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Yüzbaşıoğlu Y, Hazar M, Aydın Dilsiz S, Yücel C, Bulut M, Cetinkaya S, Erdem O, Basaran N. Biomonitoring of Oxidative-Stress-Related Genotoxic Damage in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease. TOXICS 2024; 12:69. [PMID: 38251024 PMCID: PMC10819997 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), a common progressive renal failure characterized by the permanent loss of functional nephrons can rapidly progress to end-stage renal disease, which is known to be an irreversible renal failure. In the therapy of ESRD, there are controversial suggestions about the use of regular dialysis, since it is claimed to increase oxidative stress, which may increase mortality in patients. In ESRD, oxidative-stress-related DNA damage is expected to occur, along with increased inflammation. Many factors, including heavy metals, have been suggested to exacerbate the damage in kidneys; therefore, it is important to reveal the relationship between these factors in ESRD patients. There are very few studies showing the role of oxidative-stress-related genotoxic events in the progression of ESRD patients. Within the scope of this study, genotoxic damage was evaluated using the comet assay and 8-OHdG measurement in patients with ESRD who were undergoing hemodialysis. The biochemical changes, the levels of heavy metals (aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury) in the blood, and the oxidative biomarkers, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were evaluated, and their relationship with genotoxic damages was revealed. Genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and heavy-metal levels, except mercury, increased significantly in all renal patients. DNA damage, 8OHdG, and MDA significantly increased, and GSH significantly decreased in patients undergoing dialysis, compared with those not having dialysis. The duration and the severity of disease was positively correlated with increased aluminum levels and moderate positively correlated with increased DNA damage and cadmium levels. In conclusion, this study revealed that the oxidative-stress-related DNA damage, and also the levels of Al and Cd, increased in ESRD patients. It is assumed that these changes may play an important role in the progression of renal damage. Approaches for reducing oxidative-stress-related DNA damage and heavy-metal load in ESRD patients are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yücel Yüzbaşıoğlu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ankara Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, Ankara 06018, Türkiye
| | - Merve Hazar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ağrı İbrahim Cecen University, Ağrı 04100, Türkiye;
| | - Sevtap Aydın Dilsiz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Türkiye;
| | - Ciğdem Yücel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ankara Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, Ankara 06018, Türkiye;
| | - Mesudiye Bulut
- Department of Nephrology, Ankara Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, Ankara 06018, Türkiye;
| | - Serdar Cetinkaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Gülhane Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Sciences University, Ankara 06018, Türkiye; (S.C.); (O.E.)
| | - Onur Erdem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Gülhane Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Sciences University, Ankara 06018, Türkiye; (S.C.); (O.E.)
| | - Nursen Basaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Başkent University, Ankara 06790, Türkiye;
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Samarth RM, Tiwari RR, Modi G, Soni KK, Banjare ML, Ul Hasan S, Jain S. Evaluation of Cytogenetic Alterations in Patients of Chronic Kidney Disease. Indian J Nephrol 2023; 33:259-263. [PMID: 37781554 PMCID: PMC10503583 DOI: 10.4103/ijn.ijn_130_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In recent years, there has been a rise in chronic kidney disease (CKD), and it has been estimated that by 2040, CKD will be the fifth most common cause of death globally. In addition to diabetes, hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease commonly associated with CKD, exposure to various toxins as a result of pollution or industrial disasters is also discussed as a cause for multi-organ pathology including kidneys. Although few cytogenetic studies were undertaken to assess the genetic damage in survivors of the disaster, no studies are available on the cytogenetic damage of toxic-gas exposed population having CKD. Therefore, the present multi-group cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess the independent role of CKD as well as toxic gas exposure on cytogenetics. Methods The cytogenetic alterations were evaluated through chromosomal aberration analysis and micronuclei assay. The study included 608 study participants divided into four groups on the basis of history of exposure to the leaked gas and presence or absence of CKD. Results The results of the study showed no statistically significant difference in cytogenetic damage between gas-exposed and non-exposed patients of CKD, whereas significantly higher cytogenetic damage was observed among gas-exposed participants having CKD compared to gas-exposed participants free from CKD, suggesting that cytogenetic changes could be due to CKD itself. Conclusions Thus, to conclude, the cytogenetic alterations observed in the study can be partly attributed to the disease itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra M. Samarth
- ICMR-Department of Research, Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre (ICMR-BMHRC), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
- ICMR-Department of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, National Institute for Research in Environmental Health (ICMR-NIREH), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rajnarayan R. Tiwari
- ICMR-Department of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, National Institute for Research in Environmental Health (ICMR-NIREH), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Gopesh Modi
- Department of Nephrology, Samarpan Super Specialty Clinics, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Kishore K. Soni
- ICMR-Department of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, National Institute for Research in Environmental Health (ICMR-NIREH), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Mohan. L. Banjare
- Department of Nephrology Kamla Nehru Hospital/Gas Rahat, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Shariq Ul Hasan
- ICMR-Department of Research, Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre (ICMR-BMHRC), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Jain
- Department of Nephrology Kamla Nehru Hospital/Gas Rahat, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Møller P, Stopper H, Collins AR. Measurement of DNA damage with the comet assay in high-prevalence diseases: current status and future directions. Mutagenesis 2021; 35:5-18. [PMID: 31294794 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gez018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The comet assay is widely used in studies on genotoxicity testing, human biomonitoring and clinical studies. The simple version of the assay detects a mixture of DNA strand breaks and alkali-labile sites; these lesions are typically described as DNA strand breaks to distinguish them from oxidatively damaged DNA that are measured with the enzyme-modified comet assay. This review assesses the association between high-prevalence diseases in high-income countries and DNA damage measured with the comet assay in humans. The majority of case-control studies have assessed genotoxicity in white blood cells. Patients with coronary artery disease, diabetes, kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and Alzheimer's disease have on average 2-fold higher levels of DNA strand breaks compared with healthy controls. Patients with coronary artery disease, diabetes, kidney disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease also have 2- to 3-fold higher levels of oxidatively damaged DNA in white blood cells than controls, although there is not a clear difference in DNA damage levels between the different diseases. Case-control studies have shown elevated levels of DNA strand breaks in patients with breast cancer, whereas there are only few studies on colorectal and lung cancers. At present, it is not possible to assess if these neoplastic diseases are associated with a different level of DNA damage compared with non-neoplastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen H, Denmark
| | - Helga Stopper
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Andrew R Collins
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Locken-Castilla A, Pacheco-Pantoja EL, Rodríguez-Brito F, May-Kim S, López-Rivas V, Ceballos-Cruz A. Smoking index, lifestyle factors, and genomic instability assessed by single-cell gel electrophoresis: a cross-sectional study in subjects from Yucatan, Mexico. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:150. [PMID: 31665072 PMCID: PMC6819384 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0745-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is widely accepted that genomic instability is associated with several mechanisms involving oxidative stress, which can increase the rate of DNA breaks. Such factors include smoking, impairments in body composition, an unhealthy lifestyle, and a hereditary history of cancer. The aim was to evaluate the degree of association of genomic instability in smokers and non-smokers, and how the risk could change depending on the lifestyle and other causes. For this purpose, a survey of tobacco consumption, dietary patterns, physical activity, antecedents of cancer, and body composition assessment was carried out. Genomic instability was evaluated through a single-cell gel electrophoresis using peripheral blood mononuclear cells in three different conditions of oxidative stress. The analysis of genomic damage degree was performed through a dimension reduction procedure (principal component analysis) from 16 parameters per treatment (adding up 48 parameters of genomic damage per subject) and a binary logistic regression model for DNA fragmentation risk. RESULTS The sample consisted of 82 participants, divided into three age groups: young adults (18-35 years), adults (36-59 years), and older adults (60-95 years). As expected, the results showed a significant positive correlation of age with genomic damage rates, represented by 2 PCA groups (p = 0.027, p = 0.004). There were consistent significant positive associations of genomic damage rates with smoking index and three PCA groups (p = 0.007, p = 0.004, p = 0.009). The smoking status and age group analysis revealed that there were significant differences for adult smokers with the same aforementioned PCA groups (p = 0.002, p = 0.001, p = 0.010). In addition, higher DNA damage rates were found in subjects with incorrect diet patterns, long sitting hours, and previous exposure to radiation. The analysis with binary logistic regression displayed two models in which lifestyles (age, diet, and/or sedentarism) did not change the significance of smoking index for DNA fragmentation risk; however, when physical activity was present in the model, the smoking index was not a significant factor for DNA damage risk. CONCLUSIONS Although it is well known that smoking affects human health in different ways, DNA fragmentation can be analyzed by a damage phenotypic analysis and integrate a risk analysis reshaped by diet and lifestyle in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Locken-Castilla
- Medicine School, Health Sciences Division, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Km 15.5 Carr. Mérida-Progreso, Mérida, Yucatán México
| | - Elda Leonor Pacheco-Pantoja
- Medicine School, Health Sciences Division, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Km 15.5 Carr. Mérida-Progreso, Mérida, Yucatán México
| | - Fátima Rodríguez-Brito
- Health Sciences Division, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Km 15.5 Carr. Mérida-Progreso, Mérida, Yucatán México
| | - Sherlin May-Kim
- Health Sciences Division, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Km 15.5 Carr. Mérida-Progreso, Mérida, Yucatán México
| | - Victor López-Rivas
- Health Sciences Division, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Km 15.5 Carr. Mérida-Progreso, Mérida, Yucatán México
| | - Angel Ceballos-Cruz
- Health Sciences Division, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Km 15.5 Carr. Mérida-Progreso, Mérida, Yucatán México
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Mamur S, Yuzbasioglu D, Altok K, Unal F, Deger SM. Determination of genotoxic effects in hemodialysis patients with chronic kidney disease and the role of diabetes mellitus and other biochemical parameters. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 844:46-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Mamur S, Ünal F, Yılmaz S, Erikel E, Yüzbaşıoğlu D. Evaluation of the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of mycotoxin fusaric acid. Drug Chem Toxicol 2018; 43:149-157. [PMID: 30204001 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1499772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Fusaric acid (FA) is produced by several Fusarium species and is commonly found in grains. This investigation was performed to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of FA either in human cervix carcinoma (HeLa) cell line using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and in human lymphocytes using chromosome aberrations (CAs), sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), micronuclei (MN) as well as comet assay in vitro. The cells were treated with 0.78, 1.56, 3.125, 6.25, 12.50, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 µg/mL concentrations of FA. It has potent cytotoxic effect on HeLa cell line measured by MTT assay especially at higher concentrations (200, 400 µg/mL). The half of inhibitory concentration (IC50) evidenced by FA in the HeLa cells was 200 μg/mL at 24 h and between 200 and 400 μg/mL at 48 h. It was also observed that FA produced a significant decrease in mitotic index (MI) at 12.50 µg/mL compared to solvent control. Furthermore, it indicated a cytotoxic effect at the concentrations ranging from 25 to 400 μg/mL in human lymphocytes. The results of this research point out that being exposed to FA at high concentrations show cytotoxicity. Besides FA induced comet tail intensity at 3.125, 6.25, and 12.50 µg/mL concentrations in isolated human lymphocytes. On the other hand, no genotoxic effects were seen in human lymphocytes in vitro using CA, SCE and MN assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevcan Mamur
- Life Sciences Application and Research Center, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Ünal
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serkan Yılmaz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Midwifery, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esra Erikel
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Yüzbaşıoğlu
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Mamur S, Yuzbasioglu D, Yılmaz S, Erikel E, Unal F. Assessment of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of enniatin-A in vitro. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1633-1644. [PMID: 29889654 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1486513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Enniatin A (EN-A) is a Fusarium mycotoxin which is a common contaminant in grains and especially in maize and it causes serious loss of product. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay in human cervix carcinoma (HeLa) cell line, and genotoxic effects of EN-A using chromosome aberrations (CAs), sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), micronuclei (MN) and comet assays in human lymphocytes. The cells were treated with 0.07, 0.14, 0.29, 0.57, 1.15, 2.29, 4.59 and 9.17 μM concentrations of EN-A. It exhibited cytotoxic effects in HeLa cell lines especially when the concentrations were increased. The half-inhibitory value (IC50) was determined as 1.15 μM concentration for 24 h and 0.57 μM concentration for 48 h. However, EN-A failed to affect the frequency of CAs, SCEs and MN in human lymphocytes. Only a slight increase was observed in the frequency of SCEs at 0.57 μM concentration over 48 h. The replication (RI) and nuclear division (NDI) indices were not affected. On the contrary, EN-A decreased the mitotic index (MI) significantly at all concentrations compared to the negative control and solvent control (except at 0.29 μM for 24 h, and except at 0.14, 0.29 and 0.57 μM for 48 h). Treatments over 2.29 μM showed toxic effects in human lymphocytes. EN-A significantly increased comet tail intensity (except at 0.07 and 0.57 μM) in isolated human lymphocytes. The results of this study demonstrate that EN-A has an obvious cytotoxic effect especially when the EN-A concentration was increased. In addition, EN-A could exhibit a mild genotoxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevcan Mamur
- a Life Sciences Application and Research Center , Gazi University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Deniz Yuzbasioglu
- b Science Faculty, Department of Biology , Gazi University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Serkan Yılmaz
- c Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Midwifery , Ankara University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Esra Erikel
- b Science Faculty, Department of Biology , Gazi University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Fatma Unal
- b Science Faculty, Department of Biology , Gazi University , Ankara , Turkey
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Pastor S, Coll E, Rodríguez-Ribera L, Stoyanova E, Corredor ZF, Marcos R. Influence of Carnicor, Venofer, and Sevelamer on the levels of genotoxic damage in end-stage renal disease patients. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2018; 59:302-311. [PMID: 29359355 DOI: 10.1002/em.22170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients present high levels of phosphorus and calcium products in serum, which contribute to the development of vascular calcification and cardiovascular disease, and to low iron stores and carnitine deficiency. For these reasons, ESRD patients are generally supplemented with different medicines. Some of the most common treatments include the use of Carnicor, Venofer, and Sevelamer drugs. Carnicor is used as a source of L-carnitine, acting as antioxidant and neuroprotector. Venofer is used to reduce the deficit of iron. Sevelamer is used to treat hyperphosphatemia. To determine the potential harmful genotoxic effects of these drugs, a group of 214 patients included in a hemodialysis program with different intakes of Carnicor, Venofer, and Sevelamer were evaluated. The levels of basal and oxidative DNA damage, as well as chromosomal damage, were measured in all individuals using the comet and the micronucleus assays, respectively. Our results indicate that Carnicor administration was associated with low but significant increases in the frequency of basal DNA damage and micronuclei. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:302-311, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Pastor
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Edifici Cn, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, ISCIII, Spain
| | | | - Lara Rodríguez-Ribera
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Edifici Cn, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
| | - Elitsa Stoyanova
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Edifici Cn, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
| | - Zuray F Corredor
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Edifici Cn, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
| | - Ricard Marcos
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Edifici Cn, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, ISCIII, Spain
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Corredor Z, Rodríguez-Ribera L, Silva I, Díaz JM, Ballarín J, Marcos R, Coll E, Pastor S. Levels of DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients undergoing standard hemodialysis vs on-line hemodiafiltration: A comet assay investigation. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 808:1-7. [PMID: 27637480 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients exhibit high levels of genetic damage. Part of this genetic damage is supposed to be caused by the hemodialysis (HD) therapy. Different and more efficient HD procedures could reduce the genetic damage and improve health status of CKD patients. In the present study, we analyzed if changing to online hemodiafiltration (OL-HDF) has a beneficial effect on the levels of genetic damage. The levels of genetic damage (DNA breaks and oxidatively damaged DNA) were analyzed in peripheral blood lymphocytes by using the comet assay. Forty-nine patients submitted to HD, 34 of them changing to OL-HDF and 15 patients continuing in low-flux HD, were included in the study. Plasma antioxidant capacity was also determined. Second sampling period was established after 6 months on the new or traditional HD protocol. A slight decrease in the levels of DNA damage was observed in patients who switched to OL-HDF (P=0.048) in relation to the reference group. This reduction is indicative that OL-HDF shows greater efficiency than low-flux HD in the reduction of basal levels of genetic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuray Corredor
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Edifici C, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Lara Rodríguez-Ribera
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Edifici C, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Ricard Marcos
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Edifici C, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Susana Pastor
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Edifici C, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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