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Sadat Hashemi T, Jaiswal S, McCarthy HO, Levingstone TJ, Dunne NJ. Biofunctionalisation of porous additively manufactured magnesium-based alloys for Orthopaedic applications: A review. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2025; 169:214170. [PMID: 39793150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.214170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 12/05/2024] [Accepted: 12/27/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2025]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) alloys have gained significant attention as a desirable choice of biodegradable implant for use in bone repair applications, largely owing to their unique material properties. More recently, Mg and Mg-based alloys have been used as load-bearing metallic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications, offering promising opportunities in the field. The mechanical properties and relative density of Mg-based alloys closely approximate those of natural human bone tissue, thereby mitigating the risk of stress-shielding effects. Furthermore, the inherent biodegradability of Mg-based alloys eliminates the necessity for a second surgical procedure for the removal of the implant, a frequent requirement with conventional non-degradable implants. However, a notable challenge remains in managing the high corrosion rate of Mg and Mg-based alloys within physiological environments to ensure that they meet the necessary functional requirements. Consequently, a comprehensive analysis and understanding of the corrosion behaviour of Mg and Mg-based alloys, coupled with optimisation of their surface properties, assume pivotal significance to ensure successful clinical application. The personalized 3D printing of Mg and Mg-based alloy implants represents a paradigm shift, offering a plethora of advantages, foremost among them being the enhancement of the bone healing process facilitated by the degradable porous structure conducive to bone ingrowth. Also, the emergence of surface functionalisation techniques for Mg-based implants amalgamates the mechanical and degradation properties inherent to metals with the enhanced biofunctionality offered by these coatings. This synergy presents a highly promising avenue for using Mg-based implants as temporary orthopaedic and dental solutions. This comprehensive review provides a detailed analysis of recent advancements encompassing alloying elements, additive manufacturing processes, lattice structures and biofunctionalised coatings to tailor the corrosion resistance, mechanical properties and biocompatibility of Mg-based orthopaedic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Sadat Hashemi
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland; Centre for Medical Engineering Research, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (I-Form), School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Satish Jaiswal
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland; Centre for Medical Engineering Research, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Helen O McCarthy
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Rd, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Tanya J Levingstone
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland; Centre for Medical Engineering Research, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (I-Form), School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland; Biodesign Europe, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland; Tissue, Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Processing Technology Research Centre, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicholas J Dunne
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland; Centre for Medical Engineering Research, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (I-Form), School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland; School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Rd, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom; Biodesign Europe, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland; Tissue, Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Processing Technology Research Centre, Dublin City University, D09 NA55 Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland.
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Jia R, He Y, Liang J, Duan L, Ma C, Lu T, Liu W, Li S, Wu H, Cao H, Li T, He Y. Preparation of biocompatibility coating on magnesium alloy surface by sodium alginate and carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogel. iScience 2024; 27:109197. [PMID: 38433902 PMCID: PMC10904997 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnesium alloy is an excellent material for biodegradable cerebrovascular stents. However, the rapid degradation rate of magnesium alloy will make stent unstable. To improve the biocompatibility of magnesium alloy, in this study, biodegradable sodium alginate and carboxymethyl chitosan (SA/CMCS) was used to coat onto hydrothermally treated the surface of magnesium alloy by a dipping coating method. The results show that the SA/CMCS coating facilitates the growth, proliferation, and migration of endothelial cells and promotes neovascularization. Moreover, the SA/CMCS coating suppresses macrophage activation while promoting their transformation into M2 type macrophages. Overall, the SA/CMCS coating demonstrates positive effects on the safety and biocompatibility of magnesium alloy after implantation, and provide a promising therapy for the treatment of intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufeng Jia
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
- Henan Provincial NeuroInterventional Engineering Research Center, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, and Henan Engineering Research Center of Cerebrovascular Intervention Innovation, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Yanyan He
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
- Henan Provincial NeuroInterventional Engineering Research Center, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, and Henan Engineering Research Center of Cerebrovascular Intervention Innovation, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Jia Liang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
- Henan Provincial NeuroInterventional Engineering Research Center, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, and Henan Engineering Research Center of Cerebrovascular Intervention Innovation, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Lin Duan
- Henan Provincial NeuroInterventional Engineering Research Center, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, and Henan Engineering Research Center of Cerebrovascular Intervention Innovation, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Chi Ma
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
- Henan Provincial NeuroInterventional Engineering Research Center, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, and Henan Engineering Research Center of Cerebrovascular Intervention Innovation, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Taoyuan Lu
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
- Henan Provincial NeuroInterventional Engineering Research Center, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, and Henan Engineering Research Center of Cerebrovascular Intervention Innovation, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
- Henan Provincial NeuroInterventional Engineering Research Center, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, and Henan Engineering Research Center of Cerebrovascular Intervention Innovation, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Shikai Li
- Henan Provincial NeuroInterventional Engineering Research Center, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, and Henan Engineering Research Center of Cerebrovascular Intervention Innovation, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Haigang Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Huixia Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Immunology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Tianxiao Li
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
- Henan Provincial NeuroInterventional Engineering Research Center, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, and Henan Engineering Research Center of Cerebrovascular Intervention Innovation, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Yingkun He
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
- Henan Provincial NeuroInterventional Engineering Research Center, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, and Henan Engineering Research Center of Cerebrovascular Intervention Innovation, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
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Natural Coatings and Surface Modifications on Magnesium Alloys for Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235297. [PMID: 36501691 PMCID: PMC9740093 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) alloys have great potential in biomedical applications due to their incomparable properties regarding other metals, such as stainless steels, Co-Cr alloys, and titanium (Ti) alloys. However, when Mg engages with body fluids, its degradation rate increases, inhibiting the complete healing of bone tissue. For this reason, it has been necessary to implement protective coatings to control the rate of degradation. This review focuses on natural biopolymer coatings used on Mg alloys for resorbable biomedical applications, as well as some modification techniques implemented before applying natural polymer coatings to improve their performance. Issues such as improving the corrosion resistance, cell adhesion, proliferation, and biodegradability of natural biopolymers are discussed through their basic comparison with inorganic-type coatings. Emphasis is placed on the expected biological behavior of each natural polymer described, to provide basic information as a reference on this topic.
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Potential bioactive coating system for high-performance absorbable magnesium bone implants. Bioact Mater 2022; 12:42-63. [PMID: 35087962 PMCID: PMC8777287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium alloys are considered the most suitable absorbable metals for bone fracture fixation implants. The main challenge in absorbable magnesium alloys is their high corrosion/degradation rate that needs to be controlled. Various coatings have been applied to magnesium alloys to slow down their corrosion rates to match their corrosion rate to the regeneration rate of the bone fracture. In this review, a bioactive coating is proposed to slow down the corrosion rate of magnesium alloys and accelerate the bone fracture healing process. The main aim of the bioactive coatings is to enhance the direct attachment of living tissues and thereby facilitate osteoconduction. Hydroxyapatite, collagen type I, recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins 2, simvastatin, zoledronate, and strontium are six bioactive agents that show high potential for developing a bioactive coating system for high-performance absorbable magnesium bone implants. In addition to coating, the substrate itself can be made bioactive by alloying magnesium with calcium, zinc, copper, and manganese that were found to promote bone regeneration. Bioactive-coated magnesium implant could accelerate bone fracture healing time to match with magnesium degradation. Hydroxyapatite, collagen type I, recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins 2, simvastatin, zoledronate, and strontium are high potential bioactive coating materials. The incorporation of Ca, Zn, Cu, Sr, and Mn in Mg base-metal could further enhance bone formation.
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Zhu Y, Liu W, Ngai T. Polymer coatings on magnesium‐based implants for orthopedic applications. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin N. T. Hong Kong
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin N. T. Hong Kong
| | - To Ngai
- Department of Chemistry The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin N. T. Hong Kong
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A Comprehensive Review on Surface Modifications of Biodegradable Magnesium-Based Implant Alloy: Polymer Coatings Opportunities and Challenges. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11070747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of biodegradable implants is certainly intriguing, and magnesium and its alloys are considered significant among the various biodegradable materials. Nevertheless, the fast degradation, the generation of a significant amount of hydrogen gas, and the escalation in the pH value of the body solution are significant barriers to their use as an implant material. The appropriate approach is able to solve this issue, resulting in a decrease the rate of Mg degradation, which can be accomplished by alloying, surface adjustment, and mechanical treatment. Surface modification is a practical option because it not only improves corrosion resistance but also prepares a treated surface to improve bone regeneration and cell attachment. Metal coatings, ceramic coatings, and permanent polymers were shown to minimize degradation rates, but inflammation and foreign body responses were also suggested. In contrast to permanent materials, the bioabsorbable polymers normally show the desired biocompatibility. In order to improve the performance of drugs, they are generally encapsulated in biodegradable polymers. This study summarized the most recent advancements in manufacturing polymeric coatings on Mg alloys. The related corrosion resistance enhancement strategies and future potentials are discussed. Ultimately, the major challenges and difficulties are presented with aim of the development of polymer-coated Mg-based implant materials.
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Abstract
Functionalization of protein-based materials by incorporation of organic and inorganic compounds has emerged as an active research area due to their improved properties and diversified applications. The present review provides an overview of the functionalization of protein-based materials by incorporating TiO2 nanoparticles. Their effects on technological (mechanical, thermal, adsorptive, gas-barrier, and water-related) and functional (antimicrobial, photodegradation, ultraviolet (UV)-protective, wound-healing, and biocompatibility) properties are also discussed. In general, protein–TiO2 hybrid materials are biodegradable and exhibit improved tensile strength, elasticity, thermal stability, oxygen and water resistance in a TiO2 concentration-dependent response. Nonetheless, they showed enhanced antimicrobial and UV-protective effects with good biocompatibility on different cell lines. The main applications of protein–TiO2 are focused on the development of eco-friendly and active packaging materials, biomedical (tissue engineering, bone regeneration, biosensors, implantable human motion devices, and wound-healing membranes), food preservation (meat, fruits, and fish oil), pharmaceutical (empty capsule shell), environmental remediation (removal and degradation of diverse water pollutants), anti-corrosion, and textiles. According to the evidence, protein–TiO2 hybrid composites exhibited potential applications; however, standardized protocols for their preparation are needed for industrial-scale implementation.
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Rahman M, Dutta NK, Roy Choudhury N. Magnesium Alloys With Tunable Interfaces as Bone Implant Materials. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:564. [PMID: 32587850 PMCID: PMC7297987 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) based biodegradable materials are a new generation orthopedic implant materials that are intended to possess same mechanical properties as that of bone. Mg alloys are considered as promising substitutes to permanent implants due to their biodegradability in the physiological environment. However, rapid corrosion rate is one of the major constraints of using Mg alloys in clinical applications in spite of their excellent biocompatibility. Approaches to overcome the limitations include the selection of adequate alloying elements, proper surface treatment, surface modification with coating to control the degradation rate. This review focuses on current advances on surface engineering of Mg based biomaterials for biomedical applications. The review begins with a description of corrosion mechanism of Mg alloy, the requirement for appropriate surface functionalization/coatings, their structure-property-performance relationship, and suitability for biomedical applications. The control of physico-chemical properties such as wettability, surface morphology, surface chemistry, and surface functional groups of the coating tailored by various approaches forms the pivotal part of the review. Chemical surface treatment offers initial protection from corrosion and inorganic coating like hydroxyapatite (HA) improves the biocompatibility of the substrate. Considering the demand of ideal implant materials, multilayer hybrid coatings on Mg alloy in combination with chemical pretreatment or inorganic HA coating, and protein-based polymer coating could be a promising technique to improve corrosion resistance and promote biocompatibility of Mg-based alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Namita Roy Choudhury
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Tang X, Zhang X, Chen Y, Zhang W, Qian J, Soliman H, Qu A, Liu Q, Pu S, Huang N, Wan G. Ultraviolet irradiation assisted liquid phase deposited titanium dioxide (TiO2)-incorporated into phytic acid coating on magnesium for slowing-down biodegradation and improving osteo-compatibility. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 108:110487. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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