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Kumar Nambi P, Kanna Sathyamoorthy Y, Kaliyappan K, Kumar Radhakrishnan R. Fucoidan (A sulfated polysaccharide) and Cerebroprotein in combination alleviate the neuroinflammation-mediated neural damage and functional deficits in the focal cerebral ischemia model of rat. Neuroscience 2023:S0306-4522(23)00207-5. [PMID: 37182836 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury could emanate a cascade of events ensuing in neural death and severe neurobehavioural deficits. The currently available interventions have failed to target the multimodal, interlinked mechanisms that operate cerebral ischemia-induced damage and functional loss. So an integrative intervention has become a mandate to overcome the deleterious mechanisms involved in cerebral ischemic pathophysiology. In this study, adult male Sprague dawley rats were exposed to 2 hours of right middle cerebral artery occlusion (rMCAo) followed by reperfusion, and the intervention group received Fucoidan alone at a dose of 50mg/kg, i.p (intraperitoneal), Cerebrolysin alone at a dose of 2.5mg/kg body weight and the combination of both. The sham rats were exposed to surgical procedures, except for the rMCAo. The assessments of the groups were made 24 hours after the rMCAo. The stand-alone treatment with Fucoidan, Cerebrolysin has shown a better outcome in the neurobehavioral and, histopathological assessments and the combination has made a significant reduction in the neurological deficits and the infarct volume when compared to the standalone groups. The BBB integrity was well preserved in the combination group when compared with the lesion and standalone groups. Moreover, the combined intervention reduced the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, NFkB, IL1α, IL1-β, IL-6, CD68, COX-2, and mRNA expression of inflammatory genes IL1α, IL1-β, IL-6, IBA-1, and COX-2 effectively. In conclusion, the present study suggests that rMCAo induced neuroinflammation and neurobehavioural alterations were attenuated by intervention with a combination of Fucoidan and cerebrolysin; Further, Fucoidan and Cerebrolysin combination improved the ischemic tolerance level by promoting the proteins and genes that regulate the inflammatory cytokines and in aiding better recovery after ischemic reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Nambi
- Department of Anatomy, Dr. Arcot Lakshmanaswamy Mudaliar Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani campus Chennai 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yogesh Kanna Sathyamoorthy
- Department of Anatomy, Dr. Arcot Lakshmanaswamy Mudaliar Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani campus Chennai 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kathiravan Kaliyappan
- Department of Anatomy, Dr. Arcot Lakshmanaswamy Mudaliar Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani campus Chennai 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar Radhakrishnan
- Department of Anatomy, Dr. Arcot Lakshmanaswamy Mudaliar Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani campus Chennai 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Wang Y, Wang Q, Han X, Ma Y, Zhang Z, Zhao L, Guan F, Ma S. Fucoidan: a promising agent for brain injury and neurodegenerative disease intervention. Food Funct 2021; 12:3820-3830. [PMID: 33861265 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo03153d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are urgent medical problems, which severely threaten the life quality of patients and their carers. However, there are currently no effective therapies. Fucoidan is a natural compound found in brown algae and some animals, which has multiple biological and pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-coagulant, anti-thrombotic, immunoregulatory, anti-viral, and anti-inflammatory effects. A growing number of studies have shown that fucoidan also exerts a neuroprotective function. Particularly, recent findings have indicated that fucoidan could slow down the neurodegenerative processes and show protective effects against brain injury, which might be of therapeutic value for intervening in brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we have discussed the pharmacokinetics of fucoidan as well as the molecular mechanisms by which fucoidan exerts its neuroprotective effect on some neurological disorders. Along with this, we have also summarized the potential benefits of fucoidan in combination with other drugs in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and brain injury. Although the extraction process of fucoidan has been improved well, more efforts should be devoted to the translational research and clinical trials of fucoidan in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Qianqian Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Xiao Han
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Yingchao Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Zhenkun Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Liang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention in National Health Commission, Henan Institute of Population and Reproductive Health, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
| | - Fangxia Guan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China. and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China. and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
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Toxicological evaluation of Sargassum Wightii greville derived fucoidan in wistar rats: Haematological, biochemical and histopathological evidences. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:874-882. [PMID: 32760655 PMCID: PMC7390788 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study aimed to investigate the acute and subacute toxicity profile of fucoidan obtained from Sargassum wightii Greville, a brown marine algae in order to assess its safety. Methods Fucoidan was isolated from Sargassum wightii Greviile and subjected to FTIR analysis to confirm the functional groups. In acute toxicity study, a single dose of fucoidan (2000 mg/kg) was orally administered to three female rats as per OECD guideline 423. OECD guidelines 407 was adopted for subacute toxicity study. Fucoidan was orally administered to male and female rats at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg. Hematological, biochemical and histopathological analyses were carried out. Results FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of major functional groups. The animals did not show any remarkable toxic signs or mortality in acute toxicity study at single oral administration of fucoidan at the dose of 2000 mg/kg bodyweight. In subacute toxicity, no statistically significant difference in body weight, relative weight of vital organs, food and water intake compared to the control group was observed. Serum glucose and cholesterol showed a statistically significant reduction at all the doses when compared to normal control and the reduction was in a dose dependent manner. There were no other changes observed in biochemical or haematological parameters. Histopathological analysis showed no significant toxic signs at organ levels in treated groups when compared to normal control. Conclusions Based on the results obtained from acute and subacute toxicity study, fucoidan is considered to be safe in the models tested, which encourages its long term administration for medicinal uses. This study supports the application of fucoidan as a traditional medicine.
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Dimitrova-Shumkovska J, Krstanoski L, Veenman L. Potential Beneficial Actions of Fucoidan in Brain and Liver Injury, Disease, and Intoxication-Potential Implication of Sirtuins. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E242. [PMID: 32380741 PMCID: PMC7281157 DOI: 10.3390/md18050242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased interest in natural antioxidants has brought to light the fucoidans (sulfated polysaccharides present in brown marine algae) as highly valued nutrients as well as effective and safe therapeutics against several diseases. Based on their satisfactory in vitro antioxidant potency, researchers have identified this molecule as an efficient remedy for neuropathological as well as metabolic disorders. Some of this therapeutic activity is accomplished by upregulation of cytoprotective molecular pathways capable of restoring the enzymatic antioxidant activity and normal mitochondrial functions. Sirtuin-3 has been discovered as a key player for achieving the neuroprotective role of fucoidan by managing these pathways, whose ultimate goal is retrieving the entirety of the antioxidant response and preventing apoptosis of neurons, thereby averting neurodegeneration and brain injuries. Another pathway whereby fucoidan exerts neuroprotective capabilities is by interactions with P-selectin on endothelial cells, thereby preventing macrophages from entering the brain proper. Furthermore, beneficial influences of fucoidan have been established in hepatocytes after xenobiotic induced liver injury by decreasing transaminase leakage and autophagy as well as obtaining optimal levels of intracellular fiber, which ultimately prevents fibrosis. The hepatoprotective role of this marine polysaccharide also includes a sirtuin, namely sirtuin-1 overexpression, which alleviates obesity and insulin resistance through suppression of hyperglycemia, reducing inflammation and stimulation of enzymatic antioxidant response. While fucoidan is very effective in animal models for brain injury and neuronal degeneration, in general, it is accepted that fucoidan shows somewhat limited potency in liver. Thus far, it has been used in large doses for treatment of acute liver injuries. Thus, it appears that further optimization of fucoidan derivatives may establish enhanced versatility for treatments of various disorders, in addition to brain injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Dimitrova-Shumkovska
- Department of Experimental Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University Ss Cyril and Methodius, Arhimedova 6, P.O. Box 162, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia;
| | - Ljupcho Krstanoski
- Department of Experimental Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University Ss Cyril and Methodius, Arhimedova 6, P.O. Box 162, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia;
| | - Leo Veenman
- Israel Institute of Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Institute of Medical Research, 1 Efron Street, P.O. Box 9697, Haifa 31096, Israel
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Ahn M, Kim J, Yang W, Choi Y, Ekanayake P, Ko H, Jee Y, Shin T. Amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by Ishige okamurae. Anat Cell Biol 2018; 51:292-298. [PMID: 30637164 PMCID: PMC6318454 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2018.51.4.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a T-cell-mediated autoimmune central nervous system disease characterized by inflammation with oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate an anti-inflammatory effect of Ishige okamurae on EAE-induced paralysis in rats. An ethanolic extract of I. okamurae significantly delayed the first onset and reduced the duration and severity of hind-limb paralysis. The neuropathological and immunohistochemical findings in the spinal cord were in agreement with these clinical results. T-cell proliferation assay revealed that the ethyl-acetate fraction of I. okamurae suppressed the proliferation of myelin basic protein reactive T cells from EAE affected rats. Flow cytometric analysis showed TCRαβ+ T cells was significantly reduced in the spleen of EAE rats with I. okamurae treatment with concurrent decrease of inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor-α and cyclooxygenase-2. Collectively, it is postulated that I. okamurae ameliorates EAE paralysis with suppression of T-cell proliferation as well as decrease of pro-inflammatory mediators as far as rat EAE is concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meejung Ahn
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Wonjun Yang
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Yuna Choi
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Poornima Ekanayake
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Hyunju Ko
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Youngheun Jee
- Department of Veterinary Histology, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
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Kim H, Ahn JH, Song M, Kim DW, Lee TK, Lee JC, Kim YM, Kim JD, Cho JH, Hwang IK, Yan BC, Won MH, Park JH. Pretreated fucoidan confers neuroprotection against transient global cerebral ischemic injury in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 area via reducing of glial cell activation and oxidative stress. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:1718-1727. [PMID: 30551426 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucoidan is a sulfated polysaccharide derived from brown algae and possesses various beneficial activities, including antioxidant property. Previous studies have shown that fucoidan displays protective effect against ischemia-reperfusion injury in some organs. However, few studies have been reported regarding the protective effect of fucoidan against transient cerebral ischemic insults and its related mechanisms. Therefore, in this study, we examined the neuroprotective effect of fucoidan against transient global cerebral ischemia (tGCI), as well as underlying its mechanism using a gerbil model of tGCI which shows a loss of pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) area after 5 min of tGCI. Fucoidan (25 and 50 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered once daily for 5 days before tGCI. Pretreatment with 50 mg/kg of fucoidan, not 25 mg/kg of fucoidan, attenuated tGCI-induced hyperactivity and protected CA1 pyramidal neurons from tGCI. In addition, pretreatment with 50 mg/kg of fucoidan inhibited activations of astrocytes and microglia in the ischemic CA1 area. Furthermore, pretreatment with 50 mg/kg of fucoidan significantly reduced the increased 4-hydroxy-2-noneal and superoxide anion radical production in the ischemic CA1 area and significantly increased expressions of SOD1 and SOD2 in the CA1 pyramidal neurons before and after tGCI. Additionally, treatment with diethyldithiocarbamate (an inhibitor of SODs) to the fucoidan-treated gerbils notably abolished the fucoidan-mediated neuroprotection. In brief, our present results indicate that fucoidan can effectively protect neurons from tGCI through attenuation of activated glial cells and reduction of oxidative stress via increase of SODs. Thus, we strongly suggest that fucoidan can be used as a useful preventive agent in cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Minah Song
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangnung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon, 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Dai Kim
- Division of Food Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, and Institute of Medical Sciences, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bing Chun Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese, Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225001, PR China
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24252, Republic of Korea.
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Tahsili-Fahadan P, Farrokh S, Geocadin RG. Hypothermia and brain inflammation after cardiac arrest. Brain Circ 2018; 4:1-13. [PMID: 30276330 PMCID: PMC6057700 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_4_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cessation (ischemia) and restoration (reperfusion) of cerebral blood flow after cardiac arrest (CA) induce inflammatory processes that can result in additional brain injury. Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) has been proven as a brain protective strategy after CA. In this article, the underlying pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion brain injury with emphasis on the role of inflammatory mechanisms is reviewed. Potential targets for immunomodulatory treatments and relevant effects of TH are also discussed. Further studies are needed to delineate the complex pathophysiology and interactions among different components of immune response after CA and identify appropriate targets for clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouya Tahsili-Fahadan
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Falls Church, Virginia, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Salia Farrokh
- Department of Pharmacy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Romergryko G Geocadin
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Wang J, Liu H, Jin W, Zhang H, Zhang Q. Structure-activity relationship of sulfated hetero/galactofucan polysaccharides on dopaminergic neuron. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 82:878-83. [PMID: 26484597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons and more-widespread neuronal changes that cause complex symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate the structure-activity relationship of sulfated hetero-polysaccharides (DF1) and sulfated galactofucan polysaccharides (DF2) on dopaminergic neuron in vivo and in vitro. Treatment with samples significantly ameliorated the depletion of both DA and TH-, Bcl-2- and Bax-positive neurons in MPTP-induced PD mice, DF1 showed the highest activity. The in vitro results found that DF1 and DF2 could reverse the decreased mitochondrial activity and the increased LDL release induced by MPP(+) (P<0.01 or P<0.001) which provides further evidence that DF1 and DF2 also exerts a direct protection against the neuronal injury caused by MPP(+). Furthermore, the administration of samples effectively decreased lipid peroxidation and increased the level/activities of GSH, GSH-PX, MDA and CAT in MPTP mice. Thus, the neuron protective effect may be mediated, in part, through antioxidant activity and the prevention of cell apoptosis. The chemical composition of DF1, DF2 and DF differed markedly, the DF1 fraction had the most complex chemical composition and showed the highest neuron protective activity. These results suggest that diverse monosaccharides and uronic acid might contribute to neuron protective activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Nantong Branch, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nantong, Jiangsu 226006, PR China
| | - Huaide Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Seyuan Road 9, Nantong 226019, PR China
| | - Weihua Jin
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Quanbin Zhang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Nantong Branch, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nantong, Jiangsu 226006, PR China.
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Zhang H, Row KH. Extraction and separation of polysaccharides from Laminaria japonica by size-exclusion chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 53:498-502. [PMID: 25013027 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
A large number of studies have suggested that polysaccharides, such as fucoidan and laminarin, in various seaweeds have significant biological properties. A different distribution of molecular weights is a prominent sign of many polysaccharides. Therefore, a simple, fast and reliable high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) method was proposed to separate fucoidan and laminarin from Laminaria japonica. After evaluating the different separation conditions for HPSEC, such as the type of mobile phase and flow rate, an acid extraction method was established and optimized by a systematic investigation of the influencing factors. Under the optimal conditions, 169.2 and 383.8 mg g(-1) of fucoidan and laminarin, respectively, were extracted. This method is suitable for the extraction and separation of polysaccharides with good reproducibility of the retention time, acceptable linearity, small relative standard deviation and low detection limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Row
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea
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Angiari S, Constantin G. Selectins and their ligands as potential immunotherapeutic targets in neurological diseases. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:1207-20. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Selectins are a family of adhesion receptors that bind to highly glycosylated molecules expressed on the surface of leukocytes and endothelial cells. The interactions between selectins and their ligands control tethering and rolling of leukocytes on the vascular wall during the process of leukocyte migration into the tissues under physiological and pathological conditions. In recent years, it has been shown that leukocyte recruitment in the CNS plays a pivotal role in diseases such as multiple sclerosis, ischemic stroke, epilepsy and traumatic brain injury. In this review, we discuss the role of selectins in leukocyte–endothelial interactions in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases, highlighting new findings suggesting that selectins and their ligands may represent novel potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Angiari
- Department of Pathology & Diagnostics, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Gabriela Constantin
- Department of Pathology & Diagnostics, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, Verona 37134, Italy
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Abstract
Hypoxia-ischemia is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the perinatal period with an incidence of 1/4000 live births. Biochemical events such as energy failure, membrane depolarization, brain edema, an increase of neurotransmitter release and inhibition of uptake, an increase of intracellular Ca(2+), production of oxygen-free radicals, lipid peroxidation, and a decrease of blood flow are triggered by hypoxia-ischemia and may lead to brain dysfunction and neuronal death. These abnormalities can result in mental impairments, seizures, and permanent motor deficits, such as cerebral palsy. The physical and emotional strain that is placed on the children affected and their families is enormous. The care that these individuals need is not only confined to childhood, but rather extends throughout their entire life span, so it is very important to understand the pathophysiology that follows a hypoxic-ischemic insult. This review will highlight many of the mechanisms that lead to neuronal death and include the emerging area of white matter injury as well as the role of inflammation and will provide a summary of therapeutic strategies. Hypothermia and oxygen will also be discussed as treatments that currently lack a specific target in the hypoxic/ischemic cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Calvert
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, 11234 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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Nelson ED, Ramberg JE, Best T, Sinnott RA. Neurologic effects of exogenous saccharides: a review of controlled human, animal, and in vitro studies. Nutr Neurosci 2012; 15:149-62. [PMID: 22417773 PMCID: PMC3389826 DOI: 10.1179/1476830512y.0000000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Current research efforts are centered on delineating the novel health benefits of naturally derived saccharides, including growing interest in their abilities to influence neurologic health. We performed a comprehensive review of the literature to consolidate all controlled studies assessing various roles of exogenous saccharide compounds and polysaccharide-rich extracts from plants, fungi, and other natural sources on brain function, with a significant focus on benefits derived from oral intake. METHODS Studies were identified by conducting electronic searches on PubMed and Google Scholar. Reference lists of articles were also reviewed for additional relevant studies. Only articles published in English were included in this review. RESULTS Six randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies were identified in which consumption of a blend of plant-derived polysaccharides showed positive effects on cognitive function and mood in healthy adults. A separate controlled clinical study observed improvements in well-being with ingestion of a yeast beta-glucan. Numerous animal and in vitro studies have demonstrated the ability of individual saccharide compounds and polysaccharide-rich extracts to modify behavior, enhance synaptic plasticity, and provide neuroprotective effects. DISCUSSION Although the mechanisms by which exogenous saccharides can influence brain function are not well understood at this time, the literature suggests that certain naturally occurring compounds and polysaccharide-rich extracts show promise, when taken orally, in supporting neurologic health and function. Additional well-controlled clinical studies on larger populations are necessary, however, before specific recommendations can be made.
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Mohamed S, Hashim SN, Rahman HA. Seaweeds: A sustainable functional food for complementary and alternative therapy. Trends Food Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Morya VK, Kim J, Kim EK. Algal fucoidan: structural and size-dependent bioactivities and their perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 93:71-82. [PMID: 22089385 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3666-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fucoidan is a complex-sulfated polysaccharide distributed in various marine organisms, and the brown algae are reported as the major producer. The fucoidan is important for their high bioactive properties, like antibacterial, anticoagulant, antiviral, anti-tumor, etc., and many more to be explored. There is a strong archival support for the bioactivity and promising properties of this molecule, which creates a hope for this molecule as future drug against thrombosis and some kind of cancers. Reports other than the above bioactive properties have also been a matter of interest for the design of signal or enzyme-arrested new class of drugs. In the past three decades, the research on isolation, molecular characterization, and screening of biological applications has significantly increased. One major issue associated with this molecule is the higher size and seasonal variation in their chemical composition; to resolve the issue and maintain its bioactivity, a prioritized and literal hydrolysis process is required to be developed. Here, in this mini-review, we have tried to summarize the algal fucoidan research and the bioactivities influenced by their molecular size.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Morya
- National Research Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
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Tanaka K, Ito M, Kodama M, Tomita M, Kimura S, Hoyano M, Mitsuma W, Hirono S, Hanawa H, Aizawa Y. Sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan ameliorates experimental autoimmune myocarditis in rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2010; 16:79-86. [PMID: 21193680 DOI: 10.1177/1074248410378751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Homing of cardiac myosin-specific CD4-positive T cells into the myocardium is the initial pathologic event of experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM). Subsequently, various bystander inflammatory cells are recruited into the myocardium crossing vascular endothelial cell walls. Sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan binds selectin nonselectively and blocks its function. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate whether in vivo fucoidan treatment can improve EAM. A 21-day infusion of physiological saline or fucoidan was administrated intraperitoneally to the rats with sham operation (sham-saline, n = 5; sham-fucoidan, n = 6) or those with cardiac myosin injection (EAM-saline, n = 10; EAM-fucoidan, n = 10). After 3 weeks, fucoidan treatment improved left ventricular ejection fraction (79.04 ± 2.81 vs 65.94% ± 3.22%; P < .01 vs EAM-saline) with a reduced ratio of heart weight to body weight (4.016 ± 0.239 vs 4.975 ± 0.252 mg/g; P < .05 vs EAM-saline) in EAM. Furthermore, fucoidan treatment decreased serum levels of BNP (292.0 ± 53.4 vs 507.4 ± 89.2 ng/mL; P < .05 vs EAM-saline) and the myocarditis area (31.66 ± 1.53 vs 42.51% ± 3.24%; P < .01 vs EAM-saline) in EAM. These beneficial effects of fucoidan were accompanied by inhibition of both macrophage and CD4-positive T-cell infiltration into the myocardium. Fucoidan, a nonselective selectin blocker, attenuates the progression of EAM. This observation may be explained, at least in part, by blocking the extravasation of inflammatory cells into the myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komei Tanaka
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular and Vital Control, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Kim H, Moon C, Park EJ, Jee Y, Ahn M, Wie MB, Shin T. Amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats treated with fucoidan. Phytother Res 2010; 24:399-403. [PMID: 19655293 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether fucoidan affected the clinical symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rats. EAE was induced in Lewis rats that were immunized with guinea-pig myelin basic protein (MBP) and complete Freund's adjuvant. Fucoidan (50 mg/kg, daily) was administered to rats with EAE intraperitoneally, either in the EAE induction phase from either 1 day before immunization to day 7 post-immunization (PI), or the effector phase from day 8 to 14 PI, to test which phase of rat EAE is affected by fucoidan treatment.The onset, severity and duration of EAE paralysis in the fucoidan-treated group in the days 8-14 PI-treated rats, but not in days -1-7 PI-treated rats, were significantly delayed, suppressed and reduced, respectively, compared with the vehicle-treated controls. Treatment with fucoidan reduced the encephalitogenic response and TNF-alpha production during EAE. Moreover, the clinical amelioration coincided with decreased infiltration of inflammatory cells in the EAE-affected spinal cord. The ameliorative effect of fucoidan on clinical paralysis in EAE-affected rats may be mediated, in part, by the suppression of the autoreactive T cell response and inflammatory cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heechul Kim
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Applied Radiological Science Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea
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Liu C, Lin N, Wu B, Qiu Y. Neuroprotective effect of memantine combined with topiramate in hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Brain Res 2009; 1282:173-82. [PMID: 19501064 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2009] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate receptor-mediated neurotoxicity is a major mechanism contributing to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIBI). Memantine is a safe non-competitive NMDA receptor blocker characterized by its low affinity and fast unblocking kinetics. Topiramate is an AMPA/KA receptor blocker and use-dependent sodium channel blocker with several other neuroprotective actions and little neurotoxicity. We hypothesized that the coadministration of memantine and topiramate would be highly effective to attenuate HIBI in neonatal rats. Seven-day-old Sprague-Dawley rat pups were subjected to right common carotid artery ligation and hypoxia for 2 h, and then were randomly and blindly assigned to one of four groups: vehicle, memantine, topiramate and combination group. Brain injury was evaluated by gross damage and weight deficit of the right hemisphere at 22d after hypoxic-ischemia (HI) and by neurofunctional assessment (foot-fault test) at 21d post-HI. Acute neuronal injury was also evaluated by microscopic damage grading at 72 h post-HI. Results showed the combination of memantine and topiramate improved both pathological outcome and performance significantly. The drug-induced apoptotic neurodegeneration was assessed by TUNEL staining at 48 h post-HI and the result showed no elevated apoptosis in all observed areas. The result of the experiment indicates the combination therapy is safe and highly effective to reduce brain damage after HIBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 515000, Shantou, China
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Luo D, Zhang Q, Wang H, Cui Y, Sun Z, Yang J, Zheng Y, Jia J, Yu F, Wang X, Wang X. Fucoidan protects against dopaminergic neuron death in vivo and in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 617:33-40. [PMID: 19545563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2008] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder of uncertain pathogenesis characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta, and can be modeled by the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Oxidative stress may contribute to MPTP- and Parkinson's disease-related neurodegeneration. Fucoidan is a sulfated polysaccharide extracted from brown seaweeds which possesses a wide variety of biological activities including potent antioxidative effects. Here we investigated the effect of fucoidan treatment on locomoter activities of animals, striatal dopamine and its metabolites and survival of nigral dopaminergic neurons in MPTP-induced animal model of Parkinsonism in C57/BL mice in vivo and on the neuronal damage induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) in vitro, and to study the possible mechanisms. When administered prior to MPTP, fucoidan reduced behavioral deficits, increased striatal dopamine and its metabolites levels, reduced cell death, and led to a marked increase in tyrosine hydroxylase expression relative to mice treated with MPTP alone. Furthermore, we found that fucoidan inhibited MPTP-induced lipid peroxidation and reduction of antioxidant enzyme activity. In addition, pre-treatment with fucoidan significantly protected against MPP(+)-induced damage in MN9D cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that fucoidan has protective effect in MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in this model of Parkinson's disease via its antioxidative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingzhen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
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Ha YJ, Kim YS, Lee HJ, Seo JH, Sung YH, Kim SE, Shin MS, Kim CJ. Neuroprotective Effect of Fucoidan againstN-methyl-D-aspartate-Induced Excitotoxicity in Rat Hippocampus. Exp Neurobiol 2009. [DOI: 10.5607/en.2009.18.2.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Joon Ha
- Department of Anatomy-Meridian, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyungwon University, Sungnam 461-701, Korea
| | - Youn-Sub Kim
- Department of Anatomy-Meridian, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyungwon University, Sungnam 461-701, Korea
| | - Hye-Jung Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Seo
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Sung
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Mal-Soon Shin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Chang-Ju Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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Clarkson AN. Anesthetic-mediated protection/preconditioning during cerebral ischemia. Life Sci 2007; 80:1157-75. [PMID: 17258776 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Revised: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a multi-faceted neurodegenerative pathology that causes cellular injury to neurons within the central nervous system. In light of the underlying mechanisms being elucidated, clinical trials to find possible neuroprotectants to date have failed, thus highlighting the need for new putative targets to offer protection. Recent evidence has clearly shown that anesthetics can confer significant protection and or induce a preconditioning effect against cerebral ischemia-induced injury. This review will focus on the putative protection/preconditioning that is afforded by anesthetics, their possible interaction with GABA(A) and glutamate receptors and two-pore potassium channels. In addition, the interaction with inflammatory, apoptotic and underlying molecular (particularly immediately early genes and inducible nitric oxide synthase etc) pathways, the activation of K(ATP) channels and the ability to provide lasting protection will also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Clarkson
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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Jhamandas JH, Wie MB, Harris K, MacTavish D, Kar S. Fucoidan inhibits cellular and neurotoxic effects of β-amyloid (Aβ) in rat cholinergic basal forebrain neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2005; 21:2649-59. [PMID: 15926913 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The deposition of beta-amyloid protein (A beta), a 39-43 amino acid peptide, in the brain and a loss of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain are pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Seaweeds consumed in Asia contain Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide. Fucoidan has been known to exhibit various biological actions, such as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant action. In this study, using whole-cell patch clamp recordings we examined the effects of Fucoidan on A beta-induced whole-cell currents in acutely dissociated rat basal forebrain neurons. We further investigated whether Fucoidan is capable of blocking A beta neurotoxicity in primary neuronal cultures. In dissociated cells, bath application of A beta(25-35) (1 microM) caused a reduction of the whole-cell currents by 16%. Fucoidan, in a dose-dependent manner, blocks the A beta(25-35) reduction of whole-cell currents. Exposure of A beta(25-35) (20 microM) or A beta(1-42) (20 microM) to rat cholinergic basal forebrain cultures for 48 h resulted in 40-60% neuronal death, which was significantly decreased by pretreatment of cultures with Fucoidan (0.1-1.0 microM). Fucoidan also attenuated A beta-induced down-regulation of phosphorylated protein kinase C. A beta(1-42)-induced generation of reactive oxygen species was blocked by prior exposure of cultures to Fucoidan. Furthermore, A beta activation of caspases 9 and 3, which are signaling pathways implicated in apoptotic cell death, is blocked by pretreatment of cultures with Fucoidan. These results show that Fucoidan is able to block A beta-induced reduction in whole-cell currents in basal forebrain neurons and has neuroprotective effects against A beta-induced neurotoxicity in basal forebrain neuronal cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack H Jhamandas
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada.
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