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Wei H, Sun B, Zhang S, Tang J. Magnetoactive Millirobots with Ternary Phase Transition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:3944-3954. [PMID: 38214466 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Magnetoactive soft millirobots have made significant advances in programmable deformation, multimodal locomotion, and untethered manipulation in unreachable regions. However, the inherent limitations are manifested in the solid-phase millirobot as limited deformability and in the liquid-phase millirobot as low stiffness. Herein, we propose a ternary-state magnetoactive millirobot based on a phase transitional polymer embedded with magnetic nanoparticles. The millirobot can reversibly transit among the liquid, solid, and viscous-fluid phases through heating and cooling. The liquid-phase millirobot has elastic deformation and mobility for unimpeded navigation in a constrained space. The viscous-fluid phase millirobot shows irreversible deformation and large ductility. The solid-phase millirobot shows good shape stability and controllable locomotion. Moreover, the ternary-state magnetoactive millirobot can achieve prominent capabilities including stiffness change and shape reconfiguration through phase transition. The millirobot can perform potential functions of navigation in complex terrain, three-dimensional circuit connection, and simulated treatment in a stomach model. This magnetoactive millirobot may find new applications in flexible electronics and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huangsan Wei
- State Key Lab for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Bonan Sun
- State Key Lab for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Shengyuan Zhang
- State Key Lab for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jingda Tang
- State Key Lab for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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Vera D, García-Díaz M, Torras N, Álvarez M, Villa R, Martinez E. Engineering Tissue Barrier Models on Hydrogel Microfluidic Platforms. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:13920-13933. [PMID: 33739812 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tissue barriers play a crucial role in human physiology by establishing tissue compartmentalization and regulating organ homeostasis. At the interface between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and flowing fluids, epithelial and endothelial barriers are responsible for solute and gas exchange. In the past decade, microfluidic technologies and organ-on-chip devices became popular as in vitro models able to recapitulate these biological barriers. However, in conventional microfluidic devices, cell barriers are primarily grown on hard polymeric membranes within polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) channels that do not mimic the cell-ECM interactions nor allow the incorporation of other cellular compartments such as stromal tissue or vascular structures. To develop models that accurately account for the different cellular and acellular compartments of tissue barriers, researchers have integrated hydrogels into microfluidic setups for tissue barrier-on-chips, either as cell substrates inside the chip, or as self-contained devices. These biomaterials provide the soft mechanical properties of tissue barriers and allow the embedding of stromal cells. Combining hydrogels with microfluidics technology provides unique opportunities to better recreate in vitro the tissue barrier models including the cellular components and the functionality of the in vivo tissues. Such platforms have the potential of greatly improving the predictive capacities of the in vitro systems in applications such as drug development, or disease modeling. Nevertheless, their development is not without challenges in their microfabrication. In this review, we will discuss the recent advances driving the fabrication of hydrogel microfluidic platforms and their applications in multiple tissue barrier models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vera
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- Biomimetic Systems for Cell Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - María García-Díaz
- Biomimetic Systems for Cell Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Núria Torras
- Biomimetic Systems for Cell Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Mar Álvarez
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Rosa Villa
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Elena Martinez
- Biomimetic Systems for Cell Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER), Madrid 28029, Spain
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
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Tenje M, Cantoni F, Porras Hernández AM, Searle SS, Johansson S, Barbe L, Antfolk M, Pohlit H. A practical guide to microfabrication and patterning of hydrogels for biomimetic cell culture scaffolds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ooc.2020.100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Wang X, Hou Y, Ai X, Sun J, Xu B, Meng X, Zhang Y, Zhang S. Potential applications of microfluidics based blood brain barrier (BBB)-on-chips for in vitro drug development. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110822. [PMID: 33059264 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a complex multi-dimensional reticular barrier system composed of cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes and a variety of neurons. The conventional in vitro cell culture model fails to truly present the dynamic hemodynamics of BBB and the interaction between neurons. And it is even more impossible to explore brain-related multi-organ diseases, which brings huge obstacles to explore diseases of the central nervous system and the interaction between brain-related multi-organs, and evaluate drug efficacy. Miniaturized microfluidics based BBB chips are being commonly used to co-culture a variety of cells on a small-sized chip to construct a three-dimensional (3D) BBB or BBB-related organ disease models. By combining with other electrophysiological, biochemical sensors or equipment and imaging systems, it can in real time and quickly screen disease-related markers and evaluate drug efficacy. This review systematically summarized the research progress of in vitro BBB and BBB-related organ chips, and analyzed the obstacles of BBB models in depth. Parallelly combined with the current research trends and hot spots, we give the further improvement measures of microfluidic BBB chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ya Hou
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xiaopeng Ai
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jiayi Sun
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Binjie Xu
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Sanyin Zhang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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Aziz AA, Lim KB, Rahman EKA, Nurmawati MH, Zuruzi AS. Agar with embedded channels to study root growth. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14231. [PMID: 32859972 PMCID: PMC7455560 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71076-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Agar have long been used as a growth media for plants. Here, we made agar media with embedded fluidic channels to study the effect of exposure to nutrient solution on root growth and pull-out force. Black Eye bean (Vigna Unguiculata) and Mung bean (Vigna Radiata) were used in this study due to their rapid root development. Agar media were fabricated using casting process with removable cores to form channels which were subsequently filled with nutrient solution. Upon germination, beans were transplanted onto the agar media and allowed to grow. Pull-out force was determined at 96, 120 and 144 h after germination by applying a force on the hypocotyl above the gel surface. The effect of nutrients was investigated by comparing corresponding data obtained from control plants which have not been exposed to nutrient solution. Pull-out force of Black Eye bean plantlets grown in agar with nutrient solution in channels was greater than those grown in gel without nutrients and was 110% greater after 144 h of germination. Pull-out force of Mung bean plantlets grown in agar with and without nutrient solution was similar. Tap root lengths of Black Eye bean and Mung Bean plantlets grown in agar with nutrient solution are shorter than those grown without nutrient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azlan Abdul Aziz
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei
| | - Kai Boon Lim
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei
| | | | | | - Abu Samah Zuruzi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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