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Süße M, Gag K, Hamann L, Hannich MJ, von Podewils F. Time dependency of CSF cell count, lactate and blood-CSF barrier dysfunction after epileptic seizures and status epilepticus. Seizure 2021; 95:11-16. [PMID: 34954628 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This retrospective observational study was conducted to examine the temporal relationship between increased cell count, lactate concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood-CSF barrier dysfunction and the onset of a seizure event. METHODS Patients with a seizure event who underwent lumbar puncture for CSF analysis during diagnostic work-up (interindividual analysis) and those with at least one follow-up CSF analysis (intraindividual analysis) were studied. Pathologically altered parameters, such as cell count, lactate concentration, and blood-CSF barrier dysfunction as indicated by the albumin quotient (QAlb=CSF albumin/serum albumin), were examined with regard to the changes over time after seizure onset. RESULTS An increased CSF cell count (>4/µl) was shown in 3% of our patients, whereas pathological lactate concentrations were found in 24% after single seizures and 28% after status epilepticus (SE)/recurring seizures. However, lactate levels showed a marked decrease with increasing time after an isolated seizure (p<0.0001) but not after SE/recurring seizures. Lactate levels were most frequently and significantly elevated within the first six hours after a single seizure (p<0.0001). Blood-CSF barrier dysfunction was detected in 34% after isolated seizures and in 47% after SE/recurrent seizures. Blood-CSF barrier dysfunction showed no association with latency between seizure onset and time of CSF collection. CONCLUSIONS Changes in lactate and CSF protein concentrations are common after epileptic seizures. In contrast, CSF pleocytosis is uncommon and should prompt careful investigation for the presence of intrathecal infection or autoimmune CNS disease. Elevated lactate levels more than 6 h after the seizure event may indicate ongoing epileptic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Süße
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald.
| | - K Gag
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald
| | - L Hamann
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald
| | - M J Hannich
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald
| | - F von Podewils
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald
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Bjørn-Yoshimoto WE, Underhill SM. The importance of the excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3). Neurochem Int 2016; 98:4-18. [PMID: 27233497 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3) is fairly ubiquitously expressed in the brain, though it does not necessarily maintain the same function everywhere. It is important in maintaining low local concentrations of glutamate, where its predominant post-synaptic localization can buffer nearby glutamate receptors and modulate excitatory neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. It is also the main neuronal cysteine uptake system acting as the rate-limiting factor for the synthesis of glutathione, a potent antioxidant, in EAAT3 expressing neurons, while on GABAergic neurons, it is important in supplying glutamate as a precursor for GABA synthesis. Several diseases implicate EAAT3, and modulation of this transporter could prove a useful therapeutic approach. Regulation of EAAT3 could be targeted at several points for functional modulation, including the level of transcription, trafficking and direct pharmacological modulation, and indeed, compounds and experimental treatments have been identified that regulate EAAT3 function at different stages, which together with observations of EAAT3 regulation in patients is giving us insight into the endogenous function of this transporter, as well as the consequences of altered function. This review summarizes work done on elucidating the role and regulation of EAAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walden E Bjørn-Yoshimoto
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Suzanne M Underhill
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive Room 3A: 210 MSC3742, Bethesda, MD 20892-3742, USA.
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Lane MC, Jackson JG, Krizman EN, Rothstein JD, Porter BE, Robinson MB. Genetic deletion of the neuronal glutamate transporter, EAAC1, results in decreased neuronal death after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Neurochem Int 2013; 73:152-8. [PMID: 24334055 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1 also called EAAT3) is a Na(+)-dependent glutamate transporter expressed by both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. It provides precursors for the syntheses of glutathione and GABA and contributes to the clearance of synaptically released glutamate. Mice deleted of EAAC1 are more susceptible to neurodegeneration in models of ischemia, Parkinson's disease, and aging. Antisense knock-down of EAAC1 causes an absence seizure-like phenotype. Additionally, EAAC1 expression increases after chemonvulsant-induced seizures in rodent models and in tissue specimens from patients with refractory epilepsy. The goal of the present study was to determine if the absence of EAAC1 affects the sensitivity of mice to seizure-induced cell death. A chemoconvulsant dose of pilocarpine was administered to EAAC1(-/-) mice and to wild-type controls. Although EAAC1(-/-) mice experienced increased latency to seizure onset, no significant differences in behavioral seizure severity or mortality were observed. We examined EAAC1 immunofluorescence 24h after pilocarpine administration and confirmed that pilocarpine causes an increase in EAAC1 protein. Forty-eight hours after induction of seizures, cell death was measured in hippocampus and in cortex using Fluoro-Jade C. Surprisingly, there was ∼2-fold more cell death in area CA1 of wild-type mice than in the corresponding regions of the EAAC1(-/-) mice. Together, these studies indicate that absence of EAAC1 results in either a decrease in pilocarpine-induced seizures that is not detectable by behavioral criteria (surprising, since EAAC1 provides glutamate for GABA synthesis), or that the absence of EAAC1 results in less pilocarpine/seizure-induced cell death, possible explanations as discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C Lane
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joshua G Jackson
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elizabeth N Krizman
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jeffery D Rothstein
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Brain Sciences Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Brenda E Porter
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael B Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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4
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Abelaira HM, Réus GZ, Ribeiro KF, Zappellini G, Ferreira GK, Gomes LM, Carvalho-Silva M, Luciano TF, Marques SO, Streck EL, Souza CT, Quevedo J. Effects of acute and chronic treatment elicited by lamotrigine on behavior, energy metabolism, neurotrophins and signaling cascades in rats. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:1163-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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5
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Roza CA, Scaini G, Jeremias IC, Ferreira GK, Rochi N, Benedet J, Rezin GT, Vuolo F, Constantino LS, Petronilho FC, Dal-Pizzol F, Streck EL. Evaluation of brain and kidney energy metabolism in an animal model of contrast-induced nephropathy. Metab Brain Dis 2011; 26:115-22. [PMID: 21437673 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-011-9240-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Contrast-induced nephropathy is a common cause of acute renal failure in hospitalized patients, occurring from 24 to 48 h and up to 5 days after the administration of iodinated contrast media. Encephalopathy may accompany acute renal failure and presents with a complex of symptoms progressing from mild sensorial clouding to delirium and coma. The mechanisms responsible for neurological complications in patients with acute renal failure are still poorly known, but several studies suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of uremic encephalopathy. Thus, we measured mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and creatine kinase activities in rat brain and kidney after administration of contrast media. Wistar rats were submitted to 6.0 ml/kg meglumine/sodium diatrizoate administration via the tail vein (acute renal failure induced by contrast media) and saline in an equal volume with the radiocontrast material (control group); 6 days after, the animals were killed and kidney and brain were obtained. The results showed that contrast media administration decreased complexes I and IV activities in cerebral cortex; in prefrontal cortex, complex I activity was inhibited. On the other hand, contrast media administration increased complexes I and II-III activities in hippocampus and striatum and complex IV activity in hippocampus. Moreover, that administration of contrast media also decreased creatine kinase activity in the cerebral cortex. The present findings suggest that the inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and creatine kinase caused by the acute renal failure induced by contrast media administration may be involved in the neurological complications reported in patients and might play a role in the pathogenesis of the encephalopathy caused by acute renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa A Roza
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Scaini G, Maggi DD, De-Nês BT, Gonçalves CL, Ferreira GK, Teodorak BP, Bez GD, Ferreira GC, Schuck PF, Quevedo J, Streck EL. Activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain is increased by chronic administration of antidepressants. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2011; 23:112-8. [PMID: 26952897 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2011.00548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depressive disorders, including major depression, are serious and disabling for affected patients. Although the neurobiological understanding of major depressive disorder focuses mainly on the monoamine hypothesis, the exact pathophysiology of depression is not fully understood. METHODS Animals received daily intra-peritoneal injections of paroxetine (10 mg/kg), nortriptyline (15 mg/kg) or venlafaxine (10 mg/kg) in 1.0 ml/kg volume for 15 days. Twelve hours after the last injection, the rats were killed by decapitation, where the brain was removed and homogenised. The activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes in different brain structures were measured. RESULTS We first verified that chronic administration of paroxetine increased complex I activity in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum and cerebral cortex. In addition, complex II activity was increased by the same drug in hippocampus, striatum and cerebral cortex and complex IV activity in prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, chronic administration of nortriptyline increased complex II activity in hippocampus and striatum and complex IV activity in prefrontal cortex, striatum and cerebral cortex. Finally, chronic administration of venlafaxine increased complex II activity in hippocampus, striatum and cerebral cortex and complex IV activity in prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSION On the basis of the present findings, it is tempting to speculate that an increase in brain energy metabolism by the antidepressant paroxetine, nortriptyline and venlafaxine could play a role in the mechanism of action of these drugs. These data corroborate with other studies suggesting that some antidepressants modulate brain energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselli Scaini
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Débora D Maggi
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Bruna T De-Nês
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Cinara L Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gabriela K Ferreira
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Brena P Teodorak
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gisele D Bez
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gustavo C Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Patricia F Schuck
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina
| | - Emilio L Streck
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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7
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Barbosa PR, Cardoso MR, Daufenbach JF, Gonçalves CL, Machado RA, Roza CA, Scaini G, Rezin GT, Schuck PF, Dal-Pizzol F, Streck EL. Inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain in the brain of rats after renal ischemia is prevented by N-acetylcysteine and deferoxamine. Metab Brain Dis 2010; 25:219-25. [PMID: 20424907 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-010-9187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes in the brain of rats after renal ischemia and the effect of administration of the antioxidants N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and deferoxamine (DFX). The rats were divided into the groups: sham (control) or renal ischemia treated with saline, NAC 20 mg/kg, DFX 20 mg/kg or both antioxidants. Complex I activity was inhibited in hippocampus, striatum, prefrontal cortex and cerebral cortex of rats 1 and 6 h after renal ischemia and that the treatment with a combination of NAC and DFX prevented such effect. Complex I activity was not altered in hippocampus, striatum, prefrontal cortex and cerebral cortex of rats 12 h after renal ischemia. Complexes II and III activities were not altered in hippocampus, striatum, prefrontal cortex and cerebral cortex of rats 1, 6 and 12 h after renal ischemia. Complex IV activity was inhibited in hippocampus, striatum, prefrontal cortex and cerebral cortex of rats 1 h after renal ischemia, but the treatment with the combination of NAC and DFX was able to prevent this inhibition. Complex IV activity was not altered in hippocampus, striatum, prefrontal cortex and cerebral cortex of rats 6 and 12 h after renal ischemia. These results suggest that the inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain after renal ischemia might play a role in the pathogenesis of uremic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo R Barbosa
- Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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8
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Evaluation of mitochondrial respiratory chain in the brain of rats after pneumococcal meningitis. Brain Res Bull 2010; 82:302-7. [PMID: 20576495 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The brain is highly dependent on ATP and most cell energy is obtained through oxidative phosphorylation, a process requiring the action of various respiratory enzyme complexes located in a special structure of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Bacterial meningitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae is associated with a significant mortality rate and persisting neurologic sequelae including sensory-motor deficits, seizures, and impairments of learning and memory. In this context, we evaluated the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes in the brain of rats submitted to meningitis by S. pneumoniae inoculation into the cisterna magna. Our results demonstrated that complex I activity was not altered in cerebral cortex after meningitis; complexes II, III and IV were increased 24 and 48h after meningitis. We have also verified that complex I was inhibited in prefrontal cortex 48h after meningitis; complexes II, III and IV were not altered. Our results also demonstrated that complex I activity was inhibited in striatum, hippocampus and cerebellum 24h after meningitis. Moreover, complex II activity was increased in hippocampus and striatum 24 and 48h after meningitis; complexes III and IV activity were increased in striatum, hippocampus and cerebellum 48h after meningitis. Taking together previous reports and our present findings, we speculate that oxidative stress and metabolism impairment might contribute, at least in part, for the pathogenesis of pneumococcal meningitis.
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Scaini G, Santos PM, Benedet J, Rochi N, Gomes LM, Borges LS, Rezin GT, Pezente DP, Quevedo J, Streck EL. Evaluation of Krebs cycle enzymes in the brain of rats after chronic administration of antidepressants. Brain Res Bull 2010; 82:224-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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G. V, K. SP, V. L, Rajendra W. The antiepileptic effect of Centella asiatica on the activities of Na/K, Mg and Ca-ATPases in rat brain during pentylenetetrazol-induced epilepsy. Indian J Pharmacol 2010; 42:82-6. [PMID: 20711371 PMCID: PMC2907020 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.64504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To study the anticonvulsant effect of different extracts of Centella asiatica (CA) in male albino rats with reference to Na(+)/K(+), Mg(2+) and Ca(2+)-ATPase activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wistar rats (150+/-25 g b.w.) were divided into seven groups of six each i.e. (a) control rats treated with saline, (b) pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced epileptic group (60 mg/kg, i.p.), (c) epileptic group pretreated with n-hexane extract (n-HE), (d) epileptic group pretreated with chloroform extract (CE), (e) epileptic group pretreated with ethyl acetate extract (EAE), (f) epileptic group pretreated with n-butanol extract (n-BE), and (g) epileptic group pretreated with aqueous extract (AE). RESULTS The activities of three ATPases were decreased in different regions of brain during PTZ-induced epilepsy and were increased in epileptic rats pretreated with different extracts of CA except AE. CONCLUSION The extracts of C. asiatica, except AE, possess anticonvulsant and neuroprotective activity and thus can be used for effective management in treatment of epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visweswari G.
- Department of Zoology, Division of Molecular Biology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Siva Prasad K.
- Department of Zoology, Division of Molecular Biology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Lokanatha V.
- Department of Biotechnology, Dravidian University, Kuppam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - W. Rajendra
- Department of Zoology, Division of Molecular Biology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Neurochemical changes on oxidative stress in rat hippocampus during acute phase of pilocarpine-induced seizures. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 94:341-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2009] [Revised: 09/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Erşahin M, Toklu HZ, Çetinel Ş, Yüksel M, Erzik C, Berkman MZ, Yeğen BÇ, Şener G. Alpha Lipoic Acid Alleviates Oxidative Stress and Preserves Blood Brain Permeability in Rats with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Neurochem Res 2009; 35:418-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-0072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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13
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Hyperhomocysteinemia selectively alters expression and stoichiometry of intermediate filament and induces glutamate‐ and calcium‐mediated mechanisms in rat brain during development. Int J Dev Neurosci 2009; 28:21-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Santos PM, Scaini G, Rezin GT, Benedet J, Rochi N, Jeremias GC, Carvalho-Silva M, Quevedo J, Streck EL. Brain creatine kinase activity is increased by chronic administration of paroxetine. Brain Res Bull 2009; 80:327-30. [PMID: 19772902 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 09/12/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Major depression is a serious and recurrent disorder often manifested with symptoms at the psychological, behavioral, and physiological levels. In addition, several works also suggest brain metabolism impairment as a mechanism underlying depression. Creatine kinase (CK) plays a central role in the metabolism of high-energy consuming tissues such as brain, where it functions as an effective buffering system of cellular ATP levels. Considering that CK plays an important role in brain energy homeostasis and that some antidepressants may modulate energy metabolism, we decided to investigate CK activity from rat brain after chronic administration of paroxetine (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor), nortriptiline (tricyclic antidepressant) and venlafaxine (selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor). Adult male Wistar rats received daily injections of paroxetine (10 mg/kg), nortriptiline (15 mg/kg), venlafaxine (10 mg/kg) or saline in 1.0 mL/kg volume for 15 days. Twelve hours after the last administration, the rats were killed by decapitation, the hippocampus, striatum and prefrontal cortex were immediately removed, and activity of CK was measured. Our results demonstrated that chronic administration of paroxetine increased CK activity in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum of adult rats. On the other hand, nortriptiline and venlafaxine chronic administration did not affect CK activity in these brain areas. In order to verify whether the effect of paroxetine on CK is direct or indirect, we also measured the in vitro effect of this drug on the activity of the enzyme. We verified that paroxetine did not affect CK activity in vitro. Considering that metabolism impairment is probably involved in the pathophysiology of depressive disorders, an increase in CK activity by antidepressants may be an important mechanism of action of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Santos
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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15
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Búrigo M, Roza CA, Bassani C, Feier G, Dal-Pizzol F, Quevedo J, Streck EL. Decreased Creatine Kinase Activity Caused by Electroconvulsive Shock. Neurochem Res 2006; 31:877-81. [PMID: 16794855 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although several advances have occurred over the past 20 years concerning the use and administration of electroconvulsive therapy to minimize side effects of this treatment, little progress has been made in understanding its mechanism of action. Creatine kinase is a crucial enzyme for brain energy homeostasis, and a decrease of its activity has been associated with neuronal death. This work was performed in order to evaluate creatine kinase activity from rat brain after acute and chronic electroconvulsive shock. Results showed an inhibition of creatine kinase activity in hippocampus, striatum and cortex, after acute and chronic electroconvulsive shock. Our findings demonstrated that creatine kinase activity is altered by electroconvulsive shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio Búrigo
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Experimental, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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