1
|
Microcantilever: Dynamical Response for Mass Sensing and Fluid Characterization. SENSORS 2020; 21:s21010115. [PMID: 33375431 PMCID: PMC7795892 DOI: 10.3390/s21010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A microcantilever is a suspended micro-scale beam structure supported at one end which can bend and/or vibrate when subjected to a load. Microcantilevers are one of the most fundamental miniaturized devices used in microelectromechanical systems and are ubiquitous in sensing, imaging, time reference, and biological/biomedical applications. They are typically built using micro and nanofabrication techniques derived from the microelectronics industry and can involve microelectronics-related materials, polymeric materials, and biological materials. This work presents a comprehensive review of the rich dynamical response of a microcantilever and how it has been used for measuring the mass and rheological properties of Newtonian/non-Newtonian fluids in real time, in ever-decreasing space and time scales, and with unprecedented resolution.
Collapse
|
2
|
|
3
|
Fitzgerald JE, Fenniri H. Biomimetic Cross-Reactive Sensor Arrays: Prospects in Biodiagnostics. RSC Adv 2016; 6:80468-80484. [PMID: 28217300 PMCID: PMC5312755 DOI: 10.1039/c6ra16403j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomimetic cross-reactive sensor arrays have been used to detect and analyze a wide variety of vapour and liquid components in applications such as food science, public health and safety, and diagnostics. As technology has advanced over the past three decades, these systems have become selective, sensitive, and affordable. Currently, the need for non-invasive and accurate devices for early disease diagnosis remains a challenge. This review provides an overview of the various types of Biomimetic cross-reactive sensor arrays (also referred to as electronic noses and tongues in the literature), their current use and future directions, and an outlook for future technological development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Fitzgerald
- Northeastern University, Department of Chemical Engineering, 313 Snell Engineering Center, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115-5000, USA
| | - H Fenniri
- Northeastern University, Department of Chemical Engineering, 313 Snell Engineering Center, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115-5000, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bose S, Schmid S, Larsen T, Keller SS, Sommer-Larsen P, Boisen A, Almdal K. Micromechanical String Resonators: Analytical Tool for Thermal Characterization of Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2014; 3:55-58. [PMID: 35651109 DOI: 10.1021/mz400470n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Resonant microstrings show promise as a new analytical tool for thermal characterization of polymers with only few nanograms of sample. The detection of the glass transition temperature (Tg) of an amorphous poly(d,l-lactide) (PDLLA) and a semicrystalline poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) is investigated. The polymers are spray coated on one side of the resonating microstrings. The resonance frequency and quality factor (Q) are measured simultaneously as a function of temperature. Change in the resonance frequency reflects a change in static tensile stress, which yields information about the Young's modulus of the polymer, and a change in Q reflects the change in damping of the polymer-coated string. The frequency response of the microstring is validated with an analytical model. From the frequency independent tensile stress change, static Tg values of 40.6 and 57.6 °C were measured for PDLLA and PLLA, respectively. The frequency-dependent damping from Q indicates higher Tg values of 62.6 and 88.8 °C for PDLLA and PLLA, respectively, at ∼105 Hz. Resonant microstrings facilitate thermal analysis of nanogram polymer samples measuring the static and a dynamic glass transition temperature simultaneously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjukta Bose
- Department
of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Silvan Schmid
- Department
of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tom Larsen
- Department
of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stephan S. Keller
- Department
of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Sommer-Larsen
- Department
of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Energy Conversion, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Anja Boisen
- Department
of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Almdal
- Department
of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bose S, Keller SS, Alstrøm TS, Boisen A, Almdal K. Process optimization of ultrasonic spray coating of polymer films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:6911-6919. [PMID: 23631433 DOI: 10.1021/la4010246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work we have performed a detailed study of the influence of various parameters on spray coating of polymer films. Our aim is to produce polymer films of uniform thickness (500 nm to 1 μm) and low roughness compared to the film thickness. The coatings are characterized with respect to thickness, roughness (profilometer), and morphology (optical microscopy). Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is used to do a full factorial design of experiments with selected process parameters such as temperature, distance between spray nozzle and substrate, and speed of the spray nozzle. A mathematical model is developed for statistical analysis which identifies the distance between nozzle and substrate as the most significant parameter. Depending on the drying of the sprayed droplets on the substrate, we define two broad regimes, "dry" and "wet". The optimum condition of spraying lies in a narrow window between these two regimes, where we obtain a film of desired quality. Both with increasing nozzle-substrate distance and temperature, the deposition moves from a wet state to a dry regime. Similar results are also achieved for solvents with low boiling points. Finally, we study film formation during spray coating with poly (D,L-lactide) (PDLLA). The results confirm the processing knowledge obtained with PVP and indicate that the observed trends are identical for spraying of other polymer films.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjukta Bose
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
WANG CY, WANG DY, WANG GX, HU XY. Determination of Lysozyme Using Microcantilever Sensor Based on Atomic Force Microscopy. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(09)60082-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
7
|
Dong Y, Gao W, Zhou Q, Zheng Y, You Z. Characterization of the gas sensors based on polymer-coated resonant microcantilevers for the detection of volatile organic compounds. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 671:85-91. [PMID: 20541647 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The gas sensors based on polymer-coated resonant microcantilevers for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) detection are investigated. A method to characterize the gas sensors through sensor calibration is proposed. The expressions for the estimation of the characteristic parameters are derived. The effect of the polymer coating location on the sensor's sensitivity is investigated and the formula to calculate the polymer-analyte partition coefficient without knowing the polymer coating features is presented for the first time. Three polymers: polyethyleneoxide (PEO), polyethylenevinylacetate (PEVA) and polyvinylalcohol (PVA) are used to perform the experiments. Six organic solvents: toluene, benzene, ethanol, acetone, hexane and octane are used as analytes. The response time, reversibility, hydrophilicity, sensitivity and selectivity of the polymer layers are discussed. According to the results, highly sensitive sensors for each of the analytes are proposed. Based on the characterization method, a convenient and flexible way to the construction of electric nose system by the polymer-coated resonant microcantilevers can be achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Dong
- Department of Precision Instrument and Mechanology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Microfabricated cantilever sensors have attracted much interest in recent years as devices for the fast and reliable detection of small concentrations of molecules in air and solution. In addition to application of such sensors for gas and chemical-vapor sensing, for example as an artificial nose, they have also been employed to measure physical properties of tiny amounts of materials in miniaturized versions of conventional standard techniques such as calorimetry, thermogravimetry, weighing, photothermal spectroscopy, as well as for monitoring chemical reactions such as catalysis on small surfaces. In the past few years, the cantilever-sensor concept has been extended to biochemical applications and as an analytical device for measurements of biomaterials. Because of the label-free detection principle of cantilever sensors, their small size and scalability, this kind of device is advantageous for diagnostic applications and disease monitoring, as well as for genomics or proteomics purposes. The use of microcantilever arrays enables detection of several analytes simultaneously and solves the inherent problem of thermal drift often present when using single microcantilever sensors, as some of the cantilevers can be used as sensor cantilevers for detection, and other cantilevers serve as passivated reference cantilevers that do not exhibit affinity to the molecules to be detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Bhushan
- Ohio State University, Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio- and Nanotechnology and Biomimetics (NLB2), 201 W. 19th Avenue, 43210-1142 Columbus, OH USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yoshikawa G, Lang HP, Akiyama T, Aeschimann L, Staufer U, Vettiger P, Aono M, Sakurai T, Gerber C. Sub-ppm detection of vapors using piezoresistive microcantilever array sensors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:015501. [PMID: 19417252 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/1/015501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The performance of microfabricated piezoresistive cantilever array sensors has been evaluated using various vapors of volatile organic compounds including alkanes with different chain length from 5 (n-pentane) to 14 (n-tetradecane). We demonstrate that piezoresistive microcantilever array sensors have the selectivity of discriminating individual alkanes in a homologous series as well as common volatile organic compounds according to principal component analysis. We developed a new method to evaluate the sensitivity, taking advantage of the low vapor pressures of alkanes with longer chains, such as n-dodecane, n-tridecane and n-tetradecane, under saturated vapor conditions. This method reveals sub-ppm sensitivity and the cantilever response is found to follow the mass of evaporated analytes as calculated using a quantitative model based on the Langmuir evaporation model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genki Yoshikawa
- National Center of Competence for Research in Nanoscience (NCCR), Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cox R, Josse F, Wenzel MJ, Heinrich SM, Dufour I. Generalized Model of Resonant Polymer-Coated Microcantilevers in Viscous Liquid Media. Anal Chem 2008; 80:5760-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac800269x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Russell Cox
- Microsensor Research Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53223, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, and IMS Laboratory, Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS, Talence, France
| | - Fabien Josse
- Microsensor Research Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53223, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, and IMS Laboratory, Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS, Talence, France
| | - Michael J. Wenzel
- Microsensor Research Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53223, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, and IMS Laboratory, Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS, Talence, France
| | - Stephen M. Heinrich
- Microsensor Research Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53223, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, and IMS Laboratory, Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS, Talence, France
| | - Isabelle Dufour
- Microsensor Research Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53223, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, and IMS Laboratory, Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS, Talence, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang C, Wang D, Mao Y, Hu X. Ultrasensitive biochemical sensors based on microcantilevers of atomic force microscope. Anal Biochem 2007; 363:1-11. [PMID: 17276384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2006] [Revised: 11/23/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengyin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|