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Liu Y, Guo S, Li Y, Mao J, Lin X, Liu R, Zhao D, Dong Z, Yu S, Han X. Transcutaneous occipital nerve stimulation alleviated migraine related pain by regulating synaptic plasticity and CGRP expression in the periaqueductal gray of male rats. J Headache Pain 2025; 26:61. [PMID: 40155829 PMCID: PMC11954304 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-025-02006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2025] [Accepted: 03/12/2025] [Indexed: 04/01/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical observations have shown that transcutaneous occipital nerve stimulation (tONS) is effective in treating migraine. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. This study employs a rodent model to investigate the therapeutic effects of tONS on migraine-related pain and to explore potential mechanisms. METHODS The SD rats were used to establish the migraine model by repeated epidural infusions of inflammatory soup (IS). Modified bilateral electrodes were attached noninvasively for tONS treatments. Periorbital mechanical thresholds were assessed using von-Frey filaments, and other pain-related nociceptive behaviors were analyzed through video recordings. The expressions of c-Fos, synaptophysin (Syp) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) and/or periaqueductal gray (PAG) area were measured by immunofluorescence and western blotting analyses. The excitatory synaptic transmission in the PAG was detected by whole-cell patch-clamp recording among migraine rats. RESULTS The reduction in periorbital mechanical thresholds induced by repeated IS infusions was partially reversed by tONS treatments in migraine rats. Other pain-related behaviors, including exploration, rest, and unilateral grooming, consistently improved following tONS treatment. The TNC and PAG area were activated after IS modeling, and the CGRP expressions in the PAG significantly decreased after tONS treatments. tONS could inhibit the enhanced excitatory synaptic transmission in the PAG of migraine rats. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that tONS has therapeutic potential in treating migraine, with the PAG excitability and CGRP expression playing a role in its mechanisms of action. tONS may represent a promising non-invasive neuromodulation approach for the management of migraine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglu Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Shengli Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Neurology, Aerospace Center Hospital, No.15 Yuquan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jingrui Mao
- Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xiaoxue Lin
- Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Ruozhuo Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Dengfa Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Zhao Dong
- Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Shengyuan Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Xun Han
- Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Hoffmann J, Mehnert J, Koo EM, May A. Greater occipital nerve block modulates nociceptive signals within the trigeminocervical complex. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2021; 92:1335-1340. [PMID: 34312221 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-326433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pharmacological block of the greater occipital nerve has been proven effective in numerous headache and facial pain syndromes. This clinical effect supports the hypothesis of a strong functional interaction between the occipital and trigeminal nerves which has been proposed in neurophysiological in vivo experiments in rodents. Although it is likely that the interaction has to occur in the central nervous system, the exact site and the mechanisms of the interaction remain largely unknown. METHODS Focusing on these questions we investigated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised study the influence of an occipital nerve block with lidocaine 1% on neuronal activation in the trigeminocervical complex using high-resolution functional magnetic resonance on a 3T scanner. In order to investigate potential clinical effects on the trigeminal nerve, we further performed quantitative sensory testing and analysed a potential shift in thermal detection and pain thresholds. RESULTS The pharmacological block of the greater occipital nerve induced an occipital anaesthesia ipsilateral to the block. Functional imaging revealed that the occipital injection of lidocaine but not placebo significantly reduced nociceptive trigeminal activation. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the functional inhibition of the occipital nerve block on trigeminal nociceptive activity is likely to occur at the C2 level where the occipital nerve enters the trigeminocervical complex and converges on the same central nuclei before the signal crosses the midline at that level and is then transmitted to higher processing centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hoffmann
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jan Mehnert
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elena M Koo
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arne May
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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3
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García-Magro N, Negredo P, Martin YB, Nuñez Á, Avendaño C. Modulation of mechanosensory vibrissal responses in the trigeminocervical complex by stimulation of the greater occipital nerve in a rat model of trigeminal neuropathic pain. J Headache Pain 2020; 21:96. [PMID: 32762640 PMCID: PMC7410158 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-020-01161-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stimulation of the occipital or trigeminal nerves has been successfully used to treat chronic refractory neurovascular headaches such as migraine or cluster headache, and painful neuropathies. Convergence of trigeminal and occipital sensory afferents in the ‘trigeminocervical complex’ (TCC) from cutaneous, muscular, dural, and visceral sources is a key mechanism for the input-induced central sensitization that may underlie the altered nociception. Both excitatory (glutamatergic) and inhibitory (GABAergic and glycinergic) mechanisms are involved in modulating nociception in the spinal and medullary dorsal horn neurons, but the mechanisms by which nerve stimulation effects occur are unclear. This study was aimed at investigating the acute effects of electrical stimulation of the greater occipital nerve (GON) on the responses of neurons in the TCC to the mechanical stimulation of the vibrissal pad. Methods Adult male Wistar rats were used. Neuronal recordings were obtained in laminae II-IV in the TCC in control, sham and infraorbital chronic constriction injury (CCI-IoN) animals. The GON was isolated and electrically stimulated. Responses to the stimulation of vibrissae by brief air pulses were analyzed before and after GON stimulation. In order to understand the role of the neurotransmitters involved, specific receptor blockers of NMDA (AP-5), GABAA (bicuculline, Bic) and Glycine (strychnine, Str) were applied locally. Results GON stimulation produced a facilitation of the response to light facial mechanical stimuli in controls, and an inhibition in CCI-IoN cases. AP-5 reduced responses to GON and vibrissal stimulation and blocked the facilitation of GON on vibrissal responses found in controls. The application of Bic or Str significantly reduced the facilitatory effect of GON stimulation on the response to vibrissal stimulation in controls. However, the opposite effect was found when GABAergic or Glycinergic transmission was prevented in CCI-IoN cases. Conclusions GON stimulation modulates the responses of TCC neurons to light mechanical input from the face in opposite directions in controls and under CCI-IoN. This modulation is mediated by GABAergic and Glycinergic mechanisms. These results will help to elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of nerve stimulation in controlling painful craniofacial disorders, and may be instrumental in identifying new therapeutic targets for their prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria García-Magro
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Medical School, Autonoma University of Madrid, c/ Arzobispo Morcillo 2, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Programme in Neuroscience, Doctoral School, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Negredo
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Medical School, Autonoma University of Madrid, c/ Arzobispo Morcillo 2, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yasmina B Martin
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Nuñez
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Medical School, Autonoma University of Madrid, c/ Arzobispo Morcillo 2, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Avendaño
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Medical School, Autonoma University of Madrid, c/ Arzobispo Morcillo 2, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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Ashina H, Porreca F, Anderson T, Amin FM, Ashina M, Schytz HW, Dodick DW. Post-traumatic headache: epidemiology and pathophysiological insights. Nat Rev Neurol 2019; 15:607-617. [DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0243-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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6
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Castien R, De Hertogh W. A Neuroscience Perspective of Physical Treatment of Headache and Neck Pain. Front Neurol 2019; 10:276. [PMID: 30972008 PMCID: PMC6443880 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The most prevalent primary headaches tension-type headache and migraine are frequently associated with neck pain. A wide variety of treatment options is available for people with headache and neck pain. Some of these interventions are recommended in guidelines on headache: self-management strategies, pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Physical treatment is a frequently applied treatment for headache. Although this treatment for headache is predominantly targeted on the cervical spine, the neurophysiological background of this intervention remains unclear. Recent knowledge from neuroscience will enhance clinical reasoning in physical treatment of headache. Therefore, we summarize the neuro- anatomical and—physiological findings on headache and neck pain from experimental research in both animals and humans. Several neurophysiological models (referred pain, central sensitization) are proposed to understand the co-occurrence of headache and neck pain. This information can be of added value in understanding the use of physical treatment as a treatment option for patients with headache and neck pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Castien
- Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Willem De Hertogh
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
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7
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Hoffmann J, May A. Neuromodulation for the treatment of primary headache syndromes. Expert Rev Neurother 2019; 19:261-268. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1585243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hoffmann
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Arne May
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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8
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Ahmed S, Plazier M, Ost J, Stassijns G, Deleye S, Ceyssens S, Dupont P, Stroobants S, Staelens S, De Ridder D, Vanneste S. The effect of occipital nerve field stimulation on the descending pain pathway in patients with fibromyalgia: a water PET and EEG imaging study. BMC Neurol 2018; 18:191. [PMID: 30419855 PMCID: PMC6233518 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-018-1190-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibromyalgia is a chronic disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain accompanied by fatigue, sleep, memory, and mood problems. Recently, occipital nerve field stimulation (ONS) has been proposed as an effective potential treatment for fibromyalgia-related pain. The aim of this study is to unravel the neural mechanism behind occipital nerve stimulation’s ability to suppress pain in fibromyalgia patients. Materials and methods Seven patients implanted with subcutaneous electrodes in the C2 dermatoma were enrolled for a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) H215O activation study. These seven patients were selected from a cohort of 40 patients who were part of a double blind, placebo-controlled study followed by an open label follow up at six months. The H215O PET scans were taken during both the “ON” (active stimulation) and “OFF” (stimulating device turned off) conditions. Electroencephalogram (EEG) data were also recorded for the implanted fibromyalgia patients during both the “ON” and “OFF” conditions. Results Relative to the “OFF” condition, ONS stimulation resulted in activation in the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex, comprising the medial pain pathway, the ventral medial prefrontal cortex, and the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex as well as parahippocampal area, the latter two of which comprise the descending pain pathway. Relative deactivation was observed in the left somatosensory cortex, constituting the lateral pain pathway as well as other sensory areas such as the visual and auditory cortex. The EEG results also showed increased activity in the descending pain pathway. The pregenual anterior cingulate cortex extending into the ventral medial prefrontal cortex displayed this increase in the theta, alpha1, alpha2, beta1, and beta2 frequency bands. Conclusion PET shows that ONS exerts its effect via activation of the descending pain inhibitory pathway and the lateral pain pathway in fibromyalgia, while EEG shows activation of those cortical areas that could be responsible for descending inhibition system recruitment. Trial Registration This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00917176 (June 10, 2009).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen Ahmed
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Mark Plazier
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Gaetane Stassijns
- Department of physical health hand rehabilitation, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Steven Deleye
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Ceyssens
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Dupont
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sigrid Stroobants
- Department of nuclear medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Steven Staelens
- Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Dirk De Ridder
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sven Vanneste
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA.
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9
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Spinal high-velocity low-amplitude manipulation with exercise in women with chronic temporomandibular disorders. MANUELLE MEDIZIN 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00337-018-0406-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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10
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Abstract
There is substantial evidence indicating a role for glutamate in migraine. Levels of glutamate are higher in the brain and possibly also in the peripheral circulation in migraine patients, particularly during attacks. Altered blood levels of kynurenines, endogenous modulators of glutamate receptors, have been reported in migraine patients. Population genetic studies implicate genes that are involved with glutamate signaling in migraine, and gene mutations responsible for familial hemiplegic migraine and other familial migraine syndromes may influence glutamate signaling. Animal studies indicate that glutamate plays a key role in pain transmission, central sensitization, and cortical spreading depression. Multiple therapies that target glutamate receptors including magnesium, topiramate, memantine, and ketamine have been reported to have efficacy in the treatment of migraine, although with the exception of topiramate, the evidence for the efficacy of these therapies is not strong. Also, because all of these therapies have other mechanisms of action, it is not possible to conclude that the efficacy of these drugs is entirely due to their effects on glutamate receptors. Further studies are needed to more clearly delineate the possible roles of glutamate and its specific receptor subtypes in migraine and to identify new ways of targeting glutamate for migraine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hoffmann
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrew Charles
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 635 Charles Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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11
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Seifert T. The relationship of migraine and other headache disorders to concussion. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 158:119-126. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63954-7.00012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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12
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Ben Aissa M, Tipton AF, Bertels Z, Gandhi R, Moye LS, Novack M, Bennett BM, Wang Y, Litosh V, Lee SH, Gaisina IN, Thatcher GR, Pradhan AA. Soluble guanylyl cyclase is a critical regulator of migraine-associated pain. Cephalalgia 2017; 38:1471-1484. [PMID: 29022756 DOI: 10.1177/0333102417737778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Nitric oxide (NO) has been heavily implicated in migraine. Nitroglycerin is a prototypic NO-donor, and triggers migraine in humans. However, nitroglycerin also induces oxidative/nitrosative stress and is a source of peroxynitrite - factors previously linked with migraine etiology. Soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) is the high affinity NO receptor in the body, and the aim of this study was to identify the precise role of sGC in acute and chronic migraine. Methods We developed a novel brain-bioavailable sGC stimulator (VL-102), and tested its hyperalgesic properties in mice. We also determined the effect of VL-102 on c-fos and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity within the trigeminovascular complex. In addition, we also tested the known sGC inhibitor, ODQ, within the chronic nitroglycerin migraine model. Results VL-102-evoked acute and chronic mechanical cephalic and hind-paw allodynia in a dose-dependent manner, which was blocked by the migraine medications sumatriptan, propranolol, and topiramate. In addition, VL-102 also increased c-fos and CGRP expressing cells within the trigeminovascular complex. Importantly, ODQ completely inhibited acute and chronic hyperalgesia induced by nitroglycerin. ODQ also blocked hyperalgesia already established by chronic nitroglycerin, implicating this pathway in migraine chronicity. Conclusions These results indicate that nitroglycerin causes migraine-related pain through stimulation of the sGC pathway, and that super-activation of this receptor may be an important component for the maintenance of chronic migraine. This work opens the possibility for negative sGC modulators as novel migraine therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Ben Aissa
- 1 Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,2 UICentre for Drug Discovery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alycia F Tipton
- 3 Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zachariah Bertels
- 3 Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ronak Gandhi
- 1 Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Laura S Moye
- 3 Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Madeline Novack
- 3 Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brian M Bennett
- 4 Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Yueting Wang
- 1 Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,2 UICentre for Drug Discovery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vladislav Litosh
- 1 Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,2 UICentre for Drug Discovery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sue H Lee
- 1 Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,2 UICentre for Drug Discovery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Irina N Gaisina
- 1 Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,2 UICentre for Drug Discovery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gregory Rj Thatcher
- 1 Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,2 UICentre for Drug Discovery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amynah A Pradhan
- 3 Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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13
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Abstract
Post-traumatic headache (migraine) is the most common symptom of concussion and traumatic brain injury. An expert opinion-based review along with a literature review (PubMed) was conducted looking at known interventional procedures for post-traumatic headache using the keywords post-traumatic headache, post-traumatic migraine headache, concussion, mild traumatic brain injury, and traumatic brain injury and the following categories: mechanism, pathophysiology, treatment, physical therapy, neurostimulation, Botox@/Onabotulinum toxin, and surgical intervention. The results returned a total of 181 articles of which 52 were selected. None of the articles included randomized placebo-controlled studies, and most were either prospective or retrospective case analysis and/or review articles or consensus opinion papers, with most studies yielding positive results. Despite a lack of hard evidence, interventional procedures, alone or in combination, appear to be an effective treatment for post-traumatic headaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis X Conidi
- Florida Center for Headache and Sports Neurology, 2525 Burns Road, Palm Beach Gardens, FL, 33410, USA.
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14
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Goadsby PJ, Holland PR, Martins-Oliveira M, Hoffmann J, Schankin C, Akerman S. Pathophysiology of Migraine: A Disorder of Sensory Processing. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:553-622. [PMID: 28179394 PMCID: PMC5539409 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1156] [Impact Index Per Article: 144.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plaguing humans for more than two millennia, manifest on every continent studied, and with more than one billion patients having an attack in any year, migraine stands as the sixth most common cause of disability on the planet. The pathophysiology of migraine has emerged from a historical consideration of the "humors" through mid-20th century distraction of the now defunct Vascular Theory to a clear place as a neurological disorder. It could be said there are three questions: why, how, and when? Why: migraine is largely accepted to be an inherited tendency for the brain to lose control of its inputs. How: the now classical trigeminal durovascular afferent pathway has been explored in laboratory and clinic; interrogated with immunohistochemistry to functional brain imaging to offer a roadmap of the attack. When: migraine attacks emerge due to a disorder of brain sensory processing that itself likely cycles, influenced by genetics and the environment. In the first, premonitory, phase that precedes headache, brain stem and diencephalic systems modulating afferent signals, light-photophobia or sound-phonophobia, begin to dysfunction and eventually to evolve to the pain phase and with time the resolution or postdromal phase. Understanding the biology of migraine through careful bench-based research has led to major classes of therapeutics being identified: triptans, serotonin 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonists; gepants, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists; ditans, 5-HT1F receptor agonists, CGRP mechanisms monoclonal antibodies; and glurants, mGlu5 modulators; with the promise of more to come. Investment in understanding migraine has been very successful and leaves us at a new dawn, able to transform its impact on a global scale, as well as understand fundamental aspects of human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Goadsby
- Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Neurology, University of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern-Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philip R Holland
- Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Neurology, University of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern-Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Margarida Martins-Oliveira
- Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Neurology, University of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern-Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan Hoffmann
- Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Neurology, University of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern-Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Schankin
- Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Neurology, University of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern-Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon Akerman
- Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Neurology, University of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern-Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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15
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Lyubashina OA, Panteleev SS, Sokolov AY. Inhibitory effect of high-frequency greater occipital nerve electrical stimulation on trigeminovascular nociceptive processing in rats. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 124:171-183. [PMID: 27677650 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1626-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation of the greater occipital nerve (GON) has recently shown promise as an effective non-pharmacological prophylactic therapy for drug-resistant chronic primary headaches, but the neurobiological mechanisms underlying its anticephalgic action are not elucidated. Considering that the spinal trigeminal nucleus (STN) is a key segmental structure playing a prominent role in pathophysiology of headaches, in the present study we evaluated the effects of GON electrical stimulation on ongoing and evoked firing of the dura-sensitive STN neurons. The experiments were carried out on urethane/chloralose-anesthetized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated male Wistar rats. Extracellular recordings were made from 11 neurons within the caudal part of the STN that received convergent input from the ipsilateral facial cutaneous receptive fields, dura mater and GON. In each experiment, five various combinations of the GON stimulation frequency (50, 75, 100 Hz) and intensity (1, 3, 6 V) were tested successively in 10 min interval. At all parameter sets, preconditioning GON stimulation (250 ms train of pulses applied before each recording) produced suppression of both the ongoing activity of the STN neurons and their responses to electrical stimulation of the dura mater. The inhibitory effect depended mostly on the GON stimulation intensity, being maximally pronounced when a stimulus of 6 V was applied. Thus, the GON stimulation-induced inhibition of trigeminovascular nociceptive processing at the level of STN has been demonstrated for the first time. The data obtained can contribute to a deeper understanding of neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the therapeutic efficacy of GON stimulation in primary headaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Lyubashina
- Laboratory of Cortico-Visceral Physiology, Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Nab. Makarova, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia. .,Department of Neuropharmacology, Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, First Saint-Petersburg Pavlov State Medical University, 6/8 Lev Tolstoy Street, Saint Petersburg, 197022, Russia.
| | - Sergey S Panteleev
- Laboratory of Cortico-Visceral Physiology, Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Nab. Makarova, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia.,Department of Neuropharmacology, Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, First Saint-Petersburg Pavlov State Medical University, 6/8 Lev Tolstoy Street, Saint Petersburg, 197022, Russia
| | - Alexey Y Sokolov
- Laboratory of Cortico-Visceral Physiology, Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Nab. Makarova, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia.,Department of Neuropharmacology, Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, First Saint-Petersburg Pavlov State Medical University, 6/8 Lev Tolstoy Street, Saint Petersburg, 197022, Russia
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16
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Scrivani SJ, Spierings EL. Classification and Differential Diagnosis of Oral and Maxillofacial Pain. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2016; 28:233-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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17
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Abstract
Occipital neuralgia is defined by the International Headache Society as paroxysmal shooting or stabbing pain in the dermatomes of the greater or lesser occipital nerve. Various treatment methods exist, from medical treatment to open surgical procedures. Local injection with corticosteroid can improve symptoms, though generally only temporarily. More invasive procedures can be considered for cases that do not respond adequately to medical therapies or repeated injections. Radiofrequency lesioning of the greater occipital nerve can relieve symptoms, but there is a tendency for the pain to recur during follow-up. There also remains a substantial group of intractable patients that do not benefit from local injections and conventional procedures. Moreover, treatment of occipital neuralgia is sometimes challenging. More invasive procedures, such as C2 gangliotomy, C2 ganglionectomy, C2 to C3 rhizotomy, C2 to C3 root decompression, neurectomy, and neurolysis with or without sectioning of the inferior oblique muscle, are now rarely performed for medically refractory patients. Recently, a few reports have described positive results following peripheral nerve stimulation of the greater or lesser occipital nerve. Although this procedure is less invasive, the significance of the results is hampered by the small sample size and the lack of long-term data. Clinicians should always remember that destructive procedures carry grave risks: once an anatomic structure is destroyed, it cannot be easily recovered, if at all, and with any destructive procedure there is always the risk of the development of painful neuroma or causalgia, conditions that may be even harder to control than the original complaint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Choi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, University of Hallym University, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Sang Ryong Jeon
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Reindl C, Seifert F, Nickel F, Maihöfner C. Neuromodulation of Electrically Induced Hyperalgesia in the Trigeminocervical System. Pain Pract 2015; 16:712-9. [PMID: 26017620 DOI: 10.1111/papr.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Trigeminal and cervical afferents converge on neurons of the trigeminocervical complex and may significantly alter the function of these neurons. This interaction may have implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of primary headache disorders. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study pain modulatory mechanisms within the trigeminocervical complex. SUBJECTS We used an electrical pain model challenging pro- and antinociceptive systems in 19 healthy volunteers. METHODS Transcutaneous supraorbital noxious electrical low-frequency stimulation (0.5 Hz), known to induce both hyperalgesia due to central sensitization (as a marker of pain facilitation) and habituation (as a marker of pain inhibition), was combined with different noxious stimulation paradigms applied to the innervation territory of upper cervical afferents. We investigated the effects of concurrent stimulation in the cervical/extratrigeminal system on habituation profiles, hyperalgesic area, pain, and detection thresholds in the trigeminal system. RESULTS It was previously shown that conditioning 20-Hz noxious electrical stimuli may provoke centrally mediated sensory decline that possesses heterotopic antihyperalgesic properties. Occipital and forearm costimulation at a frequency of 20 Hz had no significant modulating effect on supraorbital pain adaptation, hyperalgesic area, or pain perception. Effects for trigeminal stimulation were independent of occipital stimulus intensity. Furthermore, for single occipital stimulation at 0.5 and 20 Hz, no somatosensory changes could be demonstrated within the trigeminal system. CONCLUSION Trigeminal nociception stayed unchanged despite of occipital costimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Reindl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Seifert
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Nickel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Fürth General Hospital, Fürth, Germany
| | - Christian Maihöfner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Fürth General Hospital, Fürth, Germany
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19
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Plazier M, Ost J, Snijders E, Gilbers M, Vancamp T, De Ridder D, Vanneste S. Laser-Evoked Potentials in Fibromyalgia: The Influence of Greater Occipital Nerve Stimulation on Cerebral Pain Processing. Neuromodulation 2015; 18:376-83. [PMID: 25996805 DOI: 10.1111/ner.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fibromyalgia causes widespread musculo-skeletal pain in the four quadrants of the body. Greater occipital nerve stimulation has recently shown beneficial effects in fibromyalgia patients on pain, fatigue, and mood disorders. Laser-evoked potentials (LEPs) are used for research to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of pain and to evaluate the effects of pain treatment. In fibromyalgia patients, LEPs tend to have a higher N2 amplitude, a tendency to shorter latencies, and patients have a lower pain threshold. Greater occipital nerve stimulation might exert a modulation of the medial pain pathways processing the affective motivational components of pain (unpleasantness) as well as the descending pain inhibitory pathways (reducing pain), both of which are contributing to the N2P2 peak. MATERIALS AND METHODS To test this hypothesis, the authors performed LEPs in a group of fibromyalgia patients with and without greater occipital nerve stimulation. RESULTS Occipital nerve stimulation does not alter the amplitudes of the LEP recordings, although a significant difference in latencies can be seen. More specifically, latencies of the N2P2 increased in the condition after stimulation, and especially at the Pz electrode. CONCLUSION Our results suggest Occipital Nerve Stimulation (ONS) induces a modification of the balance between antinociceptive pain inhibitory pathways and pain-provoking pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Plazier
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Jan Ost
- BRAI2N, Sint Augustinus Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Erwin Snijders
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Martijn Gilbers
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Tim Vancamp
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Dirk De Ridder
- BRAI2N, Sint Augustinus Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium.,BRAI2N, Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Neurosurgery, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sven Vanneste
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
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20
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Blumenfeld A, Ashkenazi A, Evans RW. Occipital and Trigeminal Nerve Blocks for Migraine. Headache 2015; 55:682-9. [DOI: 10.1111/head.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Blumenfeld
- Headache Center; The Headache Center of Southern California; Encinitas CA USA
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21
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La Touche R, Paris-Alemany A, Gil-Martínez A, Pardo-Montero J, Angulo-Díaz-Parreño S, Fernández-Carnero J. Masticatory sensory-motor changes after an experimental chewing test influenced by pain catastrophizing and neck-pain-related disability in patients with headache attributed to temporomandibular disorders. J Headache Pain 2015; 16:20. [PMID: 25902781 PMCID: PMC4385233 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-015-0500-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent research has shown a relationship of craniomandibular disability with neck-pain-related disability has been shown. However, there is still insufficient information demonstrating the influence of neck pain and disability in the sensory-motor activity in patients with headache attributed to temporomandibular disorders (TMD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of neck-pain-related disability on masticatory sensory-motor variables. Methods An experimental case–control study investigated 83 patients with headache attributed to TMD and 39 healthy controls. Patients were grouped according to their scores on the neck disability index (NDI) (mild and moderate neck disability). Initial assessment included the pain catastrophizing scale and the Headache Impact Test-6. The protocol consisted of baseline measurements of pressure pain thresholds (PPT) and pain-free maximum mouth opening (MMO). Individuals were asked to perform the provocation chewing test, and measurements were taken immediately after and 24 hours later. During the test, patients were assessed for subjective feelings of fatigue (VAFS) and pain intensity. Results VAFS was higher at 6 minutes (mean 51.7; 95% CI: 50.15-53.26) and 24 hours after (21.08; 95% CI: 18.6-23.5) for the group showing moderate neck disability compared with the mild neck disability group (6 minutes, 44.16; 95% CI 42.65-45.67/ 24 hours after, 14.3; 95% CI: 11.9-16.7) and the control group. The analysis shows a decrease in the pain-free MMO only in the group of moderate disability 24 hours after the test. PPTs of the trigeminal region decreased immediately in all groups, whereas at 24 hours, a decrease was observed in only the groups of patients. PPTs of the cervical region decreased in only the group with moderate neck disability 24 hours after the test. The strongest negative correlation was found between pain-free MMO immediately after the test and NDI in both the mild (r = −0.49) and moderate (r = −0.54) neck disability groups. VAFS was predicted by catastrophizing, explaining 17% of the variance in the moderate neck disability group and 12% in the mild neck disability group. Conclusion Neck-pain-related disability and pain catastrophizing have an influence on the sensory-motor variables evaluated in patients with headache attributed to TMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy La Touche
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, The Center for Advanced Studies University La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Aravaca, Madrid, Spain. .,Motion in Brains Research Group, The Center for Advanced Studies University La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madird, Aravaca, Madrid, Spain. .,Institute of Neuroscience and Craniofacial Pain (INDCRAN), Madrid, Spain. .,Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alba Paris-Alemany
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, The Center for Advanced Studies University La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Aravaca, Madrid, Spain. .,Motion in Brains Research Group, The Center for Advanced Studies University La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madird, Aravaca, Madrid, Spain. .,Institute of Neuroscience and Craniofacial Pain (INDCRAN), Madrid, Spain. .,Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alfonso Gil-Martínez
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, The Center for Advanced Studies University La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Aravaca, Madrid, Spain. .,Motion in Brains Research Group, The Center for Advanced Studies University La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madird, Aravaca, Madrid, Spain. .,Institute of Neuroscience and Craniofacial Pain (INDCRAN), Madrid, Spain. .,Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Joaquín Pardo-Montero
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, The Center for Advanced Studies University La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Aravaca, Madrid, Spain. .,Motion in Brains Research Group, The Center for Advanced Studies University La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madird, Aravaca, Madrid, Spain. .,Institute of Neuroscience and Craniofacial Pain (INDCRAN), Madrid, Spain. .,Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Santiago Angulo-Díaz-Parreño
- Motion in Brains Research Group, The Center for Advanced Studies University La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madird, Aravaca, Madrid, Spain. .,Institute of Neuroscience and Craniofacial Pain (INDCRAN), Madrid, Spain. .,Faculty of Medicine, Universidad San Pablo CEU, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Josué Fernández-Carnero
- Motion in Brains Research Group, The Center for Advanced Studies University La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madird, Aravaca, Madrid, Spain. .,Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Slotty PJ, Bara G, Vesper J. The surgical technique of occipital nerve stimulation. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2015; 157:105-8. [PMID: 25424904 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-014-2281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occipital nerve stimulation is increasingly used in the treatment of primary headache disorders. We describe a surgical technique applying preoperative fluoroscopy and intraoperative tactile orientation designed to reduce radiation exposure and provide reproducible results. METHOD Under general anesthesia and in the supine position, the C1-C2 transition is identified fluoroscopically and marked with an electrocardiogram (ECG) electrode prior to surgery. During electrode placement, the ECG electrodes are used for tactile orientation of electrode direction and depth. CONCLUSIONS The use of tactile orientation solely during surgery reduces radiation exposure and decreases the duration of surgery. This technique allows reproducible results of final electrode position.
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23
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Slotty PJ, Bara G, Kowatz L, Gendolla A, Wille C, Schu S, Vesper J. Occipital nerve stimulation for chronic migraine: A randomized trial on subthreshold stimulation. Cephalalgia 2014; 35:73-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102414534082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Occipital nerve stimulation (ONS) may provide pain relief in migraine patients. In this double-blinded trial we investigated the significance of paresthesia and possible placebo effects. Methods Patients already treated with ONS reporting stable treatment effect were included. “Effective stimulation,” “subthreshold stimulation” and “no stimulation” were compared. Patients cycled through all three treatment groups. Outcome was measured using the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, McGill Pain Questionnaire and SF-36. Results Eight patients were included, mean preoperative VAS was 8.20 ± 1.22. A significant improvement in pain was observed in favor of suprathreshold stimulation compared to subthreshold stimulation (1.98 ± 1.56 vs 5.65 ± 2.11). Pain also significantly improved under subthreshold stimulation compared to no stimulation (5.65 ± 2.11 vs 8.45 ± 0.99). No changes in SF-36 were observed. Conclusions Paresthesia is not required to achieve pain reduction but suprathreshold stimulation yields better results, underlining the significance of stimulation parameter customization.
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Affiliation(s)
- PJ Slotty
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery and Stereotaxy, Neurosurgical Clinic, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - G Bara
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery and Stereotaxy, Neurosurgical Clinic, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - L Kowatz
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery and Stereotaxy, Neurosurgical Clinic, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - C Wille
- Neurochirurgische Praxis-Klinik, Germany
| | - S Schu
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery and Stereotaxy, Neurosurgical Clinic, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - J Vesper
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery and Stereotaxy, Neurosurgical Clinic, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
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24
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Watson DH, Drummond PD. Cervical Referral of Head Pain in Migraineurs: Effects on the Nociceptive Blink Reflex. Headache 2014; 54:1035-45. [DOI: 10.1111/head.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dean H. Watson
- School of Psychology; Murdoch University; Perth WA Australia
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25
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Akerman S, Holland PR, Hoffmann J. Pearls and pitfalls in experimental in vivo models of migraine: dural trigeminovascular nociception. Cephalalgia 2014; 33:577-92. [PMID: 23671254 DOI: 10.1177/0333102412472071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine is a disorder of the brain and is thought to involve activation of the trigeminovascular system, which includes the peripheral afferent projection to the nociceptive specific dura mater, as well as the central afferent projection to the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Stimulation of the blood vessels of the dura mater produces pain in patients that is referred to the head similar to headache. HEADACHE MECHANISMS: The likely reason for the pain is because the vascular structures of the dura mater, including the superior sagittal sinus and middle meningeal artery, are richly innervated by a plexus of largely unmyelinated sensory nerve fibers from the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal ganglion. METHODOLOGY Stimulation of these nociceptive specific nerve fibers is painful and produces neuronal activation in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Preclinical models of headache have taken advantage of this primarily nociceptive pathway, and various animal models use dural trigeminovascular nociception to assay aspects of head pain. These assays measure responses at the level of the dural vasculature and the central trigeminal nucleus caudalis as a correlate of trigeminovascular activation thought to be involved in headache. SUMMARY This review will summarize the history of the development of models of dural trigeminovascular nociception, including intravital microscopy and laser Doppler flowmetry at the level of the vasculature, and electrophysiology and Fos techniques used to observe neuronal activation at the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. It will also describe some of pitfalls of these assays and developments for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Akerman
- Headache Group, Department of Neurology, University of California, CA 94158, USA.
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26
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Filipović B, Matak I, Lacković Z. Dural neurogenic inflammation induced by neuropathic pain is specific to cranial region. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 121:555-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1144-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Plazier M, Dekelver I, Vanneste S, Stassijns G, Menovsky T, Thimineur M, De Ridder D. Occipital Nerve Stimulation in Fibromyalgia: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study With a Six-Month Follow-Up. Neuromodulation 2013; 17:256-63; discussion 263-4. [DOI: 10.1111/ner.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Plazier
- Department of Translational Neuroscience; Faculty of Health science and Medicine University Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
- Department of Neurosurgery; University Hospital Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Ingrid Dekelver
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; University Hospital Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Sven Vanneste
- Department of Translational Neuroscience; Faculty of Health science and Medicine University Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Gaëtane Stassijns
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; University Hospital Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Tomas Menovsky
- Department of Translational Neuroscience; Faculty of Health science and Medicine University Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
- Department of Neurosurgery; University Hospital Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Mark Thimineur
- Department of Anaesthesiology; Griffin Hospital; St. Derby CT USA
| | - Dirk De Ridder
- Department of Surgical Sciences; Section of Neurosurgery; Dunedin School of Medicine; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
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Johnston MM, Jordan SE, Charles AC. Pain referral patterns of the C1 to C3 nerves: implications for headache disorders. Ann Neurol 2013; 74:145-8. [PMID: 23424170 DOI: 10.1002/ana.23869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The cervical nerves may play a significant role in primary headache disorders. We reviewed the patterns of pain evoked by stimulation of the first 3 cervical nerves (C1-C3) in 10 patients with chronic occipital pain, 6 of whom also had migraine. Stimulation at the C1 level evoked periorbital and frontal pain in 6 of 6 patients with migraine but evoked occipital or cervical pain in those without migraine. C2 and C3 stimulation resulted in occipital or cervical pain in all patients. The C1 nerve may have an important sensory function in headache disorders that have orbital and frontal pain as a prominent feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie M Johnston
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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Pedersen JL, Barloese M, Jensen RH. Neurostimulation in cluster headache: A review of current progress. Cephalalgia 2013; 33:1179-93. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102413489040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of review Neurostimulation has emerged as a viable treatment for intractable chronic cluster headache. Several therapeutic strategies are being investigated including stimulation of the hypothalamus, occipital nerves and sphenopalatine ganglion. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the rationale, methods and progress for each of these. Latest findings Results from a randomized, controlled trial investigating sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation have just been published. Reportedly the surgery is relatively simple and it is apparently the only therapy that provides relief acutely. Summary The rationale behind these therapies is based on growing evidence from clinical, hormonal and neuroimaging studies. The overall results are encouraging, but unfortunately not all patients have benefited. All the mentioned therapies require weeks to months of stimulation for a prophylactic effect to occur, suggesting brain plasticity as a possible mechanism, and only stimulation of the sphenopalatine ganglion has demonstrated an acute, abortive effect. Predictors of effect for all modes of neurostimulation still need to be identified and in the future, the least invasive and most effective strategy must be preferred as first-line therapy for intractable chronic cluster headache.
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The Role of Biomaterials in Stimulating Bioelectrodes. Biomater Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-087780-8.00084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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31
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Ballenberger N, von Piekartz H, Paris-Alemany A, La Touche R, Angulo-Diaz-Parreño S. Influence of different upper cervical positions on electromyography activity of the masticatory muscles. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2012; 35:308-18. [PMID: 22632591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the activity of the masseter and anterior temporalis muscles in relation to different positions of the upper cervical spine during maximal voluntary isometric clenching by surface electromyography (EMG). METHODS This was a cross-sectional study with a repeated-measures design performed using 25 asymptomatic subjects (13 female and 12 male; mean age, 31 years; SD, 8.51). The EMG activity of the masseter and anterior temporalis muscles was recorded bilaterally during maximal clenching at neutral position and during extension, flexion, ipsilateral lateral flexion, contralateral lateral flexion, and ipsilateral and contralateral rotations in maximal flexion. In addition, the upper cervical range of motion and mandibular excursions were assessed. The EMG activity data were analyzed using a 3-way analysis of variance in which the factors considered were upper cervical position, sex (male and female), and side (right and left), and the hypothesis of importance was the interaction side x position. RESULTS The 3-way analysis of variance detected statistically significant differences between the several upper cervical positions (F = 13.724; P < .001) but found no significant differences for sex (F = 0.202; P = .658) or side (F = 0.86; P = .53) regarding EMG activity of the masseter muscle. Significant differences were likewise observed for interaction side x position for the masseter muscle (F = 12.726; P < .001). The analysis of the EMG activity of anterior temporalis muscle did not produce statistically significant differences (P > .05). CONCLUSION This preliminary study suggests that the upper cervical movements influence the surface EMG activity of the masseter muscle. These findings support a model in which there are interaction between the craniocervical and the craniomandibular system.
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Abstract
Migraine is a common disabling brain disorder whose pathophysiology is now being better understood. The study of anatomy and physiology of pain producing structures in the cranium and the central nervous system modulation of the input have led to the conclusion that migraine involves alterations in the sub-cortical aminergic sensory modulatory systems that influence the brain widely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Goadsby
- Headache Group, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Abejón D, Calvo R, Arranz J, Pérez-Cajaraville J, del Saz J, Aguirre-Jaime A, Aguierre-Jaime A. [Peripheral nerve stimulation in the treatment of various types of headache]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 58:589-94. [PMID: 22263403 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-9356(11)70153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Headache has a great impact on patients' quality of life and in industrialized countries there is economic impact as well. One of the pathophysiologic theories to explain headache is activation of afferent C2-C3 nerve fibers. Afferent peripheral nerve stimulation by occipital nerve provocation at C2-C3 seems to alleviate headache by acting on the trigeminocervical complex, which would largely explain the effectiveness of this modality. The aim of this study was to describe peripheral nerve stimulation as an alternative therapy in patients who do not respond to other headache treatments. MATERIAL AND METHODS Multicenter retrospective study between April 2005 and May 2009, analyzing cases of patients treated with nerve stimulation for severe chronic headache. In all patients the medical history included type of headache, intensity of pain on a numerical scale, medical treatment used, and number of headache episodes. We recorded the percentage of patients with negative tests. Patients implanted with a generator assessed effectiveness on the numerical scale; we analyzed the percentage of perceived improvement at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. We also analyzed the extent of coverage provided by the electrodes, patient satisfaction, reduction in the number of episodes and medication, and complications. RESULTS Of 31 patients, 87% had positive results, with a significant decrease in pain from baseline (P < .001); 85.2% reported sustained improvement of > 50%, and 96.3% reported a decrease of > 2 points on the pain scale. All patients expressed satisfaction during the period of follow-up. Fifty-six percent had no headaches after a year and 47% had stopped taking medication. The most frequent complication was electrode migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Abejón
- Unidad de Dolor, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid.
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Bekkelund SI, Alstadhaug KB. Migraine prophylactic drugs – something new under the sun? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20:1201-10. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.601741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Magis D, Bruno MA, Fumal A, Gérardy PY, Hustinx R, Laureys S, Schoenen J. Central modulation in cluster headache patients treated with occipital nerve stimulation: an FDG-PET study. BMC Neurol 2011; 11:25. [PMID: 21349186 PMCID: PMC3056751 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-11-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occipital nerve stimulation (ONS) has raised new hope for drug-resistant chronic cluster headache (drCCH), a devastating condition. However its mode of action remains elusive. Since the long delay to meaningful effect suggests that ONS induces slow neuromodulation, we have searched for changes in central pain-control areas using metabolic neuroimaging. METHODS Ten drCCH patients underwent an 18FDG-PET scan after ONS, at delays varying between 0 and 30 months. All were scanned with ongoing ONS (ON) and with the stimulator switched OFF. RESULTS After 6-30 months of ONS, 3 patients were pain free and 4 had a ≥ 90% reduction of attack frequency (responders). In all patients compared to controls, several areas of the pain matrix showed hypermetabolism: ipsilateral hypothalamus, midbrain and ipsilateral lower pons. All normalized after ONS, except for the hypothalamus. Switching the stimulator ON or OFF had little influence on brain glucose metabolism. The perigenual anterior cingulate cortex (PACC) was hyperactive in ONS responders compared to non-responders. CONCLUSIONS Metabolic normalization in the pain neuromatrix and lack of short-term changes induced by the stimulation might support the hypothesis that ONS acts in drCCH through slow neuromodulatory processes. Selective activation in responders of PACC, a pivotal structure in the endogenous opioid system, suggests that ONS could restore balance within dysfunctioning pain control centres. That ONS is nothing but a symptomatic treatment might be illustrated by the persistent hypothalamic hypermetabolism, which could explain why autonomic attacks may persist despite pain relief and why cluster attacks recur shortly after stimulator arrest. PET studies on larger samples are warranted to confirm these first results.
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Kovacs S, Peeters R, De Ridder D, Plazier M, Menovsky T, Sunaert S. Central Effects of Occipital Nerve Electrical Stimulation Studied by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Neuromodulation 2010; 14:46-55; discussion 56-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2010.00312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Subkutane periphere Stimulation des N. occipitalis major zur Behandlung chronischer Kopfschmerzsyndrome. Schmerz 2010; 24:441-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00482-010-0970-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Goadsby PJ, Sprenger T. Current practice and future directions in the prevention and acute management of migraine. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9:285-98. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(10)70005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Chen Y. Advances in the pathophysiology of tension-type headache: from stress to central sensitization. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2010; 13:484-94. [PMID: 19889292 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-009-0078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tension-type headache (TTH) is the most common and most socioeconomically costly headache. Yet our knowledge regarding TTH pathophysiological mechanisms is still in its early stages. Psychological stress and weak coping mechanisms may initiate and propagate physiological pain via activation of second messengers in downstream substrates involved in pain. It seems that peripheral mechanisms are predominant in the episodic type (ETTH), whereas central mechanisms are involved in the chronic type (CTTH) of tension headache. The conversion from ETTH to CTTH is most relevant to the clinician and the patient, as CTTH is the most debilitating. This paper focuses and summarizes our current understanding of central sensitization, the process by which this conversion occurs in TTH, and proposes an integrated model to explain how ETTH progresses into CTTH in genetically susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Chen
- Department of Neurology, NYU Medical Center, New York University, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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Vernon H, Sun K, Zhang Y, Yu XM, Sessle BJ. Central sensitization induced in trigeminal and upper cervical dorsal horn neurons by noxious stimulation of deep cervical paraspinal tissues in rats with minimal surgical trauma. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2010; 32:506-14. [PMID: 19748401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated if central sensitization is induced in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (also termed the medullary dorsal horn) and C1 and C2 dorsal horns by noxious stimulation of deep upper cervical paraspinal tissues in a preparation relatively free of surgical trauma. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (275-450 g) were anesthetized intraperitoneally. Animals were then placed in a stereotaxic frame; a small cutaneous incision was made 3 to 4 mm near the bregma in the midline, and an opening into the skull was prepared by a 1/32-inch drill, 1 mm to the left from the midline. An epoxylite-coated tungsten microelectrode was introduced at an 18 degrees angle to enter this small opening on the skull and was then carefully advanced about 16 mm through cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem to reach subsequently histologically confirmed sites in the Vc and upper cervical (C1 and C2) dorsal horn region. Thirty-three, 27, and 15 neurons recorded in medullary, C1, and C2 dorsal horns, respectively, of chloralose/urethane-anesthetized rats were activated by noxious stimulation of mechanoreceptive fields involving V1, V2, and/or V3 trigeminal nerve territories. The inflammatory irritant mustard oil was injected into the deep paraspinal tissues at the level of the left C1-C2 joint. Pre and postinjection receptive field (RF) sizes were mapped by nonnoxious mechanical stimuli and noxious mechanical and heat stimuli. RESULTS A 30- to 50-minute increase (mean, 165% +/- 38.1%) in RF size postinjection for 62% of neurons tested was demonstrated, suggesting central sensitization; for most (>70%) neurons, the RF expanded caudally into cervically innervated tissues. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide the first documentation that deep cervical nociceptive inputs can induce central sensitization in medullary and C1/C2 dorsal horns and suggest that these effects may reflect mechanisms contributing to deep cervical pain and its referral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Vernon
- Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Andreou AP, Goadsby PJ. Therapeutic potential of novel glutamate receptor antagonists in migraine. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2009; 18:789-803. [PMID: 19426123 DOI: 10.1517/13543780902913792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine is a common and disabling neurological disorder. Although the pharmacotherapy of migraine has advanced in parallel with our understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease, there is still a considerable unmet need to find more effective treatments. Migraine pathophysiology involves activation or the perception of activation of the trigeminovascular system. Glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS, is implicated in elements of the pathophysiology of the disorder, including trigeminovascular activation, central sensitization and cortical spreading depression. OBJECTIVE The aim of this article is to review the potential use of glutamate receptor antagonists as innovative neuronally targeted treatments of migraine. METHODS A systematic search of peer-reviewed publications was performed in PubMed on glutamate and migraine/trigeminovascular activation, and important references providing an insight into migraine pathophysiology are included. The results of unpublished trials were obtained from presentations at national and international meetings. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS The preclinical and clinical data argue strongly for a role of glutamatergic receptor activation in migraine. The pharmacology of glutamatergic trigeminovascular responses in brain areas involved in migraine pathophysiology is relevant to the development of new therapies for this disabling condition. Glutamate receptors represent a promising target for a valuable, non-vasoconstrictor, and perhaps more importantly neuronal-specific therapeutic approach to the treatment of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna P Andreou
- Headache Group, Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, 1635 Divisadero St, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- RW Evans
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX, USA
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43
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Neurobiology of migraine. Neuroscience 2009; 161:327-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 02/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Kouroukli I, Neofytos D, Panaretou V, Zompolas V, Papastergiou D, Sanidas G, Papavassilopoulou T, Georgiou L. Peripheral subcutaneous stimulation for the treatment of intractable postherpetic neuralgia: two case reports and literature review. Pain Pract 2009; 9:225-9. [PMID: 19226314 DOI: 10.1111/j.1533-2500.2009.00263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a common cause of chronic pain in the elderly. Antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and opioids may reduce discomfort in many patients, while others have pain intractable to all forms of therapy. We present a novel treatment approach for intractable PHN utilizing percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation. Two cases are described in which an 80-year-old man and a 67-year-old woman with intractable PHN, lasting 2 and 10 years, respectively, were effectively treated with implantation of two octapolar leads in the lateral thoracic region. These cases suggest that peripheral nerve stimulation may offer an alternative treatment option for intractable pain associated with PHN especially in the elderly where treatment options are limited because of existing comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Kouroukli
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Clinic, Hippocratio General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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46
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Goadsby PJ, Hargreaves R. Refractory migraine and chronic migraine: pathophysiological mechanisms. Headache 2009; 48:1399-405. [PMID: 19006557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite increased understanding of primary headaches and their treatment, the underlying causes of refractory migraine remain unknown. This note considers potential genetic, structural, functional and pharmacological factors that could contribute to this relatively intractable condition. Further understanding of refractory migraine will require the use of medical imaging technologies, clinical experimental medicine studies on novel pharmacological agents and astute observations in clinical practice to direct potential novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Goadsby
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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47
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Treatment of hemicrania continua by occipital nerve stimulation with a bion device: long-term follow-up of a crossover study. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7:1001-12. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Goadsby
- Headache Group, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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49
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Goadsby PJ, Bartsch T, Dodick DW. Occipital Nerve Stimulation for Headache: Mechanisms and Efficacy. Headache 2008; 48:313-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2007.01022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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50
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Abstract
Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) has been used for treatment of neuropathic pain for more than 40 years. Recent resurgence of interest to this elegant surgical modality came from the introduction of less invasive implantation techniques and the wider acceptance of neuromodulation as a treatment of medically refractory cases. This article reviews the literature on the use of PNS for neuropathic pain and describes current indications and hardware choices in frequent use. Published experience indicates that neuropathic pain responds to PNS in many patients. PNS works well in both established indications, such as post-traumatic and postsurgical neuropathy, occipital neuralgia, and complex regional pain syndromes, and in relatively new indications for neuromodulation, such as migraines and daily headaches, cluster headaches, and fibromyalgia. Future research and growing clinical experience will help in identifying the best candidates for PNS, choosing the best procedure and best hardware for each individual patient, and defining adequate expectations for patients and pain specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin V Slavin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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