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Kusui Y, Izuo N, Tokuhara R, Asano T, Nitta A. Neuronal activation of nucleus accumbens by local methamphetamine administration induces cognitive impairment through microglial inflammation in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2024; 154:127-138. [PMID: 38395513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
More than half of methamphetamine (METH) users present with cognitive impairment, making it difficult for them to reintegrate into society. However, the mechanisms of METH-induced cognitive impairment remain unclear. METH causes neuronal hyperactivation in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) by aberrantly releasing dopamine, which triggers dependence. In this study, to clarify the involvement of hyperactivation of NAc in METH-induced cognitive impairment, mice were locally microinjected with METH into NAc (mice with METH (NAc)) and investigated their cognitive phenotype. Mice with METH (NAc) exhibited cognitive dysfunction in behavioral analyses and decreased long-term potentiation in the hippocampus, with NAc activation confirmed by expression of FosB, a neuronal activity marker. In the hippocampus of mice with METH (NAc), activated microglia, but not astroglia, and upregulated microglia-related genes, Il1b and C1qa were observed. Finally, administration of minocycline, a tetracycline antibiotic with suppressive effect on microglial activation, to mice with METH (NAc) ameliorated cognitive impairment and synaptic dysfunction by suppressing the increased expression of Il1b and C1qa in the hippocampus. In conclusion, activation of NAc by injection of METH into NAc elicited cognitive impairment by facilitating immune activation in mice. This study suggests that immunological intervention could be a therapeutic strategy for addiction-related cognitive disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Kusui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Therapy and Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Naotaka Izuo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Therapy and Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Reika Tokuhara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Therapy and Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takashi Asano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Therapy and Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Atsumi Nitta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Therapy and Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
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2
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Rudraraju M, Shan S, Liu F, Tyler J, Caldwell RB, Somanath PR, Narayanan SP. Pharmacological Modulation of β-Catenin Preserves Endothelial Barrier Integrity and Mitigates Retinal Vascular Permeability and Inflammation. J Clin Med 2023; 12:7145. [PMID: 38002758 PMCID: PMC10672253 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12227145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Compromised blood-retinal barrier (BRB) integrity is a significant factor in ocular diseases like uveitis and retinopathies, leading to pathological vascular permeability and retinal edema. Adherens and tight junction (AJ and TJ) dysregulation due to retinal inflammation plays a pivotal role in BRB disruption. We investigated the potential of ICG001, which inhibits β-catenin-mediated transcription, in stabilizing cell junctions and preventing BRB leakage. In vitro studies using human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) showed that ICG001 treatment improved β-Catenin distribution within AJs post lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment and enhanced monolayer barrier resistance. The in vivo experiments involved a mouse model of LPS-induced ocular inflammation. LPS treatment resulted in increased albumin leakage from retinal vessels, elevated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Plasmalemmal Vesicle-Associated Protein (PLVAP) expression, as well as microglia and macroglia activation. ICG001 treatment (i.p.) effectively mitigated albumin leakage, reduced VEGF and PLVAP expression, and reduced the number of activated microglia/macrophages. Furthermore, ICG001 treatment suppressed the surge in inflammatory cytokine synthesis induced by LPS. These findings highlight the potential of interventions targeting β-Catenin to enhance cell junction stability and improve compromised barrier integrity in various ocular inflammatory diseases, offering hope for better management and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Rudraraju
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Research and Development, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Shengshuai Shan
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Research and Development, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Research and Development, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Jennifer Tyler
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ruth B. Caldwell
- Research and Development, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Payaningal R. Somanath
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Research and Development, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - S. Priya Narayanan
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Research and Development, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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3
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Tawarayama H, Umeki K, Inoue-Yanagimachi M, Takahashi N, Hasegawa H, Himori N, Tsuda S, Kunikata H, Akaike T, Nakazawa T. Glutathione trisulfide prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced retinal inflammation via inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production in glial cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11513. [PMID: 37460786 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38696-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the impact of glutathione trisulfide (GSSSG) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in retinal glia. Inflammatory responses in mouse-derived glial cells and Wistar rat retinas were stimulated with administration of LPS. Cell survival and proinflammatory cytokine production were examined using the Calcein-AM assay, and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Retinal microglia were visualized with immunohistochemistry for Iba1. Administration of LPS (10 µg/mL) or GSSSG (less than 100 µM) did not affect survival of cultured primary Müller cells and established microglial cells (BV-2). RT-qPCR and ELISA indicated that GSSSG inhibited LPS-induced gene upregulation and protein secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in these glial cells and rat retinas. GSSSG inhibited LPS-induced activation of TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), which is an upstream kinase of NF-κB, in BV-2 cells. Finally, in vivo experiments indicated that intravitreal administration of GSSSG but not its relative glutathione disulfide (GSSG) inhibited LPS (500 ng)-induced accumulation of Iba1-immunopositive microglia in rat retinas. Taken together, GSSSG has the potential to prevent pathogenesis of inflammation-associated ocular diseases by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine expression in retinal glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tawarayama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Retinal Disease Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kota Umeki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Maki Inoue-Yanagimachi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Naoki Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hasegawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Noriko Himori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Aging Vision Healthcare, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Satoru Tsuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunikata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Retinal Disease Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
- Department of Retinal Disease Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.
- Collaborative Program of Ophthalmic Drug Discovery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.
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4
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Bikbova G, Oshitari T, Bikbov M. Diabetic Neuropathy of the Retina and Inflammation: Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119166. [PMID: 37298118 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A clear connection exists between diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Consequently, therapeutic approaches that target both diseases are needed. Clinical trials are currently underway to explore the roles of obesity, adipose tissue, gut microbiota, and pancreatic beta cell function in diabetes. Inflammation plays a key role in diabetes pathophysiology and associated metabolic disorders; thus, interest has increased in targeting inflammation to prevent and control diabetes. Diabetic retinopathy is known as a neurodegenerative and vascular disease that occurs after some years of poorly controlled diabetes. However, increasing evidence points to inflammation as a key figure in diabetes-associated retinal complications. Interconnected molecular pathways, such as oxidative stress, and the formation of advanced glycation end-products, are known to contribute to the inflammatory response. This review describes the possible mechanisms of the metabolic changes in diabetes that involve inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzel Bikbova
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- Ufa Eye Research Institute, Pushkin Street 90, Ufa 450077, Russia
| | - Toshiyuki Oshitari
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, 4-3 Kozunomori, Narita 286-8686, Japan
| | - Mukharram Bikbov
- Ufa Eye Research Institute, Pushkin Street 90, Ufa 450077, Russia
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Rau J, Weise L, Moore R, Terminel M, Brakel K, Cunningham R, Bryan J, Stefanov A, Hook MA. Intrathecal minocycline does not block the adverse effects of repeated, intravenous morphine administration on recovery of function after SCI. Exp Neurol 2023; 359:114255. [PMID: 36279935 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Opioids are among the most effective analgesics for the management of pain in the acute phase of a spinal cord injury (SCI), and approximately 80% of patients are treated with morphine in the first 24 h following SCI. We have found that morphine treatment in the first 7 days after SCI increases symptoms of pain at 42 days post-injury and undermines the recovery of locomotor function in a rodent model. Prior research has implicated microglia/macrophages in opioid-induced hyperalgesia and the development of neuropathic pain. We hypothesized that glial activation may also underlie the development of morphine-induced pain and cell death after SCI. Supporting this hypothesis, our previous studies found that intrathecal and intravenous morphine increase the number of activated microglia and macrophages present at the spinal lesion site, and that the adverse effects of intrathecal morphine can be blocked with intrathecal minocycline. Recognizing that the cellular expression of opioid receptors, and the intracellular signaling pathways engaged, can change with repeated administration of opioids, the current study tested whether minocycline was also protective with repeated intravenous morphine administration, more closely simulating clinical treatment. Using a rat model of SCI, we co-administered intravenous morphine and intrathecal minocycline for the first 7 days post injury and monitored sensory and locomotor recovery. Contrary to our hypothesis and previous findings with intrathecal morphine, we found that minocycline did not prevent the negative effects of morphine. Surprisingly, we also found that intrathecal minocycline alone is detrimental for locomotor recovery after SCI. Using ex vivo cell cultures, we investigated how minocycline and morphine altered microglia/macrophage function. Commensurate with published studies, we found that minocycline blocked the effects of morphine on the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines but, like morphine, it increased glial phagocytosis. While phagocytosis is critical for the removal of cellular and extracellular debris at the spinal injury site, increased phagocytosis after injury has been linked to the clearance of stressed but viable neurons and protracted inflammation. In sum, our data suggest that both morphine and minocycline alter the acute immune response, and reduce locomotor recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephina Rau
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Address: 8447 Riverside Parkway, Medical and Research Education Building 1, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Address: 301 Old Main Drive, Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Building, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Lara Weise
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Address: 8447 Riverside Parkway, Medical and Research Education Building 1, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
| | - Robbie Moore
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Address: 8447 Riverside Parkway, Medical and Research Education Building 2, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
| | - Mabel Terminel
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Address: 8447 Riverside Parkway, Medical and Research Education Building 1, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Address: 301 Old Main Drive, Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Building, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Kiralyn Brakel
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Address: 8447 Riverside Parkway, Medical and Research Education Building 1, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Address: 301 Old Main Drive, Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Building, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Rachel Cunningham
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Address: 8447 Riverside Parkway, Medical and Research Education Building 1, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Jessica Bryan
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Address: 8447 Riverside Parkway, Medical and Research Education Building 1, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Address: 301 Old Main Drive, Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Building, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Alexander Stefanov
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Address: 8447 Riverside Parkway, Medical and Research Education Building 1, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Address: 301 Old Main Drive, Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Building, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Michelle A Hook
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Address: 8447 Riverside Parkway, Medical and Research Education Building 1, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Address: 301 Old Main Drive, Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Building, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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6
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Unnisa A, Greig NH, Kamal MA. Modelling the Interplay Between Neuron-Glia Cell Dysfunction and Glial Therapy in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:547-559. [PMID: 36545725 PMCID: PMC10207919 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666221221142743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complicated, interpersonally defined, static condition of the underdeveloped brain. Although the aetiology of autism remains unclear, disturbance of neuronglia interactions has lately been proposed as a significant event in the pathophysiology of ASD. In recent years, the contribution of glial cells to autism has been overlooked. In addition to neurons, glial cells play an essential role in mental activities, and a new strategy that emphasises neuron-glia interactions should be applied. Disturbance of neuron-glia connections has lately been proposed as a significant event in the pathophysiology of ASD because aberrant neuronal network formation and dysfunctional neurotransmission are fundamental to the pathology of the condition. In ASD, neuron and glial cell number changes cause brain circuits to malfunction and impact behaviour. A study revealed that reactive glial cells result in the loss of synaptic functioning and induce autism under inflammatory conditions. Recent discoveries also suggest that dysfunction or changes in the ability of microglia to carry out physiological and defensive functions (such as failure in synaptic elimination or aberrant microglial activation) may be crucial for developing brain diseases, especially autism. The cerebellum, white matter, and cortical regions of autistic patients showed significant microglial activation. Reactive glial cells result in the loss of synaptic functioning and induce autism under inflammatory conditions. Replacement of defective glial cells (Cell-replacement treatment), glial progenitor cell-based therapy, and medication therapy (inhibition of microglia activation) are all utilised to treat glial dysfunction. This review discusses the role of glial cells in ASD and the various potential approaches to treating glial cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Unnisa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, KSA;
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, MD 21224, USA
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
- Enzymoics, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Peterlee place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
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7
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Pediaditakis I, Kodella KR, Manatakis DV, Le CY, Barthakur S, Sorets A, Gravanis A, Ewart L, Rubin LL, Manolakos ES, Hinojosa CD, Karalis K. A microengineered Brain-Chip to model neuroinflammation in humans. iScience 2022; 25:104813. [PMID: 35982785 PMCID: PMC9379671 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Species differences in brain and blood-brain barrier (BBB) biology hamper the translation of findings from animal models to humans, impeding the development of therapeutics for brain diseases. Here, we present a human organotypic microphysiological system (MPS) that includes endothelial-like cells, pericytes, glia, and cortical neurons and maintains BBB permeability at in vivo relevant levels. This human Brain-Chip engineered to recapitulate critical aspects of the complex interactions that mediate neuroinflammation and demonstrates significant improvements in clinical mimicry compared to previously reported similar MPS. In comparison to Transwell culture, the transcriptomic profiling of the Brain-Chip displayed significantly advanced similarity to the human adult cortex and enrichment in key neurobiological pathways. Exposure to TNF-α recreated the anticipated inflammatory environment shown by glia activation, increased release of proinflammatory cytokines, and compromised barrier permeability. We report the development of a robust brain MPS for mechanistic understanding of cell-cell interactions and BBB function during neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konstantia R. Kodella
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA 02210, USA
- University of Crete Medical School, Department of Pharmacology, Heraklion, 71110 Greece
| | | | | | | | | | - Achille Gravanis
- University of Crete Medical School, Department of Pharmacology, Heraklion, 71110 Greece
| | - Lorna Ewart
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Lee L. Rubin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elias S. Manolakos
- Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
- Northeastern University, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Katia Karalis
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA 02210, USA
- Endocrine Division, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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8
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Neurovascular Impairment and Therapeutic Strategies in Diabetic Retinopathy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:ijerph19010439. [PMID: 35010703 PMCID: PMC8744686 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy has recently been defined as a highly specific neurovascular complication of diabetes. The chronic progression of the impairment of the interdependence of neurovascular units (NVUs) is associated with the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. The NVUs consist of neurons, glial cells, and vascular cells, and the interdependent relationships between these cells are disturbed under diabetic conditions. Clinicians should understand and update the current knowledge of the neurovascular impairments in diabetic retinopathy. Above all, neuronal cell death is an irreversible change, and it is directly related to vision loss in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Thus, neuroprotective and vasoprotective therapies for diabetic retinopathy must be established. Understanding the physiological and pathological interdependence of the NVUs is helpful in establishing neuroprotective and vasoprotective therapies for diabetic retinopathy. This review focuses on the pathogenesis of the neurovascular impairments and introduces possible neurovascular protective therapies for diabetic retinopathy.
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9
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Park YG, Lee JY, Kim C, Park YH. Early Microglial Changes Associated with Diabetic Retinopathy in Rats with Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:4920937. [PMID: 34926698 PMCID: PMC8674052 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4920937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although morphological changes in microglia have been reported to be associated with diabetic retinopathy, little is known about the early changes in the microglia and macrophages during the progression of this condition. The present study was aimed at characterizing retinal microglial activation in the early stages of experimental diabetic retinopathy. Toward this end, a model of diabetic retinopathy was generated by intraperitoneally injecting male Sprague-Dawley rats with streptozotocin. No apparent histological changes were observed during the early stages of experimental diabetic retinopathy. However, at 4 to 16 weeks after the onset of diabetes, the retinas from diabetic rats exhibited higher density of microglia than those from age-matched normal controls, with microglial density peaking at 12 weeks. In particular, the proportion of the activated microglia increased significantly in the diabetic rats, specifically in the nerve fiber and ganglion cell layers, whereas it decreased in the inner plexiform layer within 12 weeks. Furthermore, the resident retinal microglial cells were activated immediately after diabetes induction, peaked at 12 weeks, and remained for up to 16 weeks after disease onset. Thus, experimental diabetic retinopathy causes gradual hypoxia and neuroinflammation, followed by the activation of microglia and the migration of macrophages. The distribution and density of retinal microglial activation changed typically with the progression of the disease in early-stage diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Gun Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Lee
- Catholic Institute for Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chongtae Kim
- Catholic Institute for Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Catholic Institute for Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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10
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Shin TH, Manavalan B, Lee DY, Basith S, Seo C, Paik MJ, Kim SW, Seo H, Lee JY, Kim JY, Kim AY, Chung JM, Baik EJ, Kang SH, Choi DK, Kang Y, Maral Mouradian M, Lee G. Silica-coated magnetic-nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity is reduced in microglia by glutathione and citrate identified using integrated omics. Part Fibre Toxicol 2021; 18:42. [PMID: 34819099 PMCID: PMC8614058 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-021-00433-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanoparticles have been utilized in brain research and therapeutics, including imaging, diagnosis, and drug delivery, owing to their versatile properties compared to bulk materials. However, exposure to nanoparticles leads to their accumulation in the brain, but drug development to counteract this nanotoxicity remains challenging. To date, concerns have risen about the potential toxicity to the brain associated with nanoparticles exposure via penetration of the brain blood barrier to address this issue. METHODS Here the effect of silica-coated-magnetic nanoparticles containing the rhodamine B isothiocyanate dye [MNPs@SiO2(RITC)] were assessed on microglia through toxicological investigation, including biological analysis and integration of transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-induced biological changes, such as morphology, generation of reactive oxygen species, intracellular accumulation of MNPs@SiO2(RITC) using transmission electron microscopy, and glucose uptake efficiency, were analyzed in BV2 murine microglial cells. Each omics data was collected via RNA-sequencing-based transcriptome analysis, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based proteome analysis, and gas chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry-based metabolome analysis. The three omics datasets were integrated and generated as a single network using a machine learning algorithm. Nineteen compounds were screened and predicted their effects on nanotoxicity within the triple-omics network. RESULTS Intracellular reactive oxygen species production, an inflammatory response, and morphological activation of cells were greater, but glucose uptake was lower in MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-treated BV2 microglia and primary rat microglia in a dose-dependent manner. Expression of 121 genes (from 41,214 identified genes), and levels of 45 proteins (from 5918 identified proteins) and 17 metabolites (from 47 identified metabolites) related to the above phenomena changed in MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-treated microglia. A combination of glutathione and citrate attenuated nanotoxicity induced by MNPs@SiO2(RITC) and ten other nanoparticles in vitro and in the murine brain, protecting mostly the hippocampus and thalamus. CONCLUSIONS Combination of glutathione and citrate can be one of the candidates for nanotoxicity alleviating drug against MNPs@SiO2(RITC) induced detrimental effect, including elevation of intracellular reactive oxygen species level, activation of microglia, and reduction in glucose uptake efficiency. In addition, our findings indicate that an integrated triple omics approach provides useful and sensitive toxicological assessment for nanoparticles and screening of drug for nanotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hwan Shin
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World cup-ro, Suwon, 16499 Republic of Korea
| | - Balachandran Manavalan
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World cup-ro, Suwon, 16499 Republic of Korea
| | - Da Yeon Lee
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World cup-ro, Suwon, 16499 Republic of Korea
| | - Shaherin Basith
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World cup-ro, Suwon, 16499 Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon, 57922 Republic of Korea
| | - Man Jeong Paik
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon, 57922 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Suwon, 16499 Republic of Korea
| | - Haewoon Seo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Suwon, 16499 Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Yeon Lee
- Research Center of Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162 Yeongudanji-ro, Cheongju, 28119 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Research Center of Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162 Yeongudanji-ro, Cheongju, 28119 Republic of Korea
| | - A Young Kim
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World cup-ro, Suwon, 16499 Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Min Chung
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World cup-ro, Suwon, 16499 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Joo Baik
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World cup-ro, Suwon, 16499 Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ho Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104 Republic of Korea
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, 268 Chungwondaero, Chungju, 27478 Republic of Korea
| | - Yup Kang
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World cup-ro, Suwon, 16499 Republic of Korea
| | - M. Maral Mouradian
- RWJMS Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, and Department of Neurology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Gwang Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16499 Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16499 Republic of Korea
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11
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Miralles de Imperial-Ollero JA, Gallego-Ortega A, Ortín-Martínez A, Villegas-Pérez MP, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Vidal-Sanz M. Animal Models of LED-Induced Phototoxicity. Short- and Long-Term In Vivo and Ex Vivo Retinal Alterations. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111137. [PMID: 34833013 PMCID: PMC8617611 DOI: 10.3390/life11111137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phototoxicity animal models have been largely studied due to their degenerative communalities with human pathologies, e.g., age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Studies have documented not only the effects of white light exposure, but also other wavelengths using LEDs, such as blue or green light. Recently, a blue LED-induced phototoxicity (LIP) model has been developed that causes focal damage in the outer layers of the superior-temporal region of the retina in rodents. In vivo studies described a progressive reduction in retinal thickness that affected the most extensively the photoreceptor layer. Functionally, a transient reduction in a- and b-wave amplitude of the ERG response was observed. Ex vivo studies showed a progressive reduction of cones and an involvement of retinal pigment epithelium cells in the area of the lesion and, in parallel, an activation of microglial cells that perfectly circumscribe the damage in the outer retinal layer. The use of neuroprotective strategies such as intravitreal administration of trophic factors, e.g., basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) or pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) and topical administration of the selective alpha-2 agonist (Brimonidine) have demonstrated to increase the survival of the cone population after LIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. Miralles de Imperial-Ollero
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca, Campus de CC de la Salud, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (J.A.M.d.I.-O.); (A.G.-O.); (M.P.V.-P.)
| | - Alejandro Gallego-Ortega
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca, Campus de CC de la Salud, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (J.A.M.d.I.-O.); (A.G.-O.); (M.P.V.-P.)
| | - Arturo Ortín-Martínez
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada;
| | - María Paz Villegas-Pérez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca, Campus de CC de la Salud, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (J.A.M.d.I.-O.); (A.G.-O.); (M.P.V.-P.)
| | - Francisco J. Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca, Campus de CC de la Salud, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (J.A.M.d.I.-O.); (A.G.-O.); (M.P.V.-P.)
- Correspondence: (F.J.V.-S.); (M.V.-S.); Tel.: +34-868-88-4503 (F.J.V-S.); +34-868-88-4330 (M.V.-S.)
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca, Campus de CC de la Salud, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (J.A.M.d.I.-O.); (A.G.-O.); (M.P.V.-P.)
- Correspondence: (F.J.V.-S.); (M.V.-S.); Tel.: +34-868-88-4503 (F.J.V-S.); +34-868-88-4330 (M.V.-S.)
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12
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Miralles de Imperial-Ollero JA, Gallego-Ortega A, Norte-Muñoz M, Di Pierdomenico J, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Vidal-Sanz M. An in vivo model of focal light emitting diode-induced cone photoreceptor phototoxicity in adult pigmented mice: Protection with bFGF. Exp Eye Res 2021; 211:108746. [PMID: 34450185 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a model of focal injury by blue light-emitting diode (LED)-induced phototoxicity (LIP) in pigmented mouse retinas and to study the effects on cone, Iba-1+ cells and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell populations after administration of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and minocycline, alone or combined. METHODS In anesthetized dark-adapted adult female pigmented C57BL/6 mice, left pupils were dilated and the eye exposed to LIP (500 lux, 45 s). The retina was monitored longitudinally in vivo with SD-OCT for 7 days (d). Ex vivo, the effects of LIP and its protection with bFGF (0.5 μg) administered alone or combined with minocycline (45 mg/kg) were studied in immunolabeled arrestin-cone outer segments (a+OS) and quantified within a predetermined fixed-size circular area (PCA) centered on the lesion in flattened retinas at 1, 3, 5 or 7d. Moreover, Iba-1+ cells and RPE cell morphology were analysed with Iba-1 and ZO-1 antibodies, respectively. RESULTS LIP caused a focal lesion within the superior-temporal retina with retinal thinning, particularly the outer retinal layers (116.5 ± 2.9 μm to 36.8 ± 6.3 μm at 7d), and with progressive diminution of a+OS within the PCA reaching minimum values at 7d (6218 ± 342 to 3966 ± 311). Administration of bFGF alone (4519 ± 320) or in combination with minocycline (4882 ± 446) had a significant effect on a+OS survival at 7d and Iba-1+ cell activation was attenuated in the groups treated with minocycline. In parallel, the RPE cell integrity was progressively altered after LIP and administration of neuroprotective components had no restorative effect at 7d. CONCLUSIONS LIP resulted in progressive outer retinal damage affecting the OS cone population and RPE. Administration of bFGF increased a+OS survival but did not prevent RPE deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Miralles de Imperial-Ollero
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca. Campus de CC de la Salud, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gallego-Ortega
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca. Campus de CC de la Salud, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Norte-Muñoz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca. Campus de CC de la Salud, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Johnny Di Pierdomenico
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca. Campus de CC de la Salud, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco J Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca. Campus de CC de la Salud, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca. Campus de CC de la Salud, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
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13
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Shin TH, Lee DY, Manavalan B, Basith S, Na YC, Yoon C, Lee HS, Paik MJ, Lee G. Silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles activate microglia and induce neurotoxic D-serine secretion. Part Fibre Toxicol 2021; 18:30. [PMID: 34384435 PMCID: PMC8359100 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-021-00420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanoparticles have been studied for brain imaging, diagnosis, and drug delivery owing to their versatile properties due to their small sizes. However, there are growing concerns that nanoparticles may exert toxic effects in the brain. In this study, we assessed direct nanotoxicity on microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system, and indirect toxicity on neuronal cells exerted by silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles containing rhodamine B isothiocyanate dye [MNPs@SiO2(RITC)]. METHODS We investigated MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-induced biological changes in BV2 murine microglial cells via RNA-sequencing-based transcriptome analysis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based intracellular and extracellular amino acid profiling. Morphological changes were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Indirect effects of MNPs@SiO2(RITC) on neuronal cells were assessed by Transwell-based coculture with MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-treated microglia. MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-induced biological changes in the mouse brain in vivo were examined by immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS BV2 murine microglial cells were morphologically activated and the expression of Iba1, an activation marker protein, was increased after MNPs@SiO2(RITC) treatment. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed lysosomal accumulation of MNPs@SiO2(RITC) and the formation of vesicle-like structures in MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-treated BV2 cells. The expression of several genes related to metabolism and inflammation were altered in 100 µg/ml MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-treated microglia when compared with that in non-treated (control) and 10 µg/ml MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-treated microglia. Combined transcriptome and amino acid profiling analyses revealed that the transport of serine family amino acids, including glycine, cysteine, and serine, was enhanced. However, only serine was increased in the growth medium of activated microglia; especially, excitotoxic D-serine secretion from primary rat microglia was the most strongly enhanced. Activated primary microglia reduced intracellular ATP levels and proteasome activity in cocultured neuronal cells, especially in primary cortical neurons, via D-serine secretion. Moreover, ubiquitinated proteins accumulated and inclusion bodies were increased in primary dopaminergic and cortical neurons cocultured with activated primary microglia. In vivo, MNPs@SiO2(RITC), D-serine, and ubiquitin aggresomes were distributed in the MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-treated mouse brain. CONCLUSIONS MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-induced activation of microglia triggers excitotoxicity in neurons via D-serine secretion, highlighting the importance of neurotoxicity mechanisms incurred by nanoparticle-induced microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hwan Shin
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World cup-ro, 16499 Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Yeon Lee
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World cup-ro, 16499 Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Balachandran Manavalan
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World cup-ro, 16499 Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Shaherin Basith
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World cup-ro, 16499 Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Cheol Na
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, 150 Bugahyeon-ro, 03759 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolho Yoon
- Ochang Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162 Yeongudanji-ro, 28119 Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Seong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, 57922 Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Jeong Paik
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, 57922 Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Lee
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World cup-ro, 16499 Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, 16499 Suwon, Republic of Korea
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14
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Tawarayama H, Inoue-Yanagimachi M, Himori N, Nakazawa T. Glial cells modulate retinal cell survival in rotenone-induced neural degeneration. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11159. [PMID: 34045544 PMCID: PMC8159960 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90604-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor rotenone provides an excellent model to study the pathomechanism of oxidative stress-related neural degeneration diseases. In this study, we examined the glial roles in retinal cell survival and degeneration under the rotenone-induced oxidative stress condition. Mouse-derived Müller, microglial (BV-2), and dissociated retinal cells were used for in vitro experiments. Gene expression levels and cell viability were determined using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and the alamarBlue assay, respectively. Conditioned media were prepared by stimulating glial cells with rotenone. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and inner nuclear layer (INL) were visualized on rat retinal sections by immunohistochemistry and eosin/hematoxylin, respectively. Rotenone dose-dependently induced glial cell death. Treatment with rotenone or rotenone-stimulated glial cell-conditioned media altered gene expression of growth factors and inflammatory cytokines in glial cells. The viability of dissociated retinal cells significantly increased upon culturing in media conditioned with rotenone-stimulated or Müller cell-conditioned media-stimulated BV-2 cells. Furthermore, intravitreal neurotrophin-5 administration prevented the rotenone-induced reduction of RGC number and INL thickness in rats. Thus, glial cells exerted both positive and negative effects on retinal cell survival in rotenone-induced neural degeneration via altered expression of growth factors, especially upregulation of microglia-derived Ntf5, and proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tawarayama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.,Department of Retinal Disease Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Maki Inoue-Yanagimachi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Noriko Himori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan. .,Department of Retinal Disease Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan. .,Collaborative Program of Ophthalmic Drug Discovery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan. .,Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan. .,Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.
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15
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Nian S, Lo ACY, Mi Y, Ren K, Yang D. Neurovascular unit in diabetic retinopathy: pathophysiological roles and potential therapeutical targets. EYE AND VISION 2021; 8:15. [PMID: 33931128 PMCID: PMC8088070 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-021-00239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), one of the common complications of diabetes, is the leading cause of visual loss in working-age individuals in many industrialized countries. It has been traditionally regarded as a purely microvascular disease in the retina. However, an increasing number of studies have shown that DR is a complex neurovascular disorder that affects not only vascular structure but also neural tissue of the retina. Deterioration of neural retina could precede microvascular abnormalities in the DR, leading to microvascular changes. Furthermore, disruption of interactions among neurons, vascular cells, glia and local immune cells, which collectively form the neurovascular unit, is considered to be associated with the progression of DR early on in the disease. Therefore, it makes sense to develop new therapeutic strategies to prevent or reverse retinal neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation and impaired cell-cell interactions of the neurovascular unit in early stage DR. Here, we present current perspectives on the pathophysiology of DR as a neurovascular disease, especially at the early stage. Potential novel treatments for preventing or reversing neurovascular injuries in DR are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Nian
- Department of Pathology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Amy C Y Lo
- Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yajing Mi
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Kai Ren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
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16
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Wu LH, Huang BR, Lai SW, Lin C, Lin HY, Yang LY, Lu DY. SIRT1 activation by minocycline on regulation of microglial polarization homeostasis. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:17990-18007. [PMID: 33021962 PMCID: PMC7585093 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) has been reported to be involved in the mechanisms underlying longevity and has also been indicated as a valuable regulator of age-related neurological disorders. Some natural products increase SIRT1 activity and stimulate deacetylation of various proteins. In the present study, SIRT1 overexpression by genetic modification or treatment with SIRT1 activators significantly inhibited the secretion of nitric oxide and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase 2, and proinflammatory mediator-interleukin 1β-in microglia. SIRT1 activation also decreased the levels of K379 acetyl-p53 and the protein inhibitor of activated Stat 1 expression in microglial cells. In addition, it dramatically promoted M2 polarization of microglia, which enhanced cell motility and altered phagocytic ability. We also used minocycline, a well-known inhibitor of microglial activation, to study the mechanism of SIRT1 signaling. Minocycline treatment decreased neuroinflammatory responses and promoted M2 polarization of microglia. It also reduced the acetyl-p53 level in the brain tissues in an inflammatory mouse model. Our findings demonstrated that SIRT1 participates in the maintenance of microglial polarization homeostasis and that minocycline exerts regulatory effects on SIRT1 activation. Therefore, our results indicate that SIRT1 activation may be a useful therapeutic target for the treatment of neuroinflammation-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Hsuan Wu
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Ren Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wei Lai
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chingju Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yun Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yo Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan,Laboratory for Neural Repair, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan,Biomedical Technology R&D Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Dah-Yuu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan,Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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TNFAIP8 influences the motor function in mice after spinal cord injury (SCI) through meditating inflammation dependent on AKT. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 528:234-241. [PMID: 32487318 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating disease and causes tissue loss and neurologic dysfunction, contributing to high morbidity and disability among human. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms still remain unclear. Tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 8 (TNFAIP8) is a member of the TNFAIP8/TIPE family, and has been implicated in different diseases associated with inflammation, infection, and immunity. Nevertheless, its effects on SCI have not been well investigated. In our study, we found time course of TNFAIP8 following SCI in mice, along with time-dependent increases of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The in vitro results confirmed the up-regulation of TNFAIP8 induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Subsequently, we found that reducing TNFAIP8 by transfection with its specific siRNA (siTNFAIP8) markedly alleviated cell viability and inflammatory response caused by LPS in mouse microglial BV2 cells. Importantly, LPS-enhanced activation of inhibitor of κBα/nuclear factor-κB (IκBα/NF-κB) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/serine-threonine kinase (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathways was considerably blunted by siTNFAIP8. Intriguingly, our results further showed that siTNFAIP8-restrained inflammation and IκBα/NF-κB in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells were almost abolished by the pre-treatment of AKT activator SC-79, demonstrating that TNFAIP8-regulated inflammatory response was largely dependent on AKT activation. Then, the in vivo studies were performed using the wild type (WT) and TNFAIP8-knockout (KO) mice with or without SCI operation. Results showed that TNFAIP8-KO mice exhibited improved neuron injury and locomotor function along with decreased microglial activity. Furthermore, compared with the WT/SCI mice, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in spinal cords was markedly down-regulated by TNFAIP8-deficiency through blocking IκBα/NF-κB and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Taken together, these findings elucidated the novel role of TNFAIP8 in regulating SCI via the AKT signaling, and thus TNFAIP8 may be served as a promising therapeutic target for SCI treatment.
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Haruwaka K, Ikegami A, Tachibana Y, Ohno N, Konishi H, Hashimoto A, Matsumoto M, Kato D, Ono R, Kiyama H, Moorhouse AJ, Nabekura J, Wake H. Dual microglia effects on blood brain barrier permeability induced by systemic inflammation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5816. [PMID: 31862977 PMCID: PMC6925219 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13812-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia survey brain parenchyma, responding to injury and infections. Microglia also respond to systemic disease, but the role of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity in this process remains unclear. Using simultaneous in vivo imaging, we demonstrated that systemic inflammation induces CCR5-dependent migration of brain resident microglia to the cerebral vasculature. Vessel-associated microglia initially maintain BBB integrity via expression of the tight-junction protein Claudin-5 and make physical contact with endothelial cells. During sustained inflammation, microglia phagocytose astrocytic end-feet and impair BBB function. Our results show microglia play a dual role in maintaining BBB integrity with implications for elucidating how systemic immune-activation impacts neural functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Haruwaka
- Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate School for Advanced Study, Hayama, Japan
| | - Ako Ikegami
- Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Tachibana
- Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.,Division of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Konishi
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akari Hashimoto
- Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mami Matsumoto
- Section of Electron Microscopy, Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kato
- Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Riho Ono
- Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyama
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Andrew J Moorhouse
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Junichi Nabekura
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate School for Advanced Study, Hayama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Wake
- Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan. .,Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan. .,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan. .,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
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19
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Intracerebroventricular administration of lupus serum induces microglia activation and leukocyte adhesion in the cerebromicrovasculature of mice. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 334:576994. [PMID: 31207553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.576994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is commonly seen in the patients with system lupus erythematosus (SLE). Mechanisms underlying CNS damage in SLE remain largely unknown. Accumulating evidence suggest that activation of microglia in CNS plays an important role in the inflammatory responses in neurological diseases. The aim of this study is to examine the involvement of microglia in the CNS inflammatory responses induced by circulating serum of SLE patients. METHODS We performed intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of serums collected from SLE patients or healthy controls to mice, and examined phenotypic changes of microglia, the levels of cytokines, chemokine and adhesion molecules in the brain. Intravital microscopy was used to observe leukocyte rolling and adhesion in the cerebromicrovasculature. We further examined whether minocycline can block inflammatory responses induced by SLE serum. In vitro experiments were conducted to examine whether IgGs from the sera of SLE patients or healthy control can activate the primary cultured microglia. RESULTS We found that ICV injection of SLE serum increases morphological activation of microglia in the cortex and hippocampus. Inflammatory mediators including pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α), chemokine (CCL2 and CCL5) and adhesion molecules (P-selectin and ICAM-1) were significantly elevated in the brains of SLE-serum-treated mice. Using intravital microscopy, we demonstrated that SLE serum promotes leukocyte rolling and adhesion. Furthermore, suppression of microglia activation by systemically using minocycline could decrease the levels of inflammatory molecular, and prevent leukocyte rolling and adhesion. The in vitro experiments revealed that IgG from SLE sera could be engulfed by microglia and stimulated the microglia to secret pro-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the activation of microglia, which promotes leukocyte adhesion to the brain microvasculature, is an important pathological mechanism of CNS involvement in SLE.
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20
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Di Pierdomenico J, Scholz R, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Sánchez-Migallón MC, Vidal-Sanz M, Langmann T, Agudo-Barriuso M, García-Ayuso D, Villegas-Pérez MP. Neuroprotective Effects of FGF2 and Minocycline in Two Animal Models of Inherited Retinal Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:4392-4403. [PMID: 30193320 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to study the effect of minocycline and several neurotrophic factors, alone or in combination, on photoreceptor survival and macro/microglial reactivity in two rat models of retinal degeneration. Methods P23H-1 (rhodopsin mutation), Royal College of Surgeon (RCS, pigment epithelium malfunction), and age-matched control rats (Sprague-Dawley and Pievald Viro Glaxo, respectively) were divided into three groups that received at P10 for P23H-1 rats or P33 for RCS rats: (1) one intravitreal injection (IVI) of one of the following neurotrophic factors: ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), or basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2); (2) daily intraperitoneal administration of minocycline; or (3) a combination of IVI of FGF2 and intraperitoneal minocycline. All animals were processed 12 days after treatment initiation. Retinal microglial cells and cone photoreceptors were immunodetected and analyzed qualitatively in cross sections. The numbers of microglial cells in the different retinal layers and number of nuclei rows in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) were quantified. Results IVI of CNTF, PEDF, or FGF2 improved the morphology of the photoreceptors outer segment, but only FGF2 rescued a significant number of photoreceptors. None of the trophic factors had qualitative or quantitative effects on microglial cells. Minocycline treatment reduced activation and migration of microglia and produced a significant rescue of photoreceptors. Combined treatment with minocycline and FGF2 had higher neuroprotective effects than each of the treatments alone. Conclusions In two animal models of photoreceptor degeneration with different etiologies, minocycline reduces microglial activation and migration, and FGF2 and minocycline increase photoreceptor survival. The combination of FGF2 and minocycline show greater neuroprotective effects than their isolated effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Di Pierdomenico
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Rebecca Scholz
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - F Javier Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria C Sánchez-Migallón
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Thomas Langmann
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Diego García-Ayuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - María Paz Villegas-Pérez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
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21
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Shi H, Wang XL, Quan HF, Yan L, Pei XY, Wang R, Peng XD. Effects of Betaine on LPS-Stimulated Activation of Microglial M1/M2 Phenotypes by Suppressing TLR4/NF-κB Pathways in N9 Cells. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24020367. [PMID: 30669620 PMCID: PMC6359206 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia mediate multiple facets of neuroinflammation. They can be phenotypically divided into a classical phenotype (pro-inflammatory, M1) or an alternative phenotype (anti-inflammatory, M2) with different physiological characteristics and biological functions in the inflammatory process. Betaine has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we aimed to verify the anti-inflammatory effects of betaine and elucidate its possible molecular mechanisms of action in vitro. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglial cells were used as an inflammatory model to study the anti-inflammatory efficacy of betaine and explore its mechanism of regulating microglial polarisation by investigating the morphological changes and associated inflammatory changes. Cytokine and inflammatory mediator expression was also measured by ELISA, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and western blot analysis. Toll-like receptor (TLR)-myeloid differentiation factor 88 (Myd88)-nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65, p-NF-κB p65, IκB, p-IκB, IκB kinase (IKK), and p-IKK expression was determined by western blot analysis. Betaine significantly mitigated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines. It promoted the conversion of the microglia from M1 to M2 phenotype by decreasing the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and CD16/32 and by increasing that of CD206 and arginase-1. Betaine treatment inhibited the TLR4/NF-κB pathways by attenuating the expression of TLR4-Myd88 and blocking the phosphorylation of IκB and IKK. In conclusion, betaine could significantly alleviate LPS-induced inflammation by regulating the polarisation of microglial phenotype; thus, it might be an effective therapeutic agent for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Xiao-Long Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Hong-Feng Quan
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Lin Yan
- Functional Experiment Center, School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Xiu-Ying Pei
- Laboratory in Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
- Laboratory in Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
- Functional Experiment Center, School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
- Laboratory in Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
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Kramer J, Chirco KR, Lamba DA. Immunological Considerations for Retinal Stem Cell Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1186:99-119. [PMID: 31654387 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28471-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing effort toward generating replacement cells for neuronal application due to the nonregenerative nature of these tissues. While much progress has been made toward developing methodologies to generate these cells, there have been limited improvements in functional restoration. Some of these are linked to the degenerative and often nonreceptive microenvironment that the new cells need to integrate into. In this chapter, we will focus on the status and role of the immune microenvironment of the retina during homeostasis and disease states. We will review changes in both innate and adaptive immunity as well as the role of immune rejection in stem cell replacement therapies. The chapter will end with a discussion of immune-modulatory strategies that have helped to ameliorate these effects and could potentially improve functional outcome for cell replacement therapies for the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Kramer
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | | | - Deepak A Lamba
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.
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23
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Beaudry-Richard A, Nadeau-Vallée M, Prairie É, Maurice N, Heckel É, Nezhady M, Pundir S, Madaan A, Boudreault A, Hou X, Quiniou C, Sierra EM, Beaulac A, Lodygensky G, Robertson SA, Keelan J, Adams Waldorf KM, Olson DM, Rivera JC, Lubell WD, Joyal JS, Bouchard JF, Chemtob S. Antenatal IL-1-dependent inflammation persists postnatally and causes retinal and sub-retinal vasculopathy in progeny. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11875. [PMID: 30089839 PMCID: PMC6082873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antenatal inflammation as seen with chorioamnionitis is harmful to foetal/neonatal organ development including to eyes. Although the major pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β participates in retinopathy induced by hyperoxia (a predisposing factor to retinopathy of prematurity), the specific role of antenatal IL-1β associated with preterm birth (PTB) in retinal vasculopathy (independent of hyperoxia) is unknown. Using a murine model of PTB induced with IL-1β injection in utero, we studied consequent retinal and choroidal vascular development; in this process we evaluated the efficacy of IL-1R antagonists. Eyes of foetuses exposed only to IL-1β displayed high levels of pro-inflammatory genes, and a persistent postnatal infiltration of inflammatory cells. This prolonged inflammatory response was associated with: (1) a marked delay in retinal vessel growth; (2) long-lasting thinning of the choroid; and (3) long-term morphological and functional alterations of the retina. Antenatal administration of IL-1R antagonists - 101.10 (a modulator of IL-1R) more so than Kineret (competitive IL-1R antagonist) - prevented all deleterious effects of inflammation. This study unveils a key role for IL-1β, a major mediator of chorioamnionitis, in causing sustained ocular inflammation and perinatal vascular eye injury, and highlights the efficacy of antenatal 101.10 to suppress deleterious inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Beaudry-Richard
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Mathieu Nadeau-Vallée
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montréal, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Élizabeth Prairie
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Noémie Maurice
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Émilie Heckel
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Mohammad Nezhady
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Sheetal Pundir
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Ankush Madaan
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montréal, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Amarilys Boudreault
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Xin Hou
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Christiane Quiniou
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Estefania Marin Sierra
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montréal, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Alexandre Beaulac
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Gregory Lodygensky
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Sarah A Robertson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Keelan
- Div Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Western Australia King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | | | - David M Olson
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Pediatrics and Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jose-Carlos Rivera
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - William D Lubell
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jean-Sebastien Joyal
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montréal, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montréal, Canada. .,Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada. .,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
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24
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Vanden Daele L, Boydens C, Devoldere J, Remaut K, Van de Voorde J. Search for the Source of the Retinal Relaxing Factor. Curr Eye Res 2018; 43:1383-1388. [PMID: 29966443 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1496267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose/Aim of the study: the retinal relaxing factor (RRF) is an unidentified paracrine factor, which is continuously released from retinal tissue and causes smooth muscle cell relaxation. This study tried to identify the cellular source of the RRF. Furthermore, the possible RRF release by voltage-dependent sodium channel activation and the calcium-dependency of the RRF release were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS mouse femoral arteries were mounted in myograph baths for in vitro isometric tension measurements. The vasorelaxing effect of chicken retinas, which contain no vascular cells, and of solutions incubated with MIO-M1 or primary Müller cell cultures were evaluated. The RRF release of other retinal cells was investigated by using cell type inhibitors. Concentration-response curves of veratridine, a voltage-dependent sodium channel activator, were constructed in the presence or absence of mouse retinal tissue to evaluate the RRF release. The calcium-dependency of the RRF release was investigated by evaluating the vasorelaxing effect of RRF-containing solutions made out of chicken retinas in the absence or presence of calcium. RESULTS Chicken retinas induced vasorelaxation, whereas solutions incubated with Müller cell cultures did not. Moreover, the gliotoxin DL-α-aminoadipic acid, the microglia inhibitor minocycline, and the tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-dependent sodium channel 1.8 inhibitor A-803467 could not reduce the RRF-induced relaxation. Concentration-response curves of veratridine were not enlarged in the presence of retinal tissue, and RRF-containing solutions made in the absence of calcium induced a substantial, but reduced vasorelaxation. CONCLUSIONS the RRF is not released from vascular cells and probably neither from glial cells. The retinal cell type that does release the RRF remains unclear. Veratridine does not stimulate the RRF release in mice, and the RRF release in chickens is calcium-dependent as well as calcium-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joke Devoldere
- b Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Katrien Remaut
- b Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
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25
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No Effect of Adjunctive Minocycline Treatment on Body Metabolism in Patients With Schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2018; 38:125-128. [PMID: 29424804 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000000841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/BACKGROUND This study examined the effect of adjunctive minocycline on body metabolism in risperidone-treated patients with schizophrenia. METHODS/PROCEDURES Each subject had a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition diagnosis of schizophrenia and had been on stable dose of risperidone for at least 4 weeks. In a 16-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, subjects received either minocycline (200 mg/d) or placebo. Various metabolic parameters, including weight, waist circumference, fasting insulin, glucose, and lipids, were measured at baseline and week 16. FINDINGS/RESULTS A total of 63 subjects with schizophrenia were enrolled in the study. Fifty-five patients completed week-16 assessments (27 in the minocycline group, 28 in the placebo group). There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in week 16 changes for body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, fasting insulin, glucose, and lipids (P's > 0.300). IMPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS In the present study, adjunctive treatment of minocycline did not seem to improve body metabolism in patients with schizophrenia receiving risperidone. The implications for future studies were discussed.
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Abstract
Accumulating research substantiates the statement that inflammation plays an important role in the development of stroke. Both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators are involved in the pathogenesis of stroke, an imbalance of which leads to inflammation. Anti-inflammation is a kind of hopeful strategy for the prevention and treatment of stroke. Substantial studies have demonstrated that minocycline, a second-generation semisynthetic antibiotic belonging to the tetracycline family, can inhibit neuroinflammation, inflammatory mediators and microglia activation, and improve neurological outcome. Experimental and clinical data have found the preclinical and clinical potential of minocycline in the treatment of stroke due to its anti-inflammation properties and anti-inflammation-induced pathogeneses, including antioxidative stress, antiapoptosis, inhibiting leukocyte migration and microglial activation, and decreasing matrix metalloproteinases activity. Hence, it suggests a great future for minocycline in the therapeutics of stroke that diminish the inflammatory progress of stroke.
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27
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Schultz R, Krug M, Precht M, Wohl SG, Witte OW, Schmeer C. Frataxin overexpression in Müller cells protects retinal ganglion cells in a mouse model of ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4846. [PMID: 29555919 PMCID: PMC5859167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22887-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Müller cells are critical for retinal function and neuronal survival but can become detrimental in response to retinal ischemia and increased oxidative stress. Elevated oxidative stress increases expression of the mitochondrial enzyme frataxin in the retina, and its overexpression is neuroprotective after ischemia. Whether frataxin expression in Müller cells might improve their function and protect neurons after ischemia is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of frataxin overexpression in Müller cells on neuronal survival after retinal ischemia/reperfusion in the mouse in vivo. Retinal ischemia/reperfusion was induced in mice overexpressing frataxin in Müller cells by transient elevation of intraocular pressure. Retinal ganglion cells survival was determined 14 days after lesion. Expression of frataxin, antioxidant enzymes, growth factors and inflammation markers was determined with qRT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry 24 hours after lesion. Following lesion, there was a 65% increase in the number of surviving RGCs in frataxin overexpressing mice. Improved survival was associated with increased expression of the antioxidant enzymes Gpx1 and Sod1 as well as the growth factors Cntf and Lif. Additionally, microglial activation was decreased in these mice. Therefore, support of Müller cell function constitutes a feasible approach to reduce neuronal degeneration after ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowena Schultz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Melanie Krug
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Michel Precht
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie G Wohl
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, United States
| | - Otto W Witte
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Schmeer
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
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28
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Systemic inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide aggravates inherited retinal dystrophy. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:350. [PMID: 29500424 PMCID: PMC5834451 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Retinal neurodegenerative diseases involve a scenario of inflammation and cell death that leads to morphological alterations and visual impairment. Non-ocular inflammatory processes could affect neurodegenerative retinal disorders and their progression, at least in part by activating microglial cells and releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our purpose was to study the consequences of a systemic inflammatory process in the progression of retinal degeneration in P23H rats, a retinitis pigmentosa (RP) model. In order to induce a mild chronic systemic inflammation, we administered low doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from age P20 to P60 to dystrophic P23H rats and healthy SD rats. Visual responsiveness was assessed by electroretinography (ERG). The morphological state of the retinas was analyzed by fluorescent immunohistochemistry (IHC), evaluating the number, morphology, and connectivity of different neuronal populations by means of cell type-specific markers. Microglia density, distribution, and degree of activation were evaluated by IHC and flow cytometry. The expression levels of inflammation- and apoptosis-related genes were analyzed by qRT-PCR arrays. Low-dose LPS administration did not induce significant functional or morphological changes in the retina of SD rats, although at the molecular level, we detected expression changes in genes related to apoptosis. Otherwise, systemic injection of LPS into P23H rats induced a further deterioration in the ERG response, with greater loss of photoreceptors and worsening of synaptic connectivity, accompanied by increasing numbers of microglial cells, which also showed a more intense activation state. Several inflammation- and apoptosis-related genes were upregulated. Our results indicate that chronic exacerbation of the inflammatory response in response to LPS accelerates neurodegeneration in dystrophic P23H rats, suggesting that in patients with ocular neurodegenerative diseases, peripheral damage, as a systemic infection or chronic inflammatory process, could accelerate disease progression, and should be taken into account in order to select an appropriate therapy to revert, block or slow-down the degenerative process.
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The Role of Microglia in Diabetic Retinopathy: Inflammation, Microvasculature Defects and Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010110. [PMID: 29301251 PMCID: PMC5796059 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus, which appears in one third of all diabetic patients and is a prominent cause of vision loss. First discovered as a microvascular disease, intensive research in the field identified inflammation and neurodegeneration to be part of diabetic retinopathy. Microglia, the resident monocytes of the retina, are activated due to a complex interplay between the different cell types of the retina and diverse pathological pathways. The trigger for developing diabetic retinopathy is diabetes-induced hyperglycemia, accompanied by leukostasis and vascular leakages. Transcriptional changes in activated microglia, mediated via the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) and extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways, results in release of various pro-inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, caspases and glutamate. Activated microglia additionally increased proliferation and migration. Among other consequences, these changes in microglia severely affected retinal neurons, causing increased apoptosis and subsequent thinning of the nerve fiber layer, resulting in visual loss. New potential therapeutics need to interfere with these diabetic complications even before changes in the retina are diagnosed, to prevent neuronal apoptosis and blindness in patients.
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Hossain MZ, Unno S, Ando H, Masuda Y, Kitagawa J. Neuron-Glia Crosstalk and Neuropathic Pain: Involvement in the Modulation of Motor Activity in the Orofacial Region. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102051. [PMID: 28954391 PMCID: PMC5666733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic orofacial pain (NOP) is a debilitating condition. Although the pathophysiology remains unclear, accumulating evidence suggests the involvement of multiple mechanisms in the development of neuropathic pain. Recently, glial cells have been shown to play a key pathogenetic role. Nerve injury leads to an immune response near the site of injury. Satellite glial cells are activated in the peripheral ganglia. Various neural and immune mediators, released at the central terminals of primary afferents, lead to the sensitization of postsynaptic neurons and the activation of glia. The activated glia, in turn, release pro-inflammatory factors, further sensitizing the neurons, and resulting in central sensitization. Recently, we observed the involvement of glia in the alteration of orofacial motor activity in NOP. Microglia and astroglia were activated in the trigeminal sensory and motor nuclei, in parallel with altered motor functions and a decreased pain threshold. A microglial blocker attenuated the reduction in pain threshold, reduced the number of activated microglia, and restored motor activity. We also found an involvement of the astroglial glutamate–glutamine shuttle in the trigeminal motor nucleus in the alteration of the jaw reflex. Neuron–glia crosstalk thus plays an important role in the development of pain and altered motor activity in NOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zakir Hossain
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara Hirooka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan.
| | - Shumpei Unno
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara Hirooka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Ando
- Department of Biology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara, Hirooka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan.
| | - Yuji Masuda
- Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara, Hirooka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan.
| | - Junichi Kitagawa
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara Hirooka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan.
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ANXA1Ac2–26 peptide, a possible therapeutic approach in inflammatory ocular diseases. Gene 2017; 614:26-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Takano K, Ishida N, Kawabe K, Moriyama M, Hibino S, Choshi T, Hori O, Nakamura Y. A dibenzoylmethane derivative inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in mouse microglial cell line BV-2. Neurochem Int 2017; 119:126-131. [PMID: 28390951 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microglial activation has been suggested to play important roles in various neurodegenerative diseases by phagocytosis and producing various factors such as nitric oxide (NO), proinflammatory cytokines. Excessive production of NO, as a consequence of increased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in microglia, contributes to the neurodegeneration. During a search for compounds that regulate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a dibenzoylmethane derivative, 2,2'-dimethoxydibenzoylmethane (DBM 14-26) was identified as a novel neuroprotective agent (Takano et al., Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 293, C1884-1894, 2007). We previously reported in cultured astrocytes that DBM 14-26 protected hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death and inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production (Takano et al., J. Neurosci. Res. 89, 955-965, 2011). In the present study, we assessed the effects of DBM 14-26 on microglia using the mouse cell line BV-2 and found that DBM 14-26 inhibited LPS-induced iNOS expression and NO production also in microglia. DBM 14-26 also suppressed LPS-induced IL-1β expression. Conditioned medium of BV-2 cells stimulated by LPS significantly decreased cell viability of neuron (human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells) compared with the absence of LPS. Conditioned medium of BV-2 cells stimulated by LPS in the presence of DBM 14-26 did not significantly decreased cell viability of neuron. These results indicate that microglial activation by LPS causes neuronal cell death and DBM 14-26 protect neuron through the inhibition of microglial activation. Functional regulation of microglia by DBM 14-26 could be a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsura Takano
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology in Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Natsumi Ishida
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology in Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawabe
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology in Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Moriyama
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology in Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hibino
- Fukuyama University, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tominari Choshi
- Fukuyama University, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Osamu Hori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yoichi Nakamura
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology in Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
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Kennelly KP, Holmes TM, Wallace DM, O'Farrelly C, Keegan DJ. Early Subretinal Allograft Rejection Is Characterized by Innate Immune Activity. Cell Transplant 2017; 26:983-1000. [PMID: 28105976 DOI: 10.3727/096368917x694697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful subretinal transplantation is limited by considerable early graft loss despite pharmacological suppression of adaptive immunity. We postulated that early innate immune activity is a dominant factor in determining graft survival and chose a nonimmunosuppressed mouse model of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell transplantation to explore this. Expression of almost all measured cytokines by DH01 RPE cells increased significantly following graft preparation, and the neutrophil chemoattractant KC/GRO/CINC was most significantly increased. Subretinal allografts of DH01 cells (C57BL/10 origin) into healthy, nonimmunosuppressed C57BL/6 murine eyes were harvested and fixed at 1, 3, 7, and 28 days postoperatively and subsequently cryosectioned and stained. Graft cells were detected using SV40 large T antigen (SV40T) immunolabeling and apoptosis/necrosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). Sections were also immunolabeled for macrophage (CD11b and F4/80), neutrophil (Gr1 Ly-6G), and T-lymphocyte (CD3-ɛ) infiltration. Images captured with an Olympus FV1000 confocal microscope were analyzed using the Imaris software. The proportion of the subretinal bolus comprising graft cells (SV40T+) was significantly (p < 0.001) reduced between postoperative day (POD) 3 (90 ± 4%) and POD 7 (20 ± 7%). CD11b+, F4/80+, and Gr1 Ly-6G+ cells increased significantly (p < 0.05) from POD 1 and predominated over SV40T+ cells by POD 7. Colabeling confocal microscopic analysis demonstrated graft engulfment by neutrophils and macrophages at POD 7, and reconstruction of z-stacked confocal images confirmed SV40T inside Gr1 Ly-6G+ cells. Expression of CD3-ɛ was low and did not differ significantly between time points. By POD 28, no graft cells were detectable and few inflammatory cells remained. These studies reveal, for the first time, a critical role for innate immune mechanisms early in subretinal graft rejection. The future success of subretinal transplantation will require more emphasis on techniques to limit innate immune-mediated graft loss, rather than focusing exclusively on suppression of the adaptive immune response.
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Microglial production of TNF-alpha is a key element of sustained fear memory. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 59:313-321. [PMID: 27562421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokine productions in the brain are altered in a process of fear memory formation, indicating a possibility that altered microglial function may contribute to fear memory formation. We aimed to investigate whether and how microglial function contributes to fear memory formation. Expression levels of M1- and M2-type microglial marker molecules in microglia isolated from each conditioned mice group were assessed by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, but not of other proinflammatory cytokines produced by M1-type microglia, increased in microglia from mice representing retention of fear memory, and returned to basal levels in microglia from mice representing extinction of fear memory. Administration of inhibitors of TNF-α production facilitated extinction of fear memory. On the other hand, expression levels of M2-type microglia-specific cell adhesion molecules, CD206 and CD209, were decreased in microglia from mice representing retention of fear memory, and returned to basal levels in microglia from mice representing extinction of fear memory. Our findings indicate that microglial TNF-α is a key element of sustained fear memory and suggest that TNF-α inhibitors can be candidate molecules for mitigating posttraumatic reactions caused by persistent fear memory.
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Hanlon LA, Raghupathi R, Huh JW. Differential effects of minocycline on microglial activation and neurodegeneration following closed head injury in the neonate rat. Exp Neurol 2016; 290:1-14. [PMID: 28038986 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The role of microglia in the pathophysiology of injury to the developing brain has been extensively studied. In children under the age of 4 who have sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI), markers of microglial/macrophage activation were increased in the cerebrospinal fluid and were associated with worse neurologic outcome. Minocycline is an antibiotic that decreases microglial/macrophage activation following hypoxic-ischemia in neonatal rodents and TBI in adult rodents thereby reducing neurodegeneration and behavioral deficits. In study 1, 11-day-old rats received an impact to the intact skull and were treated for 3days with minocycline. Immediately following termination of minocycline administration, microglial reactivity was reduced in the cortex and hippocampus (p<0.001) and was accompanied by an increase in the number of fluoro-Jade B profiles (p<0.001) suggestive of a reduced clearance of degenerating cells; however, this effect was not sustained at 7days post-injury. Although microglial reactivity was reduced in the white matter tracts (p<0.001), minocycline treatment did not reduce axonal injury or degeneration. In the thalamus, minocycline treatment did not affect microglial reactivity, axonal injury and degeneration, and neurodegeneration. Injury-induced spatial learning and memory deficits were also not affected by minocycline. In study 2, to test whether extended dosing of minocycline may be necessary to reduce the ongoing pathologic alterations, a separate group of animals received minocycline for 9days. Immediately following termination of treatment, microglial reactivity and neurodegeneration in all regions examined were exacerbated in minocycline-treated brain-injured animals compared to brain-injured animals that received vehicle (p<0.001), an effect that was only sustained in the cortex and hippocampus up to 15days post-injury (p<0.001). Whereas injury-induced spatial learning deficits remained unaffected by minocycline treatment, memory deficits appeared to be significantly worse (p<0.05). Sex had minimal effects on either injury-induced alterations or the efficacy of minocycline treatment. Collectively, these data demonstrate the differential effects of minocycline in the immature brain following impact trauma and suggest that minocycline may not be an effective therapeutic strategy for TBI in the immature brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Hanlon
- Program in Neuroscience, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - R Raghupathi
- Program in Neuroscience, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Coatesville Veteran's Administration Medical Center, Coatesville, PA, United States
| | - J W Huh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Progesterone Attenuates Microglial-Driven Retinal Degeneration and Stimulates Protective Fractalkine-CX3CR1 Signaling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165197. [PMID: 27814376 PMCID: PMC5096718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a degenerative disease leading to photoreceptor cell loss. Mouse models of RP, such as the rd10 mouse (B6.CXBl-Pde6brd10/J), have enhanced our understanding of the disease, allowing for development of potential therapeutics. In 2011, our group first demonstrated that the synthetic progesterone analogue ‘Norgestrel’ is neuroprotective in two mouse models of retinal degeneration, including the rd10 mouse. We have since elucidated several mechanisms by which Norgestrel protects stressed photoreceptors, such as upregulating growth factors. This study consequently aimed to further characterize Norgestrel’s neuroprotective effects. Specifically, we sought to investigate the role that microglia might play; for microglial-derived inflammation has been shown to potentiate neurodegeneration. Dams of post-natal day (P) 10 rd10 pups were given a Norgestrel-supplemented diet (80mg/kg). Upon weaning, pups remained on Norgestrel. Tissue was harvested from P15-P50 rd10 mice on control or Norgestrel-supplemented diet. Norgestrel-diet administration provided significant retinal protection out to P40 in rd10 mice. Alterations in microglial activity coincided with significant protection, implicating microglial changes in Norgestrel-induced neuroprotection. Utilizing primary cultures of retinal microglia and 661W photoreceptor-like cells, we show that rd10 microglia drive neuronal cell death. We reveal a novel role of Norgestrel, acting directly on microglia to reduce pro-inflammatory activation and prevent neuronal cell death. Norgestrel effectively suppresses cytokine, chemokine and danger-associated molecular pattern molecule (DAMP) expression in the rd10 retina. Remarkably, Norgestrel upregulates fractalkine-CX3CR1 signaling 1 000-fold at the RNA level, in the rd10 mouse. Fractalkine-CX3CR1 signaling has been shown to protect neurons by regulating retinal microglial activation and migration. Ultimately, these results present Norgestrel as a promising treatment for RP, with dual actions as a neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory agent in the retina.
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Bauer PM, Zalis MC, Abdshill H, Deierborg T, Johansson F, Englund-Johansson U. Inflamed In Vitro Retina: Cytotoxic Neuroinflammation and Galectin-3 Expression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161723. [PMID: 27612287 PMCID: PMC5017668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disease progression in retinal neurodegeneration is strongly correlated to immune cell activation, which may have either a neuroprotective or neurotoxic effect. Increased knowledge about the immune response profile and retinal neurodegeneration may lead to candidate targets for treatments. Therefore, we have used the explanted retina as a model to explore the immune response and expression of the immune modulator galectin-3 (Gal-3), induced by the cultivation per se and after additional immune stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and how this correlates with retinal neurotoxicity. Methods Post-natal mouse retinas were cultured in a defined medium. One group was stimulated with LPS (100 ng/ml, 24 h). Retinal architecture, apoptotic cell death, and micro- and macroglial activity were studied at the time of cultivation (0 days in vitro (DIV)) and at 3, 4 and 7 DIV using morphological staining, biochemical- and immunohistochemical techniques. Results Our results show that sustained activation of macro- and microglia, characterized by no detectable cytokine release and limited expression of Gal-3, is not further inducing apoptosis additional to the axotomy-induced apoptosis in innermost nuclear layer. An elevated immune response was detected after LPS stimulation, as demonstrated primarily by release of immune mediators (i.e. interleukin 2 (IL-2), IL-6, KC/GRO (also known as CLCX1) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)), increased numbers of microglia displaying morphologies of late activation stages as well as Gal-3 expression. This was accompanied with increased apoptosis in the two additional nuclear layers, and damage to retinal gross architecture. Conclusion We demonstrate that an immune response characterized by sustained and increased release of cytokines, along with an increase in Gal-3 expression, is accompanied by significant increased neurotoxicity in the explanted retina. Further investigations using the current setting may lead to increased understanding on the mechanisms involved in neuronal loss in retinal neurodegenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Maximilian Bauer
- Dept. of Biology, Sec. Functional Zoology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Dept. Clinical Sciences in Lund, Div. Ophthalmology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marina Castro Zalis
- Dept. Clinical Sciences in Lund, Div. Ophthalmology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hodan Abdshill
- Dept. Clinical Sciences in Lund, Div. Ophthalmology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Dept. Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Johansson
- Dept. of Biology, Sec. Functional Zoology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Huang Q, Mao XF, Wu HY, Li TF, Sun ML, Liu H, Wang YX. Bullatine A stimulates spinal microglial dynorphin A expression to produce anti-hypersensitivity in a variety of rat pain models. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:214. [PMID: 27577933 PMCID: PMC5006272 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0696-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aconiti brachypodi Radix (Xue-shang-yi-zhi-hao) has been prescribed to manage chronic pain, arthritis, and traumatic injuries. Bullatine A, a C20-diterpenoid alkaloid, is one of its principle effective compounds. This study aimed to investigate the anti-hypersensitivity of bullatine A in a variety of rat pain models and explore its mechanisms of action. Methods Rat neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, diabetic neuropathic pain, and bone cancer pain models were used. Dynorphin A and pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured in the spinal cord and cultured primary microglia. Double immunofluorescence staining of dynorphin A and glial and neuronal cellular markers was also measured in the spinal cord. Results Subcutaneous and intrathecal injection of bullatine A dose-dependently attenuated spinal nerve ligation-, complete Freud’s adjuvant-, diabetes-, and bone cancer-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, with the efficacies of 45–70 % inhibition, and half-effective doses of 0.9–1.9 mg/kg for subcutaneous injection. However, bullatine A was not effective in blocking acute nociceptive response in the normal condition. Bullatine A specifically stimulated dynorphin A expression in microglia in the spinal cord in vivo and cultured primary microglia in vitro; the stimulatory effects were completely inhibited by the microglial inhibitor minocycline. In contrast, bullatine A did not have an inhibitory effect on peripheral nerve injury- or lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. The spinal anti-allodynic effects of bullatine A were entirely blocked by intrathecal injection of minocycline, the specific dynorphin A antiserum, and the selective k-opioid receptor antagonist. Conclusions We, for the first time, demonstrate that bullatine A specifically attenuates pain hypersensitivity, regardless of the pain models employed. The results also suggest that stimulation of spinal microglial dynorphin A expression mediates bullatine A anti-nociception in pain hypersensitivity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Huang
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Mao
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hai-Yun Wu
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Teng-Fei Li
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ming-Li Sun
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hao Liu
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Wang
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Higaki H, Choudhury ME, Kawamoto C, Miyamoto K, Islam A, Ishii Y, Miyanishi K, Takeda H, Seo N, Sugimoto K, Takahashi H, Yano H, Tanaka J. The hypnotic bromovalerylurea ameliorates 6-hydroxydopamine-induced dopaminergic neuron loss while suppressing expression of interferon regulatory factors by microglia. Neurochem Int 2016; 99:158-168. [PMID: 27392596 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The low molecular weight organic compound bromovalerylurea (BU) has long been used as a hypnotic/sedative. In the present study, we found that BU suppressed mRNA expression of proinflammatory factors and nitric oxide release in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated rat primary microglial cell cultures. BU prevented neuronal degeneration in LPS-treated neuron-microglia cocultures. The anti-inflammatory effects of BU were as strong as those of a synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone. A rat hemi-Parkinsonian model was prepared by injecting 6-hydroxydopamine into the right striatum. BU was orally administered to these rats for 7 days, which ameliorated the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and alleviated motor deficits. BU suppressed the expression of mRNAs for interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) 1, 7 and 8 in the right (lesioned) ventral midbrain as well as those for proinflammatory mediators. BU increased mRNA expression of various neuroprotective factors, including platelet-derived growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor, but it did not increase expression of alternative activation (M2) markers. In microglial culture, BU suppressed the LPS-induced increase in expression of IRFs 1 and 8, and it reduced LPS-induced phosphorylation of JAK1 and STATs 1 and 3. Knockdown of IRFs 1 and 8 suppressed LPS-induced NO release by microglial cells. These results suggest that suppression of microglial IRF expression by BU prevents neuronal cell death in the injured brain region, where microglial activation occurs. Because many Parkinsonian patients suffer from sleep disorders, BU administration before sleep may effectively ameliorate neurological symptoms and alleviate sleep dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Higaki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan
| | | | - Chisato Kawamoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan
| | - Keisuke Miyamoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan
| | - Afsana Islam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan
| | - Yurika Ishii
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan
| | - Kazuya Miyanishi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan
| | - Haruna Takeda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan
| | - Naoto Seo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan
| | - Kana Sugimoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan; Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine/Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Hisaaki Takahashi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan; Division of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Japan
| | - Hajime Yano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan
| | - Junya Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan.
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Stewart MW, Flynn HW, Schwartz SG, Scott IU. Extended duration strategies for the pharmacologic treatment of diabetic retinopathy: current status and future prospects. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13:1277-87. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1198771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Harry W. Flynn
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Stephen G. Schwartz
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Naples, FL, USA
| | - Ingrid U. Scott
- Penn State Hershey Eye Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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Dominguez JM, Hu P, Caballero S, Moldovan L, Verma A, Oudit GY, Li Q, Grant MB. Adeno-Associated Virus Overexpression of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 Reverses Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 1 Diabetes in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:1688-700. [PMID: 27178803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-2 is the primary enzyme of the vasoprotective axis of the renin angiotensin system that regulates the classic renin angiotensin system axis. We aimed to determine whether local retinal overexpression of adenoassociated virus (AAV)-ACE2 prevents or reverses diabetic retinopathy. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-chimeric mice were generated to distinguish resident (retinal) from infiltrating bone marrow-derived inflammatory cells and were made diabetic using streptozotocin injections. Retinal digestion using trypsin was performed and acellular capillaries enumerated. Capillary occlusion by GFP(+) cells was used to measure leukostasis. Overexpression of ACE2 prevented (prevention cohort: untreated diabetic, 11.3 ± 1.4; ACE2 diabetic, 6.4 ± 0.9 per mm(2)) and partially reversed (reversal cohort: untreated diabetic, 15.7 ± 1.9; ACE2 diabetic, 6.5 ± 1.2 per mm(2)) the diabetes-associated increase of acellular capillaries and the increase of infiltrating inflammatory cells into the retina (F4/80(+)) (prevention cohort: untreated diabetic, 24.2 ± 6.7; ACE2 diabetic, 2.5 ± 1.6 per mm(2); reversal cohort: untreated diabetic, 56.8 ± 5.2; ACE2 diabetic, 5.6 ± 2.3 per mm(2)). In both study cohorts, intracapillary bone marrow-derived cells, indicative of leukostasis, were only observed in diabetic animals receiving control AAV injections. These results indicate that diabetic retinopathy, and possibly other diabetic microvascular complications, can be prevented and reversed by locally restoring the balance between the classic and vasoprotective renin angiotensin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Dominguez
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ping Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sergio Caballero
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Leni Moldovan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Amrisha Verma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Department of Medicine, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Qiuhong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Maria B Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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Scholz R, Sobotka M, Caramoy A, Stempfl T, Moehle C, Langmann T. Minocycline counter-regulates pro-inflammatory microglia responses in the retina and protects from degeneration. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:209. [PMID: 26576678 PMCID: PMC4650866 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia reactivity is a hallmark of retinal degenerations and overwhelming microglial responses contribute to photoreceptor death. Minocycline, a semi-synthetic tetracycline analog, has potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Here, we investigated how minocycline affects microglia in vitro and studied its immuno-modulatory properties in a mouse model of acute retinal degeneration using bright white light exposure. Methods LPS-treated BV-2 microglia were stimulated with 50 μg/ml minocycline for 6 or 24 h, respectively. Pro-inflammatory gene transcription was determined by real-time RT-PCR and nitric oxide (NO) secretion was assessed using the Griess reagent. Caspase 3/7 levels were determined in 661W photoreceptors cultured with microglia-conditioned medium in the absence or presence of minocycline supplementation. BALB/cJ mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of 45 mg/kg minocycline, starting 1 day before exposure to 15.000 lux white light for 1 hour. The effect of minocycline treatment on microglial reactivity was analyzed by immunohistochemical stainings of retinal sections and flat-mounts, and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of microglia markers was determined using real-time RT-PCR and RNA-sequencing. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) stainings were used to measure the extent of retinal degeneration and photoreceptor apoptosis. Results Stimulation of LPS-activated BV-2 microglia with minocycline significantly diminished the transcription of the pro-inflammatory markers CCL2, IL6, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Minocycline also reduced the production of NO and dampened microglial neurotoxicity on 661W photoreceptors. Furthermore, minocycline had direct protective effects on 661W photoreceptors by decreasing caspase 3/7 activity. In mice challenged with white light, injections of minocycline strongly decreased the number of amoeboid alerted microglia in the outer retina and down-regulated the expression of the microglial activation marker translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO), CD68, and activated microglia/macrophage whey acidic protein (AMWAP) already 1 day after light exposure. Furthermore, RNA-seq analyses revealed the potential of minocycline to globally counter-regulate pro-inflammatory gene transcription in the light-damaged retina. The severe thinning of the outer retina and the strong induction of photoreceptor apoptosis induced by light challenge were nearly completely prevented by minocycline treatment as indicated by a preserved retinal structure and a low number of apoptotic cells. Conclusions Minocycline potently counter-regulates microgliosis and light-induced retinal damage, indicating a promising concept for the treatment of retinal pathologies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0431-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Scholz
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Markus Sobotka
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Albert Caramoy
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Thomas Stempfl
- Center of Excellence for Fluorescent Bioanalytics, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Moehle
- Center of Excellence for Fluorescent Bioanalytics, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Langmann
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
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Wang Y, Zhao H, Lin C, Ren J, Zhang S. Forsythiaside A Exhibits Anti-inflammatory Effects in LPS-Stimulated BV2 Microglia Cells Through Activation of Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:659-65. [PMID: 26498935 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1731-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress have been reported to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease. Forsythiaside A, a phenylethanoside product isolated from air-dried fruits of Forsythia suspensa, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of forsythiaside A on LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia cells and primary microglia cells were investigated. The production of inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, NO and PGE2 were detected in this study. NF-κB, nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression were detected by western blot analysis. Our results showed that forsythiaside A significantly inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, NO and PGE2 production. LPS-induced NF-κB activation was suppressed by forsythiaside A. Furthermore, forsythiaside A was found to up-regulate the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that forsythiaside A inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory responses in BV2 microglia cells and primary microglia cells through inhibition of NF-κB activation and activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, No. 208 Hospital of PLA, Changchun, China
| | - Hongfei Zhao
- Department of Encephalopathy, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun Chinese Medicine University, Changchun, China
| | - Chuangxin Lin
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Nursing Department, No. 461 Hospital of PLA, Changchun, China
| | - Shizhong Zhang
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
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Xian B, Huang B. The immune response of stem cells in subretinal transplantation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:161. [PMID: 26364954 PMCID: PMC4568575 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation is a potential curative treatment for degenerative diseases of the retina. Among cell injection sites, the subretinal space (SRS) is particularly advantageous as it is maintained as an immune privileged site by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) layer. Thus, the success of subretinal transplantation depends on maintenance of RPE integrity. Moreover, both embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have negligible immunogenicity and in fact are immunosuppressive. Indeed, many studies have demonstrated that immunosuppressive drugs are not necessary for subretinal transplantation of stem cells if the blood-retinal barrier is not breached during surgery. The immunogenicity of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) appears more complex, and requires careful study before clinical application. Despite low rates of graft rejection in animal models, survival rates for ESCs, MSCs, and iPSCs in retina are generally poor, possibly due to resident microglia activated by cell transplantation. To improve graft survival in SRS transplantation, damage to the blood-retinal barrier must be minimized using appropriate surgical techniques. In addition, agents that inhibit microglial activation may be required. Finally, immunosuppressants may be required, at least temporarily, until the blood-retinal barrier heals. We review surgical methods and drug regimens to enhance the likelihood of graft survival after SRS transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikun Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Bing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong Province, China.
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Yu Y, Chen H, Su SB. Neuroinflammatory responses in diabetic retinopathy. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:141. [PMID: 26245868 PMCID: PMC4527131 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0368-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes and has been recognized as a vascular dysfunction leading to blindness in working-age adults. It becomes increasingly clear that neural cells in retina play an important role in the pathogenesis of DR. Neural retina located at the back of the eye is part of the brain and a representative of the central nervous system. The neurosensory deficits seen in DR are related to inflammation and occur prior to the clinically identifiable vascular complications. The neural deficits are associated with abnormal reactions of retina glial cells and neurons in response to hyperglycemia. Improper activation of the innate immune system may also be an important contributor to the pathophysiology of DR. Therefore, DR manifests characteristics of both vasculopathy and chronic neuroinflammatory diseases. In this article, we attempt to provide an overview of the current understanding of inflammation in neural retina abnormalities in diabetes. Inhibition of neuroinflammation may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to the prevention of the progression of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 S Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Hui Chen
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Shao Bo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 S Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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Microglial Activation Promotes Cell Survival in Organotypic Cultures of Postnatal Mouse Retinal Explants. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135238. [PMID: 26252475 PMCID: PMC4529135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of microglia during neurodegeneration remains controversial. We investigated whether microglial cells have a neurotoxic or neuroprotective function in the retina. Retinal explants from 10-day-old mice were treated in vitro with minocycline to inhibit microglial activation, with LPS to increase microglial activation, or with liposomes loaded with clodronate (Lip-Clo) to deplete microglial cells. Flow cytometry was used to assess the viability of retinal cells in the explants and the TUNEL method to show the distribution of dead cells. The immunophenotypic and morphological features of microglia and their distribution were analyzed with flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. Treatment of retinal explants with minocycline reduced microglial activation and simultaneously significantly decreased cell viability and increased the presence of TUNEL-labeled cell profiles. This treatment also prevented the migration of microglial cells towards the outer nuclear layer, where cell death was most abundant. The LPS treatment increased microglial activation but had no effect on cell viability or microglial distribution. Finally, partial microglial removal with Lip-Clo diminished the cell viability in the retinal explants, showing a similar effect to that of minocycline. Hence, cell viability is diminished in retinal explants cultured in vitro when microglial cells are removed or their activation is inhibited, indicating a neurotrophic role for microglia in this system.
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Li W, Yang Y, Hu Z, Ling S, Fang M. Neuroprotective effects of DAHP and Triptolide in focal cerebral ischemia via apoptosis inhibition and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway activation. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:48. [PMID: 25954164 PMCID: PMC4406066 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Triptolide (TP), one of the major active components of the traditional Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, and 2, 4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine (DAHP), an inhibitor of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis, have been reported to have potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. However, the protective effects of TP and DAHP on cerebral ischemia have not been reported yet. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of TP and DAHP in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model. Furthermore, we examined whether the neuroprotective effects of TP and DAHP were associated with the inhibition of apoptosis through suppressing BH4 and inducible NOS (iNOS) synthesis or the activation of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/serine-threonine kinase Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) pathway. Our results showed that pretreatments with TP (0.2 mg/kg) and DAHP (0.5 g/kg) significantly reduced ischemic lesion volume, water content, and neuronal cell death compared with the vehicle MCAO rats. In addition, compared with the MCAO group, TP, and DAHP pretreatment groups significantly reduced astrocyte numbers, caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, and NF-κB up-regulation, while increased Bcl-2 expression. Moreover, protein expressions of PI3K, Akt, and mTOR increased, while extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1 and ERK2) phosphorylation decreased in both the TP-treated rats and DAHP-treated rats. These results demonstrate that TP and DAHP can decrease cell apoptosis in focal cerebral ischemia rat brains and that the mechanism may be related to the activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and inactivation of the ERK1/2 pathway. Thus our hypothesis was reached PI3K/Akt/mTOR and ERK1/2 pathways may provide distinct cellular targets for a new generation of therapeutic agents for the treatment of stroke, and TP and DAHP may be potential neuroprotective agents for cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyun Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou China
| | - Zhiying Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou China
| | - Shucai Ling
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou China
| | - Marong Fang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou China
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Wang S, Jing H, Yang H, Liu Z, Guo H, Chai L, Hu L. Tanshinone I selectively suppresses pro-inflammatory genes expression in activated microglia and prevents nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 164:247-255. [PMID: 25666429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, known as Danshen, is a well-known traditional Chinese herb which has been used extensively for the treatment of various diseases, including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease and neurodegenerative diseases for thousands of years. Tanshinone I is one of major bioactive flavonoids of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae. Modulation of microglial over-reaction may represent a therapeutic target to alleviate the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we tested the effect of Tanshinone I on neuro-inflammation and whether it can provide neuroprotection through inhibition of neuro-inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of Tanshinone I on the production and/or mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced BV-2 microglia cells were tested by Griess reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa) or real time polymerase chain reaction. Activation of nuclear factor κ B (NF-κB) was measured by the nuclear translocation p65 and DNA binding activity. A model of Parkinson׳s disease was established by treatment of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in C57BL/6 mice. The effect of Tanshinone I on the behavioral changes, dopamine and its metabolites levels, expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and IBA-1, production of cytokines in the midbrain were investigated by the rotarod test, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-ECD, immunohistochemistry and Elisa. 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) concentration was tested by HPLC. Liver toxicity was determined by biochemical assay and histochemistry. RESULTS We found that the productions and/or expressions of several pro-inflammatory M1 factors such as nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6 were highly suppressed by Tanshinone I in LPS-induced microglia. Interestingly, it did not affect the enhancement of expression of some anti-inflammatory M2 microglia markers, including IL-10, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) and Cox-2. But it could significantly inhibit LPS-induced granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) expression. Tanshinone I could also inhibit LPS-induced NF-κB activation in microglia. Furthermore, it improved motor functions, normalized striatal neurotransmitters, and provided dopaminergic neuronal protection in MPTP-intoxicated mice. In vivo results also indicated that Tanshinone I could modulate MPTP-induced microglial activation, attenuated the increase of TNF-α, reserved the increase of IL-10 concentrain of MPTP-intoxicated mice. Tanshinone I does not alter MPTP toxic metabolite (MPP+) concentration. Oral administration of Tanshinone I at 10mg/kg daily for 2 weeks did not show liver toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Tanshinone I selectively suppressed pro-inflammatory M1 genes expression in activated microglia, interestingly, partially reserved anti-inflammatory M2 genes expression. It also could provide neuroprotection in a mouse model of Parkinson׳s disease. These data indicated that Tanshinone I could make the most of the beneficial side and minimize the detrimental side of activated microglia simultaneously, and provide neuroprotection by modulating the immune response of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxia Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Haoran Jing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Hongyun Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Zhidong Liu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Hong Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Lijuan Chai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Limin Hu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
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Nakano Y, Furube E, Morita S, Wanaka A, Nakashima T, Miyata S. Astrocytic TLR4 expression and LPS-induced nuclear translocation of STAT3 in the sensory circumventricular organs of adult mouse brain. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 278:144-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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