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Shi F, Fan M, Li H, Li S, Wang S. Xanthone Dimers in Angiosperms, Fungi, Lichens: Comprehensive Review of Their Sources, Structures, and Pharmacological Properties. Molecules 2025; 30:967. [PMID: 40005277 PMCID: PMC11858044 DOI: 10.3390/molecules30040967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2025] [Revised: 02/15/2025] [Accepted: 02/17/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Xanthone dimers, a distinctive class of natural metabolites renowned for their unique structures, are abundantly present in a diverse array of angiosperms, fungi, and lichens. These compounds not only exhibit remarkable diversity but also possess a broad spectrum of biological activities. In this comprehensive review spanning from 1966 to 2024, we synthesized the relevant literature to delve into the natural occurrence, biological potency, molecular structure and chemical diversity of xanthone dimers. The aim of this review is to serve as an insightful reference point for future scientific inquiries into xanthone dimers and their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhi Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali 671000, China; (F.S.); (M.F.); (H.L.)
| | - Min Fan
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali 671000, China; (F.S.); (M.F.); (H.L.)
| | - Haifeng Li
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali 671000, China; (F.S.); (M.F.); (H.L.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research on Anti-Pathogenic Plant Resources from Western Yunnan, Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali 671000, China
| | - Shiwei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali 671000, China; (F.S.); (M.F.); (H.L.)
| | - Shuang Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali 671000, China; (F.S.); (M.F.); (H.L.)
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2
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Zhang D, Feng F, Chen Y, Sui J, Ding L. The potential of marine natural products and their synthetic derivatives as drugs targeting ion channels. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 276:116644. [PMID: 38971051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Ion channels are a type of protein channel that play a vital role in numerous physiological functions by facilitating the passage of ions through cell membranes, thereby enabling ion and electrical signal transmission. As a crucial target for drug action, ion channels have been implicated in various diseases. Many natural products from marine organisms, such as fungi, algae, sponges, and sea cucumber, etc. have been found to have activities related to ion channels for decades. These interesting natural product molecules undoubtedly bring good news for the treatment of neurological and cardiovascular diseases. In this review, 92 marine natural products and their synthetic derivatives with ion channel-related activities that were identified during the period 2000-2024 were systematically reviewed. The synthesis and mechanisms of action of selected compounds were also discussed, aiming to offer insights for the development of drugs targeting ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dashuai Zhang
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Fangjian Feng
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yaoyao Chen
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jingyao Sui
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Lijian Ding
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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3
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Taheri M, Bahrami A, Asadi KK, Mohammadi M, Molaei P, Hashemi M, Nouri F. A review on nonviral, nonbacterial infectious agents toxicity involved in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2023; 13:351-369. [PMID: 38357803 DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2023-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuronal death, decreased activity or dysfunction of neurotransmitters are some of the pathophysiological reasons for neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and multiple sclerosis. Also, there is evidence for the role of infections and infectious agents in neurodegenerative diseases and the effect of some metabolites in microorganisms in the pathophysiology of these diseases. In this study, we intend to evaluate the existing studies on the role of infectious agents and their metabolites on the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and Web of Science search engines were searched. Some infectious agents have been observed in neurodegenerative diseases. Also, isolations of some fungi and microalgae have an improving effect on Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Taheri
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Bahrami
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Kiana Kimiaei Asadi
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mojdeh Mohammadi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Pejman Molaei
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science & Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nouri
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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4
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Pant A, Vasundhara M. Endophytic fungi: a potential source for drugs against central nervous system disorders. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1479-1499. [PMID: 37165297 PMCID: PMC10485218 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00997-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroprotection is one of the important protection methods against neuronal cells and tissue damage caused by neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and multiple sclerosis. Various bioactive compounds produced by medicinal plants can potentially treat central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Apart from these resources, endophytes also produce diverse secondary metabolites capable of protecting the CNS. The bioactive compounds produced by endophytes play essential roles in enhancing the growth factors, antioxidant defence functions, diminishing neuroinflammatory, and apoptotic pathways. The efficacy of compounds produced by endophytic fungi was also evaluated by enzymes, cell lines, and in vivo models. Acetylcholine esterase (AChE) inhibition is frequently used to assess in vitro neuroprotective activity along with cytotoxicity-induced neuronal cell lines. Some of drugs, such as tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, and other compounds, are generally used as reference standards. Furthermore, clinical trials are required to confirm the role of these natural compounds in neuroprotection efficacy and evaluate their safety profile. This review illustrates the production of various bioactive compounds produced by endophytic fungi and their role in preventing neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushree Pant
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, 147004, India
| | - M Vasundhara
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, 147004, India.
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5
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Mittal P, Dhankhar S, Chauhan S, Garg N, Bhattacharya T, Ali M, Chaudhary AA, Rudayni HA, Al-Zharani M, Ahmad W, Khan SUD, Singh TG, Mujwar S. A Review on Natural Antioxidants for Their Role in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:908. [PMID: 37513820 PMCID: PMC10385773 DOI: 10.3390/ph16070908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurodegenerative condition known as Parkinson's disease (PD) is brought on by the depletion of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia, which is the brain region that controls body movement. PD occurs due to many factors, from which one of the acknowledged effects of oxidative stress is pathogenic pathways that play a role in the development of Parkinson's disease. Antioxidants, including flavonoids, vitamins E and C, and polyphenolic substances, help to reduce the oxidative stress brought on by free radicals. Consequently, this lowers the risk of neurodegenerative disorders in the long term. Although there is currently no cure for neurodegenerative illnesses, these conditions can be controlled. The treatment of this disease lessens its symptoms, which helps to preserve the patient's quality of life. Therefore, the use of naturally occurring antioxidants, such as polyphenols, which may be obtained through food or nutritional supplements and have a variety of positive effects, has emerged as an appealing alternative management strategy. This article will examine the extent of knowledge about antioxidants in the treatment of neurodegenerative illnesses, as well as future directions for research. Additionally, an evaluation of the value of antioxidants as neuroprotective agents will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Mittal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (P.M.); (S.D.); (S.C.); (T.G.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Sanchit Dhankhar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (P.M.); (S.D.); (S.C.); (T.G.S.); (S.M.)
- Ganpati Institute of Pharmacy, Bilaspur 135102, India
| | - Samrat Chauhan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (P.M.); (S.D.); (S.C.); (T.G.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Nitika Garg
- Ganpati Institute of Pharmacy, Bilaspur 135102, India
| | - Tanima Bhattacharya
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, 260 Kyunghee-daero, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Nondestructive Bio-Sensing Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, BLDG# E10-2, RM# 2213, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Maksood Ali
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Orlean College of Pharmacy, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, 42, Knowledge Park—III, Greater Noida 201308, India;
- Department of Pharmacognosy, HIMT College of Pharmacy, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, 8, Institutional Area, Knowledge Park—I, Greater Noida 201301, India
| | - Anis Ahmad Chaudhary
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.R.); (M.A.-Z.)
| | - Hassan Ahmad Rudayni
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.R.); (M.A.-Z.)
| | - Mohammed Al-Zharani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.R.); (M.A.-Z.)
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Salah Ud-Din Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (P.M.); (S.D.); (S.C.); (T.G.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Somdutt Mujwar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (P.M.); (S.D.); (S.C.); (T.G.S.); (S.M.)
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6
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Rahman MM, Wang X, Islam MR, Akash S, Supti FA, Mitu MI, Harun-Or-Rashid M, Aktar MN, Khatun Kali MS, Jahan FI, Singla RK, Shen B, Rauf A, Sharma R. Multifunctional role of natural products for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: At a glance. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:976385. [PMID: 36299886 PMCID: PMC9590378 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.976385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural substances originating from plants have long been used to treat neurodegenerative disorders (NDs). Parkinson's disease (PD) is a ND. The deterioration and subsequent cognitive impairments of the midbrain nigral dopaminergic neurons distinguish by this characteristic. Various pathogenic mechanisms and critical components have been reported, despite the fact that the origin is unknown, such as protein aggregation, iron buildup, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Anti-Parkinson drugs like dopamine (DA) agonists, levodopa, carbidopa, monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors and anticholinergics are used to replace DA in the current treatment model. Surgery is advised in cases where drug therapy is ineffective. Unfortunately, the current conventional treatments for PD have a number of harmful side effects and are expensive. As a result, new therapeutic strategies that control the mechanisms that contribute to neuronal death and dysfunction must be addressed. Natural resources have long been a useful source of possible treatments. PD can be treated with a variety of natural therapies made from medicinal herbs, fruits, and vegetables. In addition to their well-known anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory capabilities, these natural products also play inhibitory roles in iron buildup, protein misfolding, the maintenance of proteasomal breakdown, mitochondrial homeostasis, and other neuroprotective processes. The goal of this research is to systematically characterize the currently available medications for Parkinson's and their therapeutic effects, which target diverse pathways. Overall, this analysis looks at the kinds of natural things that could be used in the future to treat PD in new ways or as supplements to existing treatments. We looked at the medicinal plants that can be used to treat PD. The use of natural remedies, especially those derived from plants, to treat PD has been on the rise. This article examines the fundamental characteristics of medicinal plants and the bioactive substances found in them that may be utilized to treat PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Md. Rezaul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shopnil Akash
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fatema Akter Supti
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohona Islam Mitu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Harun-Or-Rashid
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Most. Nazmin Aktar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Most. Sumaiya Khatun Kali
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Farhana Israt Jahan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rajeev K. Singla
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Bairong Shen
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, Pakistan
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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7
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Rao MLN, Islam SS. Rearrangement-Driven Molecular Diversity: Synthesis of Functionalized Pyrones, Orthoesters, and Xanthones from Spiroketals. Org Lett 2021; 23:8668-8672. [PMID: 34714091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of tricyclic 5,5-benzannulated spiroketals with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and AlCl3 furnished benzopyranobenzopyrans, benzofuro-orthoesters, and benzofuroxanthones. Whereas the reaction of tricyclic 5,5-benzannulated spiroketals with TFA produced the pyrones, the reaction with AlCl3 furnished densely functionalized orthoesters and xanthones. The formation of these products was rationalized by fascinating mechanistic pathways involving semipinacol/α-ketol molecular rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddali L N Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Sk Shamim Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
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Yang J, Mori T, Wei X, Matsuda Y, Abe I. Structural Basis for Isomerization Reactions in Fungal Tetrahydroxanthone Biosynthesis and Diversification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Yang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Takahiro Mori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology The University of Tokyo 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
- PRESTO Japan Science and Technology Agency Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
| | - Xingxing Wei
- Department of Chemistry City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Yudai Matsuda
- Department of Chemistry City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology The University of Tokyo 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
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9
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Yang J, Mori T, Wei X, Matsuda Y, Abe I. Structural Basis for Isomerization Reactions in Fungal Tetrahydroxanthone Biosynthesis and Diversification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19458-19465. [PMID: 34180120 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The novel isomerase NsrQ, from Aspergillus novofumigatus, is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of fungal tetrahydroxanthones and is responsible for dearomatizing cyclization to provide a tetrahydroxanthone scaffold. NsrQ catalyzes a two-step isomerization reaction, involving the isomerization of allylic alcohol and subsequent inversion of configuration at the methyl group. We report on the biochemical and structural characterizations of NsrQ, and its homologue Dcr3, from Diaporthe longicolla. The crystal structures of NsrQ and Dcr3 revealed their similar overall structures, with a cone-shaped α+β barrel fold, to those of the nuclear transport factor 2-like superfamily enzymes. Furthermore, the structures of Dcr3 and NsrQ variants complexed with substrate analogues and the site-directed mutagenesis studies identified the catalytic residues and the important hydrophobic residues in shaping the active site pocket for substrate binding. These enzymes thus utilize Glu and His residues as acid-base catalysts. Based on these observations, we proposed a detailed reaction mechanism for NsrQ-catalyzed isomerization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Yang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Takahiro Mori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.,PRESTO Japan, Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Xingxing Wei
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yudai Matsuda
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
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Ergochromes: Heretofore Neglected Side of Ergot Toxicity. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11080439. [PMID: 31349616 PMCID: PMC6722540 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11080439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergot, fungal genus Claviceps, are worldwide distributed grass pathogens known for their production of toxic ergot alkaloids (EAs) and the great agricultural impact they have on both cereal crop and farm animal production. EAs are traditionally considered as the only factor responsible for ergot toxicity. Using broad sampling covering 13 ergot species infecting wild or agricultural grasses (including cereals) across Europe, USA, New Zealand, and South Africa we showed that the content of ergochrome pigments were comparable to the content of EAs in sclerotia. While secalonic acids A–C (SAs), the main ergot ergochromes (ECs), are well known toxins, our study is the first to address the question about their contribution to overall ergot toxicity. Based on our and published data, the importance of SAs in acute intoxication seems to be negligible, but the effect of chronic exposure needs to be evaluated. Nevertheless, they have biological activities at doses corresponding to quantities found in natural conditions. Our study highlights the need for a re-evaluation of ergot toxicity mechanisms and further studies of SAs’ impact on livestock production and food safety.
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Huang C, Zhang Z, Cui W. Marine-Derived Natural Compounds for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17040221. [PMID: 30978965 PMCID: PMC6520879 DOI: 10.3390/md17040221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons, leading to the motor dysfunctions of patients. Although the etiology of PD is still unclear, the death of dopaminergic neurons during PD progress was revealed to be associated with the abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein, the elevation of oxidative stress, the dysfunction of mitochondrial functions, and the increase of neuroinflammation. However, current anti-PD therapies could only produce symptom-relieving effects, because they could not provide neuroprotective effects, stop or delay the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Marine-derived natural compounds, with their novel chemical structures and unique biological activities, may provide anti-PD neuroprotective effects. In this study, we have summarized anti-PD marine-derived natural products which have shown pharmacological activities by acting on various PD targets, such as α-synuclein, monoamine oxidase B, and reactive oxygen species. Moreover, marine-derived natural compounds currently evaluated in the clinical trials for the treatment of PD are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Huang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
- Laboratory of Marine Natural Products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Zaijun Zhang
- Institute of New Drug Research, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic, Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Wei Cui
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
- Laboratory of Marine Natural Products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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12
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Qin T, Iwata T, Ransom TT, Beutler JA, Porco JA. Syntheses of Dimeric Tetrahydroxanthones with Varied Linkages: Investigation of "Shapeshifting" Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15225-33. [PMID: 26544765 PMCID: PMC4863954 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b09825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The 2,4'- and 4,4'-linked variants of the cytotoxic agent secalonic acid A and their analogues have been synthesized. Kinetic resolution of an unprotected tetrahydroxanthone scaffold followed by copper-mediated biaryl coupling allowed for efficient access to these compounds. Evaluation of the "shapeshifting" properties of 2,2'-, 2,4'-, and 4,4'-linked variants of the secalonic acids A in a polar solvent in conjunction with assays of the compounds against select cancer cell lines was conducted to study possible correlations between linkage variation and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Qin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Takayuki Iwata
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Tanya T. Ransom
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - John A. Beutler
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - John A. Porco
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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13
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El-Elimat T, Figueroa M, Raja HA, Graf TN, Swanson SM, Falkinham JO, Wani MC, Pearce CJ, Oberlies NH. Biosynthetically Distinct Cytotoxic Polyketides from Setophoma terrestris.. European J Org Chem 2015; 2015:109-121. [PMID: 25574154 PMCID: PMC4283843 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sixteen polyketides belonging to diverse structural classes, including monomeric/dimeric tetrahydroxanthones and resorcylic acid lactones, were isolated from an organic extract of a fungal culture Setophoma terrestris (MSX45109) using bioactivity-directed fractionation as part of a search for anticancer leads from filamentous fungi. Of these, six were new: penicillixanthone B (5), blennolide H (6), 11-deoxy blennolide D (7), blennolide I (9), blennolide J (10), and pyrenomycin (16). The known compounds were: secalonic acid A (1), secalonic acid E (2), secalonic acid G (3), penicillixanthone A (4), paecilin B (8), aigialomycin A (11), hypothemycin (12), dihydrohypothemycin (13), pyrenochaetic acid C (14), and nidulalin B (15). The structures were elucidated using a set of spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques; the absolute configurations of compounds 1-10 were determined using ECD spectroscopy combined with time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations, while a modified Mosher's ester method was used for compound 16. The cytotoxic activities of compounds (1-15) were evaluated using the MDA-MB-435 (melanoma) and SW-620 (colon) cancer cell lines. Compounds 1, 4, and 12 were the most potent with IC50 values ranging from 0.16 to 2.14 μM. When tested against a panel of bacteria and fungi, compounds 3 and 5 showed promising activity against the Gram-positive bacterium Micrococcus luteus with MIC values of 5 and 15 μg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamam El-Elimat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States, Homepage: http://www.uncg.edu/che/Group_Research_Page/NicholasOberlies
| | - Mario Figueroa
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Mexico DF 04510, Mexico
| | - Huzefa A. Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States, Homepage: http://www.uncg.edu/che/Group_Research_Page/NicholasOberlies
| | - Tyler N. Graf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States, Homepage: http://www.uncg.edu/che/Group_Research_Page/NicholasOberlies
| | - Steven M. Swanson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Joseph O. Falkinham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Mansukh C. Wani
- Natural Products Laboratory, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park NC 27709 United States
| | | | - Nicholas H. Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States, Homepage: http://www.uncg.edu/che/Group_Research_Page/NicholasOberlies
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Rumora L, Domijan AM, Žanić Grubišić T, Šegvić Klarić M. Differential activation of MAPKs by individual and combined ochratoxin A and citrinin treatments in porcine kidney PK15 cells. Toxicon 2014; 90:174-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Natural products from marine organisms with neuroprotective activity in the experimental models of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and ischemic brain stroke: their molecular targets and action mechanisms. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 38:139-70. [PMID: 25348867 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0503-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Continuous increases in the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and brain stroke demand the urgent development of therapeutics. Marine organisms are well-known producers of natural products with diverse structures and pharmacological activities. Therefore, researchers have endeavored to identify marine natural products with neuroprotective effects. In this regard, this review summarizes therapeutic targets for AD, PD, and ischemic brain stroke and marine natural products with pharmacological activities on the targets according to taxonomies of marine organisms. Furthermore, several marine natural products on the clinical trials for the treatment of neurological disorders are discussed.
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Li L, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Zhou H, Zhang Y, Yan B. Comparison of cancer cell survival triggered by microtubule damage after turning Dyrk1B kinase on and off. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:731-42. [PMID: 24377315 DOI: 10.1021/cb4005589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Using a tubulin polymerization inhibitor and a tubulin polymerization/Dyrk1B dual inhibitor, we intentionally allowed or blocked the Dyrk1B-coordinated cell survival process in response to microtubule damage. By examining the resulting differential effects on cell function and phenotype, we have elucidated key molecular interactions involved in the Dyrk1B-coordinated cell survival process as well as the associated overall cellular impact. Dyrk1B activation that is induced by microtubule damage triggers microtubule stabilization and promotes the mitochondrial translocation of p21(Cip1/waf1) (referred to as p21 hereafter) to suppress apoptosis. These coordinated survival events rapidly repair microtubules, relieve cell G2/M arrest for 42% of the cells, suppress apoptosis for 27% of the cells, and increase cell viability by 10-fold. That is, the dual inhibitor is 10 times more potent in the inhibition of cancer cell viability. This approach affords a novel drug discovery strategy by targeting both the therapeutic targets and the associated cell survival pathway using a single therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University , Jinan, China 250100
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Abstract
Total syntheses of the dimeric tetrahydroxanthone natural products secalonic acids A and D are described. Key steps involve kinetic resolution of the tetrahydroxanthone core structure using homobenzotetramisole catalysis and late-stage copper(I)-mediated homodimerization of complex aryl stannane monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Qin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development (CMLD-BU), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 (USA)
| | - John A. Porco
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development (CMLD-BU), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 (USA)
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Wang X, Mao ZG, Song BB, Chen CH, Xiao WW, Hu B, Wang JW, Jiang XB, Zhu YH, Wang HJ. Advances in the study of the structures and bioactivities of metabolites isolated from mangrove-derived fungi in the South China Sea. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:3601-16. [PMID: 24084782 PMCID: PMC3826125 DOI: 10.3390/md11103601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many metabolites with novel structures and biological activities have been isolated from the mangrove fungi in the South China Sea, such as anthracenediones, xyloketals, sesquiterpenoids, chromones, lactones, coumarins and isocoumarin derivatives, xanthones, and peroxides. Some compounds have anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties, but the biosynthesis of these compounds is still limited. This review summarizes the advances in the study of secondary metabolites from the mangrove-derived fungi in the South China Sea, and their biological activities reported between 2008 and mid-2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pituitary Tumour Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (X.W.); (Z.-G.M.); (B.H.); (J.-W.W.); (X.-B.J.)
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical school of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (B.-B.S.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-W.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules from Marine Microorganisms, Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pituitary Tumour Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (X.W.); (Z.-G.M.); (B.H.); (J.-W.W.); (X.-B.J.)
| | - Bing-Bing Song
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical school of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (B.-B.S.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-W.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules from Marine Microorganisms, Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Chun-Hua Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical school of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (B.-B.S.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-W.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules from Marine Microorganisms, Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wei-Wei Xiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical school of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (B.-B.S.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-W.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules from Marine Microorganisms, Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pituitary Tumour Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (X.W.); (Z.-G.M.); (B.H.); (J.-W.W.); (X.-B.J.)
| | - Ji-Wen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pituitary Tumour Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (X.W.); (Z.-G.M.); (B.H.); (J.-W.W.); (X.-B.J.)
| | - Xiao-Bing Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pituitary Tumour Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (X.W.); (Z.-G.M.); (B.H.); (J.-W.W.); (X.-B.J.)
| | - Yong-Hong Zhu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical school of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (B.-B.S.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-W.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules from Marine Microorganisms, Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.-H.Z.); (H.-J.W.); Tel.: +86-20-8733-2323 (Y.-H.Z.); +86-20-2882-3388-8215 (H.-J.W.); Fax: +86-20-8733-1451 (Y.-H.Z.); +86-20-8733-1655 (H.-J.W.)
| | - Hai-Jun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pituitary Tumour Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (X.W.); (Z.-G.M.); (B.H.); (J.-W.W.); (X.-B.J.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.-H.Z.); (H.-J.W.); Tel.: +86-20-8733-2323 (Y.-H.Z.); +86-20-2882-3388-8215 (H.-J.W.); Fax: +86-20-8733-1451 (Y.-H.Z.); +86-20-8733-1655 (H.-J.W.)
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Secalonic acid A protects dopaminergic neurons from 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP⁺)-induced cell death via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 713:58-67. [PMID: 23665112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Secalonic acid A (SAA) is a natural compound found in marine fungi. We have reported that SAA can attenuate the cytotoxicity of colchicine in rat cortical neurons. Whether SAA can also inhibit the neurotoxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) in dopaminergic neurons has not been investigated. Here, we show that pretreatment with 1 μM SAA significantly rescued tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons from MPP(+)-induced neurotoxicity in primary dopaminergic neuron culture. Moreover, SAA at doses of 0.15 mg/kg and 0.75 mg/kg increased the number of dopaminergic neurons and upregulated striatal dopamine in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson's disease mice experiments. We also show that SAA significantly attenuated cytotoxicity induced by 2.5 mM MPP(+) in SH-SY5Y cells. These results indicate that the activation of JNK, p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and caspase-3 during apoptosis triggered by MPP(+) could be suppressed by SAA; on the other hand, an MPP(+)-induced increase in the expression of Bax in SH-SY5Y cells was blocked by SAA. These results indicate that inhibition of the phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK, down-regulation of Bax expression, and suppression of caspase-3 activation are involved in the protective effects of SAA against MPP(+) toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. SAA may rescue dopaminergic neurons from MPP(+)-induced cell death through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
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Poloz Y, O'Day DH. Colchicine affects cell motility, pattern formation and stalk cell differentiation in Dictyostelium by altering calcium signaling. Differentiation 2012; 83:185-99. [PMID: 22381626 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous work, verified here, showed that colchicine affects Dictyostelium pattern formation, disrupts morphogenesis, inhibits spore differentiation and induces terminal stalk cell differentiation. Here we show that colchicine specifically induces ecmB expression and enhances accumulation of ecmB-expressing cells at the posterior end of multicellular structures. Colchicine did not induce a nuclear translocation of DimB, a DIF-1 responsive transcription factor in vitro. It also induced terminal stalk cell differentiation in a mutant strain that does not produce DIF-1 (dmtA-) and after the treatment of cells with DIF-1 synthesis inhibitor cerulenin (100 μM). This suggests that colchicine induces the differentiation of ecmB-expressing cells independent of DIF-1 production and likely through a signaling pathway that is distinct from the one that is utilized by DIF-1. Depending on concentration, colchicine enhanced random cell motility, but not chemotaxis, by 3-5 fold (10-50 mM colchicine, respectively) through a Ca(2+)-mediated signaling pathway involving phospholipase C, calmodulin and heterotrimeric G proteins. Colchicine's effects were not due to microtubule depolymerization as other microtubule-depolymerizing agents did not have these effects. Finally normal morphogenesis and stalk and spore cell differentiation of cells treated with 10 mM colchicine were rescued through chelation of Ca2+ by BAPTA-AM and EDTA and calmodulin antagonism by W-7 but not PLC inhibition by U-73122. Morphogenesis or spore cell differentiation of cells treated with 50 mM colchicine could not be rescued by the above treatments but terminal stalk cell differentiation was inhibited by BAPTA-AM, EDTA and W-7, but not U-73122. Thus colchicine disrupts morphogenesis and induces stalk cell differentiation through a Ca(2+)-mediated signaling pathway involving specific changes in gene expression and cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yekaterina Poloz
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5.
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Chen XM, Liu J, Wang T, Shang J. Colchicine-induced apoptosis in human normal liver L-02 cells by mitochondrial mediated pathways. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:649-55. [PMID: 22342440 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Colchicine is an alkaloid that has been widely used to treat gout. It also has a curative effect on cancer. Although many studies have shown that its effect on cell apoptosis was mediated by the activation of caspase-3, the pathways involved in the process remained obscure. Here we show some evidence regarding the missing information using human normal liver cells L-02 in our study. The effect of colchicine on apoptosis in L-02 cells and the apoptosis-associated signaling pathways were determined using different tests including cell viability assay, Annexin V and propidium idodide binding, PI staining, Hoechst 33342 staining, mitochondrial membrane potential assay, caspase activity assay and Western blot analysis. We found that colchicine-induced a dose-dependent drop of cell viability in L-02 cells; early apoptosis happened when cells were treated with 0.1μM of colchicine. The colchicine-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of caspase-3 and 9, up-regulation of Bax and down-regulation of Bcl-2 showed an evidence for the colchicine activity on apoptosis, at least, by acting via the intrinsic apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-mei Chen
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
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