and agricultural industries, there is an urgent need to develop assays for rapid evaluation of potential risks to man and environment. The panel of conventional tests used for cytotoxicity and genotoxicity and the strategies to progress from small scale assays to high content screening in toxicology are discussed. The properties of components necessary as sensors and reporters for new reporter assays, and the application of genetic strategies to design assays are reviewed. The concept of cellular reporters is based on the use of promoters of chemical stress-regulated genes ligated to a suitable luminescent or fluorescent reporter gene. Current reporter assays designed from constructs transferred into suitable cell lines are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Baumstark-Khan
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Linder Hoehe, 51147, Cologne, Germany,
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The development of RAD51C, Cystatin A, p53 and Nrf2 luciferase-reporter assays in metabolically competent HepG2 cells for the assessment of mechanism-based genotoxicity and of oxidative stress in the early research phase of drug development. Mutat Res 2009; 696:21-40. [PMID: 20006733 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Four different mechanism-based high-throughput luciferase-reporter assays were developed in human HepG2 cells, which contain phase I and II metabolic activity and a functionally active p53 protein. The promoter regions of RAD51C and Cystatin A, as well as the responsive element of the p53 protein, were selected for the generation of the genotoxicity reporter assays. Moreover, a luciferase-based reporter assay was generated that measures the activation of the Nrf2 oxidative stress pathway. Validation with respect to the ECVAM compound list [D. Kirkland, P. Kasper, L. Muller, R. Corvi, G. Speit, Recommended lists of genotoxic and non-genotoxic chemicals for assessment of the performance of new or improved genotoxicity tests: a follow-up to an ECVAM workshop, Mutat. Res. 653 (2008) 99-108] resulted in an overall sensitivity of the HepG2 genotoxicity reporter assays for genotoxicity of 85% (17/20). The specificity and predictivity were high with 81% (34/42) and 82% (51/62), respectively. Various compounds had a positive score although metabolic activation was needed. The HepG2 reporter data were also compared with the available data on bacterial mutagenicity (Ames test), in vitro clastogenicity and in vivo clastogenicity for an additional set of 192 compounds. The predictivity for mutagenicity results was 74% (sensitivity, 61%, 30/49; specificity, 80%, 77/96) and for in vitro clastogenicity 59% (sensitivity, 45%, 35/78; specificity 83%, 38/46). The correlation between results from the HepG2 genotoxicity reporter assays and in vivo clastogenicity was much higher with 77% (sensitivity, 74%, 28/38; specificity 81%, 26/32). Results from the Nrf2 reporter assay showed that a large number of genotoxic compounds activated the Nrf2 oxidative stress pathway. In conclusion, four high-throughput mechanism-based reporter assays in the HepG2 cell line were developed, which can be applied for screening in the early research phase of drug development. The use of these assays in combination with the previously validated Vitotox and RadarScreen assays will certainly reduce the attrition rate due to genotoxicity in the developmental phase of drug development.
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Regulation of p53R2 and its role as potential target for cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2009; 276:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Ohno K, Ishihata K, Tanaka-Azuma Y, Yamada T. A genotoxicity test system based on p53R2 gene expression in human cells: Assessment of its reactivity to various classes of genotoxic chemicals. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2008; 656:27-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 05/31/2008] [Accepted: 07/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Scrivens M, Bhogal N. The use of human cell line reporter gene-based assays in chemical toxicity testing. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 21:1233-40. [PMID: 17604594 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Revised: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetically modified rodents allow greater sensitivity in monitoring DNA damage or gene expression than traditional rodent bioassays and have become increasingly used for toxicity testing, particularly with the greater availability of protein and DNA-based toxicity biomarkers. Here, the advantages and limitations of several in vitro reporter assays already used to study the mechanisms of toxicity are discussed in relation to the in vivo traditional and reporter-based bioassays for carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, endocrine changes and inflammation endpoints to examine the scope for refining and replacing transgenic in vivo models.
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Liu X, Zhou B, Xue L, Yen F, Chu P, Un F, Yen Y. Ribonucleotide reductase subunits M2 and p53R2 are potential biomarkers for metastasis of colon cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2007; 6:374-81. [PMID: 17311703 DOI: 10.3816/ccc.2007.n.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase plays a key role in converting ribonucleoside diphosphate to 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, which is necessary for DNA repair and replication. To determine if human ribonucleotide reductase small subunit M2 (hRRM2) and p53-dependent human ribonucleotide reductase small subunit R2 (p53R2) play roles on invasion ability of cancer cells, the gene transferring technique was used to construct stable hRRM2 and p53R2 overexpression transfectants. Increase of hRRM2 dramatically enhanced the cell migration in KB and PC-3 cells, but p53R2 overexpression reduced cellular invasion potential to 50% and 40% in KB and PC-3 cells, respectively. Furthermore, hRRM2 enhanced cancer cells to induce the cell migration of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells, but p53R2 reduced this ability in transfectants. PATIENTS AND METHODS To further determine the role of human ribonucleotide reductase subunits on cancer metastasis, a tissue array, including 59 primary and 49 metastatic colon adenocarcinoma samples, was used. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the relationship between human ribonucleotide reductase subunits and metastasis. RESULTS Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that p53R2 is negatively related to the metastasis of colon adenocarcinoma samples (odds ratio, 0.23; P < 0.05); hRRM2 increases the risk of metastasis in colon cancer, but did not show significantly. Thus, opposing regulation of hRRM2 and p53R2 in invasion potential might play a critical role in determining the invasion and metastasis phenotype in cancer cells. CONCLUSION The expression level of ribonucleotide reductase small subunits could serve as biomarkers to predict the malignancy potential of human cancers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyong Liu
- Clinical & Molecular Pharmacology Department, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA
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Suter W. Improving Decision-Making in Drug Development Using In Vitro Toxicology Screening. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.2165/00124363-200721050-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Liu X, Zhou B, Xue L, Shih J, Tye K, Lin W, Qi C, Chu P, Un F, Wen W, Yen Y. Metastasis-suppressing potential of ribonucleotide reductase small subunit p53R2 in human cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:6337-44. [PMID: 17085643 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous gene transfection studies have shown that the accumulation of human ribonucleotide reductase small subunit M2 (hRRM2) enhances cellular transformation, tumorigenesis, and malignancy potential. The latest identified small subunit p53R2 has 80% homology to hRRM2. Here, we investigate the role of p53R2 in cancer invasion and metastasis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The immunohistochemistry was conducted on a tissue array including 49 primary and 59 metastatic colon adenocarcinoma samples to determine the relationship between p53R2 expression and metastasis. A Matrigel invasive chamber was used to sort the highly invasive cells and to evaluate the invasion potential of p53R2. RESULTS Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that p53R2 is negatively related to the metastasis of colon adenocarcinoma samples (odds ratio, 0.23; P<0.05). The decrease of p53R2 is associated with cell invasion potential, which was observed in both p53 wild-type (KB) and mutant (PC-3 and Mia PaCa-2) cell lines. An increase in p53R2 expression by gene transfection significantly reduced the cellular invasion potential to 54% and 30% in KB and PC-3 cells, respectively, whereas inhibition of p53R2 by short interfering RNA resulted in a 3-fold increase in cell migration. CONCLUSIONS Opposite regulation of hRRM2 and p53R2 in invasion potential might play a critical role in determining the invasion and metastasis phenotype in cancer cells. The expression level of ribonucleotide reductase small subunits may serve as a biomarker to predict the malignancy potential of human cancers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyong Liu
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010-3000, USA
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Suter W. Predictive value of in vitro safety studies. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2006; 10:362-6. [PMID: 16815733 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The predictive value of in vitro safety studies is discussed for three important areas of pharmaceutical safety evaluations. In genetic toxicology, currently assays are sensitive for the prediction of cancer, but their overall predictive value is strongly diminished because of their low specificity. In the area of safety pharmacology blockage of hERG channel in vitro has recently been introduced to predict cardiac repolarization delay (QT interval prolongation) in patients. There is a plethora of in vitro methods to predict and characterize liver toxicity. However, little data is available that demonstrate a reliable prediction for hepatotoxicity in vivo over a wide range of chemical structures. In all three areas, further improvements are needed. 'Omics' technologies and new cell lines derived from stem cells are expected to strongly contribute to establish new and more predictive in vitro assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willi Suter
- Exploratory Development, Safety Profiling and Assessment, Novartis Pharma AG, CH 4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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