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Sun W, Zhu C, Song J, Ji SC, Jiang BP, Liang H, Shen XC. Hydrogen Sulfide Gas Amplified ROS Cascade: FeS@GOx Hybrid Nanozyme Designed for Boosting Tumor Chemodynamic Immunotherapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300385. [PMID: 37040018 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemodynamic immunotherapy that utilizes catalysts to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) for killing tumor cells and arousing antitumor immunity has received considerable attention. However, it is still restricted by low ROS production efficiency and insufficient immune activation, due to intricate redox homeostasis in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Herein, a metalloprotein-like hybrid nanozyme (FeS@GOx) is designed by in situ growth of nanozyme (ferrous sulfide, FeS) in a natural enzyme (glucose oxidase, GOx) to amplify ROS cascade for boosting chemodynamic immunotherapy. In FeS@GOx, GOx allows the conversion of endogenous glucose to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide, which provides favorable increasing hydrogen peroxide for subsequent Fenton reaction of FeS nanozymes, thus reinforcing ROS production. Notably, hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) release is activated by the gluconic acid generation-related pH decrease, which can suppress the activity of endogenous thioredoxin reductase and catalase to further inhibit ROS elimination. Thus, FeS@GOx can sustainably amplify ROS accumulation and perturb intracellular redox homeostasis to improve chemodynamic therapy and trigger robust immunogenic cell death for effective immunotherapy combined with immune checkpoint blockade. This work proposes a feasible H2 S amplified ROS cascade strategy employing a bioinspired hybrid nanozyme, providing a novel pathway to multi-enzyme-mediated TME modulation for precise and efficient chemodynamic immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China
| | - Chengyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China
| | - Juan Song
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Chen Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China
| | - Bang-Ping Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Can Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China
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2
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Vercellino S, Kokalari I, Liz Cantoral M, Petseva V, Cursi L, Casoli F, Castagnola V, Boselli L, Fenoglio I. Biological interactions of ferromagnetic iron oxide-carbon nanohybrids with alveolar epithelial cells. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:3514-3526. [PMID: 35603779 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00220e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been largely investigated in a plethora of biological fields for their interesting physical-chemical properties, which make them suitable for application in cancer therapy, neuroscience, and imaging. Several encouraging results have been reported in these contexts. However, the possible toxic effects of some IONP formulations can limit their applicability. In this work, IONPs were synthesized with a carbon shell (IONP@C), providing enhanced stability both as colloidal dispersion and in the biological environment. We conducted a careful multiparametric evaluation of IONP@C biological interactions in vitro, providing them with an in vivo-like biological identity. Our hybrid nanoformulation showed no cytotoxic effects on a widely employed model of alveolar epithelial cells for a variety of concentrations and exposure times. The IONP@C were efficiently internalized and TEM analysis allowed the protective role of the carbon shell against intracellular degradation to be assessed. Intracellular redistribution of the IONP@C from the lysosomes to the lamellar bodies was also observed after 72 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Vercellino
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Ida Kokalari
- Dept. of Chemistry, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy. .,Delft University of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ DELFT, The Netherlands
| | - Mayra Liz Cantoral
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. .,Dept. of Chemistry, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Vanya Petseva
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Lorenzo Cursi
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Francesca Casoli
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism (IMEM), National Research Council (CNR), Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Valentina Castagnola
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. .,Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Luca Boselli
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. .,Nanobiointeractions and Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Ivana Fenoglio
- Dept. of Chemistry, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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Lee K, Jung I, Odom TW. Delivery Order of Nanoconstructs Affects Intracellular Trafficking by Endosomes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5274-5279. [PMID: 35302362 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports how the endosomal pathways of nanoparticle (NP) constructs with different surface curvatures are affected by their order of delivery. Sequential incubation of cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG)-conjugated spiky and spherical gold NPs with macrophages resulted in different nanoconstruct ratios at the interior edges of endosomes. Application of spiky NPs after spherical NPs accelerated the formation of late-stage endosomes and resulted in larger endosomes, and the spherical NPs were enclosed by the spiky NPs. In contrast, the reverse incubation order produced an asymmetric distribution of the two nanoconstruct shapes in smaller endosomes. Macrophages with a higher proportion of the enclosed spherical NPs as well as a larger ratio of spiky to spherical NPs at the endosomal edge showed enhanced toll-like receptor 9 activation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Our results indicate that the subcellular trafficking of targeting nanoconstructs by vesicles is affected by both the delivery order and the endosomal distribution. Our study also establishes a new approach for nanoscale monitoring of intracellular therapeutics delivery with conventional electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwahun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Insub Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Teri W Odom
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Transmission Electron Microscopy as a Powerful Tool to Investigate the Interaction of Nanoparticles with Subcellular Structures. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312789. [PMID: 34884592 PMCID: PMC8657944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomedical research necessarily involves the study of the interactions between nanoparticulates and the biological environment. Transmission electron microscopy has proven to be a powerful tool in providing information about nanoparticle uptake, biodistribution and relationships with cell and tissue components, thanks to its high resolution. This article aims to overview the transmission electron microscopy techniques used to explore the impact of nanoconstructs on biological systems, highlighting the functional value of ultrastructural morphology, histochemistry and microanalysis as well as their fundamental contribution to the advancement of nanomedicine.
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Streubel-Gallasch L, Giusti V, Sandre M, Tessari I, Plotegher N, Giusto E, Masato A, Iovino L, Battisti I, Arrigoni G, Shimshek D, Greggio E, Tremblay ME, Bubacco L, Erlandsson A, Civiero L. Parkinson's Disease-Associated LRRK2 Interferes with Astrocyte-Mediated Alpha-Synuclein Clearance. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3119-3140. [PMID: 33629273 PMCID: PMC8257537 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02327-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative, progressive disease without a cure. To prevent PD onset or at least limit neurodegeneration, a better understanding of the underlying cellular and molecular disease mechanisms is crucial. Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene represent one of the most common causes of familial PD. In addition, LRRK2 variants are risk factors for sporadic PD, making LRRK2 an attractive therapeutic target. Mutations in LRRK2 have been linked to impaired alpha-synuclein (α-syn) degradation in neurons. However, in which way pathogenic LRRK2 affects α-syn clearance by astrocytes, the major glial cell type of the brain, remains unclear. The impact of astrocytes on PD progression has received more attention and recent data indicate that astrocytes play a key role in α-syn-mediated pathology. In the present study, we aimed to compare the capacity of wild-type astrocytes and astrocytes carrying the PD-linked G2019S mutation in Lrrk2 to ingest and degrade fibrillary α-syn. For this purpose, we used two different astrocyte culture systems that were exposed to sonicated α-syn for 24 h and analyzed directly after the α-syn pulse or 6 days later. To elucidate the impact of LRRK2 on α-syn clearance, we performed various analyses, including complementary imaging, transmission electron microscopy, and proteomic approaches. Our results show that astrocytes carrying the G2019S mutation in Lrrk2 exhibit a decreased capacity to internalize and degrade fibrillar α-syn via the endo-lysosomal pathway. In addition, we demonstrate that the reduction of α-syn internalization in the Lrrk2 G2019S astrocytes is linked to annexin A2 (AnxA2) loss of function. Together, our findings reveal that astrocytic LRRK2 contributes to the clearance of extracellular α-syn aggregates through an AnxA2-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michele Sandre
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,PNC, Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Anna Masato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Battisti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Giorgio Arrigoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,CRIBI Biotechnology Center, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Derya Shimshek
- Novartis Institutes of BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Erlandsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Laura Civiero
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy. .,IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy.
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Salah E, Abouelfetouh MM, Pan Y, Chen D, Xie S. Solid lipid nanoparticles for enhanced oral absorption: A review. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 196:111305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Reinholz J, Landfester K, Mailänder V. The challenges of oral drug delivery via nanocarriers. Drug Deliv 2018; 25:1694-1705. [PMID: 30394120 PMCID: PMC6225504 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1501119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral application of pharmaceuticals is unarguably the most convenient method of application. Especially for protein- or peptide-based drugs, however, the effectiveness is significantly reduced due to enzymatic digestion in the stomach as well as a poor bioavailability in the small intestine. For these difficult formulations, the encapsulation into nanocarriers would protect the sensitive drug and thus could considerably improve the efficiency of oral drug delivery. In the last years, many candidate biodegradable nanomaterials for such carrier systems have been published. However, before the cargo can be released, the nanocarrier needs to cross multiple barriers of the human body, including a layer of intestinal mucus and epithelial as well as endothelial cells. For overcoming these cellular barriers, transcytosis is favored over a paracellular transport for most nanomaterials as paracellular transport routes lack selectivity of transported molecules once opened up. The exact mechanisms behind the transcellular translocations are up to now still not completely understood. For the vast majority of nanocarriers, the rate of transcellular transport is not sufficient to realize their application in oral drug delivery. Especially trafficking into the endolysosomal pathway often marks a key problem. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms of overcoming cellular barriers, especially transcytosis, and highlight difficulties of oral drug delivery via nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Reinholz
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Volker Mailänder
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
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8
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Reifarth M, Hoeppener S, Schubert US. Uptake and Intracellular Fate of Engineered Nanoparticles in Mammalian Cells: Capabilities and Limitations of Transmission Electron Microscopy-Polymer-Based Nanoparticles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30. [PMID: 29325211 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to elucidate mechanisms of nanoparticle (NP)-cell interactions, a detailed knowledge about membrane-particle interactions, intracellular distributions, and nucleus penetration capabilities, etc. becomes indispensable. The utilization of NPs as additives in many consumer products, as well as the increasing interest of tailor-made nanoobjects as novel therapeutic and diagnostic platforms, makes it essential to gain deeper insights about their biological effects. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) represents an outstanding method to study the uptake and intracellular fate of NPs, since this technique provides a resolution far better than the particle size. Additionally, its capability to highlight ultrastructural details of the cellular interior as well as membrane features is unmatched by other approaches. Here, a summary is provided on studies utilizing TEM to investigate the uptake and mode-of-action of tailor-made polymer nanoparticles in mammalian cells. For this purpose, the capabilities as well as limitations of TEM investigations are discussed to provide a detailed overview on uptake studies of common nanoparticle systems supported by TEM investigations. Furthermore, methodologies that can, in particular, address low-contrast materials in electron microscopy, i.e., polymeric and polymer-modified nanoparticles, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Reifarth
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center of Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hoeppener
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center of Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center of Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
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9
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Battistella C, Klok HA. Controlling and Monitoring Intracellular Delivery of Anticancer Polymer Nanomedicines. Macromol Biosci 2017; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201700022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Battistella
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL); Institut des Matériaux et Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques; Laboratoire des Polymères; Bâtiment MXD; Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL); Institut des Matériaux et Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques; Laboratoire des Polymères; Bâtiment MXD; Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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Daza EA, Misra SK, Schwartz-Duval AS, Ohoka A, Miller C, Pan D. Nano-Cesium for Anti-Cancer Properties: An Investigation into Cesium Induced Metabolic Interference. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:26600-26612. [PMID: 27662498 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b09887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of cesium chloride (CsCl) for cancer therapy ("high pH therapy") has been theorized to produce anticancer properties by raising intracellular pH to induce apoptosis. Although considered as "alternative medicine", little scientific evidence supports this theory. Alternatively, cells have no cesium ion (Cs+) mediated channels for clearance. Thus, such unstable electrochemical distributions have the severe potential to disrupt electrochemical dependent cellular processes, such as glucose cotransporters. Hence, a detailed investigation of pH changing effects and glucose uptake inhibition are warranted as a possible cesium-induced anticancer therapy. We developed and characterized cesium nanoparticles (38 ± 6 nm), termed NanoCs, for nanoparticle-mediated internalization of the ion, and compared its treatment to free CsCl. Our investigations suggest that neither NanoCs nor CsCl drastically changed the intracellular pH, negating the theory. Alternatively, NanoCs lead to a significant decrease in glucose uptake when compared to free CsCl, suggesting cesium inhibited glucose uptake. An apoptosis assay of observed cell death affirms that NanoCs leads tumor cells to initiate apoptosis rather than follow necrotic behavior. Furthermore, NanoCs lead to in vivo tumor regression, where H&E analysis confirmed apoptotic cell populations. Thus, NanoCs performed pH-independent anticancer therapy by inducing metabolic stasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique A Daza
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Biomedical Research Center, Carle Foundation Hospital , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Santosh K Misra
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Biomedical Research Center, Carle Foundation Hospital , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Aaron S Schwartz-Duval
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Biomedical Research Center, Carle Foundation Hospital , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ayako Ohoka
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Biomedical Research Center, Carle Foundation Hospital , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Callie Miller
- Biomedical Research Center, Carle Foundation Hospital , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Dipanjan Pan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Biomedical Research Center, Carle Foundation Hospital , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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