Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) production from methane in bubble column bioreactors: Process simulation and design optimization

Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production by Methanotrophs: Recent Updates and Perspectives

Methanotrophs are bacteria that consume methane (CH4) as their sole carbon and energy source. These microorganisms play a crucial role in the carbon cycle by metabolizing CH4 (the greenhouse gas), into cellular biomass and carbon dioxide (CO2). Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biopolymers produced by various microorganisms, including methanotrophs. PHA production using methanotrophs is a promising strategy to address growing concerns regarding plastic pollution and the need for sustainable, biodegradable materials. Various factors, including nutrient availability, environmental conditions, and metabolic engineering strategies, influence methanotrophic production. Nutrient limitations, particularly those of nitrogen or phosphorus, enhance PHA production by methanotrophs. Metabolic engineering approaches, such as the overexpression of key enzymes involved in PHA biosynthesis or the disruption of competing pathways, can also enhance PHA yields by methanotrophs. Overall, PHA production by methanotrophs represents a sustainable and versatile approach for developing biomedical materials with numerous potential applications. Additionally, alternative feedstocks, such as industrial waste streams or byproducts can be explored to improve the economic feasibility of PHA production. This review briefly describes the potential of methanotrophs to produce PHAs, with recent updates and perspectives.

Industrializing methanotrophs and other methylotrophic bacteria: from bioengineering to product recovery

Microbes that use the single-carbon substrates methanol and methane offer great promise to bioindustry along with substantial environmental benefits. Methanotrophs and other methylotrophs can be engineered and optimized to produce a wide range of products, from biopolymers to biofuels and beyond. While significant limitations remain, including delivery of single-carbon feedstock to bioreactors, efficient growth, and scale-up, these challenges are being addressed and notable improvements have been rapid. Development of expression chassis, use of genome-scale and regulatory models based on omics data, improvements in bioreactor design and operation, and development of green product recovery schemes are enabling the rapid development of single-carbon bioconversion in the industrial space.

Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) from methane and volatile fatty acids: properties, metabolic routes and current trend

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biobased and biodegradable polymers that could effectively replace fossil-based and non-biodegradable plastics. However, their production is currently limited by the high production costs, mainly due to the costly carbon sources used, low productivity and quality of the materials produced. A potential solution lies in utilizing cheap and renewable carbon sources as the primary feedstock during the biological production of PHAs, paving the way for a completely sustainable and economically viable process. In this review, the opportunities and challenges related to the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates using methane and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) as substrates were explored, with a focus on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate). The discussion reports the current knowledge about promising Type II methanotrophs, the impact of process parameters such as limiting nutrients, CH4:O2 ratio and temperature, the type of co-substrate and its concentration. Additionally, the strategies developed until now to enhance PHA production yields were also discussed.

A dynamic model of growth phase of bio-conversion of methane to polyhydroxybutyrate using dynamic flux balance analysis

Biological conversion of waste methane to biodegradable plastics is a way of reducing their production cost. This study addresses the computational modeling of the growth phase reactor of the process of polyhydroxybutyrate production. The model was used for investigating the effect of gas recycling and inlet gas retention time on the reactor performance. The model was run by the use of a genome-scale metabolic network of Methylocystis hirsuta in a dynamic flux balance analysis framework. The reactor has been modeled for two separate feeding scenarios: a pure methane feed and a biogas feed. The mass transfer coefficient parameter was predicted as a function of superficial gas velocities by the regression of data from published experiments. The results show an increase of removal efficiency by 38% and biomass concentration by 2.8 g/L with the increase of gas recycle ratio from 0 to 30 at the empty bed residence time of 60  min .

Carbon dioxide and methane as carbon source for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates and concomitant carbon fixation

The currently used plastics are non-biodegradable, and cause greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission as they are petroleum-based. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biopolymers with excellent biodegradability and biocompatibility, which can be used to replace petroleum-based plastics. A variety of microorganisms have been found to synthesize PHAs by using typical GHGs: carbon dioxide and methane as carbon sources. Converting carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) to PHAs is an attractive option for carbon capture and biodegradable plastic production. In this review, the microorganisms capable of using CO2 and CH4 to produce PHAs were summarized. The metabolic mechanism, PHAs production process, and the factors influencing the production process are illustrated. The currently used optimization techniques to improve the yield of PHAs are discussed. The challenges and future prospects for developing economically viable PHAs production using GHGs as carbon source are identified. This work provides an insight for achieving carbon sequestration and bioplastics based circular economy.

Valorization of organic wastes using bioreactors for polyhydroxyalkanoate production: Recent advancement, sustainable approaches, challenges, and future perspectives

Microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are encouraging biodegradable polymers, which may ease the environmental problems caused by petroleum-derived plastics. However, there is a growing waste removal problem and the high price of pure feedstocks for PHA biosynthesis. This has directed to the forthcoming requirement to upgrade waste streams from various industries as feedstocks for PHA production. This review covers the state-of-the-art progress in utilizing low-cost carbon substrates, effective upstream and downstream processes, and waste stream recycling to sustain entire process circularity. This review also enlightens the use of various batch, fed-batch, continuous, and semi-continuous bioreactor systems with flexible results to enhance the productivity and simultaneously cost reduction. The life-cycle and techno-economic analyses, advanced tools and strategies for microbial PHA biosynthesis, and numerous factors affecting PHA commercialization were also covered. The review includes the ongoing and upcoming strategies viz. metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, morphology engineering, and automation to expand PHA diversity, diminish production costs, and improve PHA production with an objective of "zero-waste" and "circular bioeconomy" for a sustainable future.

Environmental Evaluation of Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Animal Slaughtering Waste Using Material Input Per Service Unit

The massive production and extensive use of fossil-based non-biodegradable plastics are leading to their environmental accumulation and ultimately cause health threats to animals, humans, and the biosphere in general. The problem can be overcome by developing eco-friendly ways for producing plastics-like biopolymers from waste residues such as of agricultural origin. This will solve two currently prevailing social issues: waste management and the efficient production of a biopolymer that is environmentally benign, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). The current study assesses the environmental impact of biopolymer (PHA) manufacturing, starting from slaughterhouse waste as raw material. The Material Input Per Service Unit methodology (MIPS) is used to examine the sustainability of the PHA production process. In addition, the impact of shifting from business-as-usual energy provision (i.e., electricity from distribution grid network and heat provision from natural gas) to alternative renewable energy sources is also evaluated. As a major outcome, it is shown that the abiotic material contribution for PHA production process is almost double for using hard coal as an energy source than the petro-plastic low-density-poly(ethene) (LPDE), which PHA shall ultimately replace. Likewise, abiotic material contribution is 43% and 7% higher when using the electricity from the European electricity mix (EU-27 mix) and biogas, respectively, than in the case of LDPE production. However, PHA production based on wind power for energy provision has 12% lower abiotic material input than LDPE. Furthermore, the water input decreases when moving from the EU-27 mix to wind power. The reduction in water consumption for various electricity provision resources amounts to 20% for the EU-27 mix, 25% for hard coal, 71% for wind, and 70% for biogas. As the main conclusion, it is demonstrated that using wind farm electricity to generate PHA is the most environmentally friendly choice. Biogas is the second-best choice, although it requires additional abiotic material input.

Methanotrophs as a reservoir for bioactive secondary metabolites: Pitfalls, insights and promises

Methanotrophs are potent natural producers of several bioactive secondary metabolites (SMs) including isoprenoids, polymers, peptides, and vitamins. Cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters identified from these microbes via genome mining hinted at the vast and hidden SM biosynthetic potential of these microbes. Central carbon metabolism in methanotrophs offers rare pathway intermediate pools that could be further diversified using advanced synthetic biology tools to produce valuable SMs; for example, plant polyketides, rare carotenoids, and fatty acid-derived SMs. Recent advances in pathway reconstruction and production of isoprenoids, squalene, ectoine, polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer, cadaverine, indigo, and shinorine serve as proof-of-concept. This review provides theoretical guidance for developing methanotrophs as microbial chassis for high-value SMs. We summarize the distinct secondary metabolic potentials of type I and type II methanotrophs, with specific attention to products relevant to biomedical applications. This review also includes native and non-native SMs from methanotrophs, their therapeutic potential, strategies to induce silent biosynthetic gene clusters, and challenges.

Sustainable Process for the Production of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) from Renewable Resources: A Simulation Study

Bacterially produced polyhydroxyalkanoates are valuable substitutes for petrochemical plastics, but their current production capacities are very scarce. Producing poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHB-co-HV) from methane and odd-chain carbon fatty acids could make the production of this biodegradable polymer cost-effective. This study analyzes the main factors affecting methanotrophic growth and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) accumulation, simulating a pilot-scale process based on a double-stage approach. The effects of the nitrogen source and the oxygen partial pressure during a 20 day growth phase were studied; the cosubstrate concentration, the culture selected, and the methane partial pressure were investigated during the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) production stage performed within 15 days under nutrient starvation. Methylocystis parvus OBBP and Methylosinus thricosporum OB3b reached the maximum growth productivities with ammonium as the nitrogen source and oxygen at high partial pressure. The simulation of the PHB-co-HV accumulation revealed that methanotrophs could better accumulate the polymer with low valeric acid concentrations. A methane-abundant gas stream (0.5 atm of methane) could increase process yields up to 0.32 kg m^-3 d^-1.