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Braine A, Georges F. Emotion in action: When emotions meet motor circuits. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 155:105475. [PMID: 37996047 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The brain is a remarkably complex organ responsible for a wide range of functions, including the modulation of emotional states and movement. Neuronal circuits are believed to play a crucial role in integrating sensory, cognitive, and emotional information to ultimately guide motor behavior. Over the years, numerous studies employing diverse techniques such as electrophysiology, imaging, and optogenetics have revealed a complex network of neural circuits involved in the regulation of emotional or motor processes. Emotions can exert a substantial influence on motor performance, encompassing both everyday activities and pathological conditions. The aim of this review is to explore how emotional states can shape movements by connecting the neural circuits for emotional processing to motor neural circuits. We first provide a comprehensive overview of the impact of different emotional states on motor control in humans and rodents. In line with behavioral studies, we set out to identify emotion-related structures capable of modulating motor output, behaviorally and anatomically. Neuronal circuits involved in emotional processing are extensively connected to the motor system. These circuits can drive emotional behavior, essential for survival, but can also continuously shape ongoing movement. In summary, the investigation of the intricate relationship between emotion and movement offers valuable insights into human behavior, including opportunities to enhance performance, and holds promise for improving mental and physical health. This review integrates findings from multiple scientific approaches, including anatomical tracing, circuit-based dissection, and behavioral studies, conducted in both animal and human subjects. By incorporating these different methodologies, we aim to present a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the emotional modulation of movement in both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaelle Braine
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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Jurek B, Neumann ID. The Oxytocin Receptor: From Intracellular Signaling to Behavior. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1805-1908. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The many facets of the oxytocin (OXT) system of the brain and periphery elicited nearly 25,000 publications since 1930 (see FIGURE 1 , as listed in PubMed), which revealed central roles for OXT and its receptor (OXTR) in reproduction, and social and emotional behaviors in animal and human studies focusing on mental and physical health and disease. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of OXT expression and release, expression and binding of the OXTR in brain and periphery, OXTR-coupled signaling cascades, and their involvement in behavioral outcomes to assemble a comprehensive picture of the central and peripheral OXT system. Traditionally known for its role in milk let-down and uterine contraction during labor, OXT also has implications in physiological, and also behavioral, aspects of reproduction, such as sexual and maternal behaviors and pair bonding, but also anxiety, trust, sociability, food intake, or even drug abuse. The many facets of OXT are, on a molecular basis, brought about by a single receptor. The OXTR, a 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor capable of binding to either Gαior Gαqproteins, activates a set of signaling cascades, such as the MAPK, PKC, PLC, or CaMK pathways, which converge on transcription factors like CREB or MEF-2. The cellular response to OXT includes regulation of neurite outgrowth, cellular viability, and increased survival. OXTergic projections in the brain represent anxiety and stress-regulating circuits connecting the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, or the medial prefrontal cortex. Which OXT-induced patterns finally alter the behavior of an animal or a human being is still poorly understood, and studying those OXTR-coupled signaling cascades is one initial step toward a better understanding of the molecular background of those behavioral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Jurek
- Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Inga D. Neumann
- Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Ludwig M, Apps D, Menzies J, Patel JC, Rice ME. Dendritic Release of Neurotransmitters. Compr Physiol 2016; 7:235-252. [PMID: 28135005 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Release of neuroactive substances by exocytosis from dendrites is surprisingly widespread and is not confined to a particular class of transmitters: it occurs in multiple brain regions, and includes a range of neuropeptides, classical neurotransmitters, and signaling molecules, such as nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, ATP, and arachidonic acid. This review is focused on hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells that release vasopressin and oxytocin and midbrain neurons that release dopamine. For these two model systems, the stimuli, mechanisms, and physiological functions of dendritic release have been explored in greater detail than is yet available for other neurons and neuroactive substances. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:235-252, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Ludwig
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Apps
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John Menzies
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jyoti C Patel
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Margaret E Rice
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
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Henckens MJAG, Deussing JM, Chen A. Region-specific roles of the corticotropin-releasing factor-urocortin system in stress. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 17:636-51. [PMID: 27586075 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2016.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-urocortin (UCN) system has been implicated in stress-related psychopathologies such as depression and anxiety. It has been proposed that CRF-CRF receptor type 1 (CRFR1) signalling promotes the stress response and anxiety-like behaviour, whereas UCNs and CRFR2 activation mediate stress recovery and the restoration of homeostasis. Recent findings, however, provide clear evidence that this view is overly simplistic. Instead, a more complex picture has emerged that suggests that there are brain region- and cell type-specific effects of CRFR signalling that are influenced by the individual's prior experience and that shape molecular, cellular and ultimately behavioural responses to stressful challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes J A G Henckens
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.,Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M Deussing
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.,Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
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Ludwig M, Stern J. Multiple signalling modalities mediated by dendritic exocytosis of oxytocin and vasopressin. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0182. [PMID: 26009761 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian hypothalamic magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei are among the best understood of all peptidergic neurons. Through their anatomical features, vasopressin- and oxytocin-containing neurons have revealed many important aspects of dendritic functions. Here, we review our understanding of the mechanisms of somato-dendritic peptide release, and the effects of autocrine, paracrine and hormone-like signalling on neuronal networks and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Ludwig
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Javier Stern
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Savage SW, Zald DH, Cowan RL, Volkow ND, Marks-Shulman PA, Kessler RM, Abumrad NN, Dunn JP. Regulation of novelty seeking by midbrain dopamine D2/D3 signaling and ghrelin is altered in obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:1452-7. [PMID: 24415718 PMCID: PMC4037348 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship of novelty seeking traits (NS) with midbrain dopamine (DA) receptors and acyl ghrelin levels (AG) in normal weight (NW) and obese females.NS predict addictive behaviors and are hypothesized to contribute to eating behaviors. In healthy, NS are negatively associated with DA receptors in the substantia nigra (SN). The influence of obesity on the regulation of NS by DA signaling and AG was hypothesized. METHODS PET scanning to measure DA type 2/type 3 receptor (D2/D3R) binding potential (BPND ) in the SN was used. Participants completed Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire-Novelty-Seeking Scale (TPQ-NS) and AG were measured. RESULTS In eight NW and 19 obese (BMI 22 vs 38 kg/m(2) ), TPQ-NS (16 vs 15) and SN D2/D3R BPND (2.48 vs 2.66) were similar, while AG higher (256 vs 60, P < 0.01), respectively. D2/D3R BPND and TPQ-NS had a negative relationship in NW (r = -0.7) but not in obese (P > 0.10). AG and TPQ-NS were positively correlated in NW (r = 0.9) but not in obese (P > 0.10). D2R BPND and AG were negatively correlated in NW (r = -0.8) but positively in obese (r = 0.6). CONCLUSION Obese do not maintain posited regulatory relationships for NS to either midbrain D2/D3R availability or AG present in NW. Also opposite relationships exist for NW and obese between SN D2/D3R availability and AG. The altered regulation of NS in obesity needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane W. Savage
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, Department of Psychiatry
| | - David H. Zald
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, Department of Psychiatry
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, Department of Radiology
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Psychology, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ronald L. Cowan
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, Department of Psychiatry
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, Department of Radiology
| | | | | | - Robert M. Kessler
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, Department of Radiology
| | - Naji N. Abumrad
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, Department of Surgery
| | - Julia P. Dunn
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, Department of Medicine
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Tobin V, Leng G, Ludwig M. The involvement of actin, calcium channels and exocytosis proteins in somato-dendritic oxytocin and vasopressin release. Front Physiol 2012; 3:261. [PMID: 22934017 PMCID: PMC3429037 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic magnocellular neurons release vasopressin and oxytocin not only from their axon terminals into the blood, but also from their somata and dendrites into the extracellular space of the brain, and this can be regulated independently. Differential release of neurotransmitters from different compartments of a single neuron requires subtle regulatory mechanisms. Somato-dendritic, but not axon terminal release can be modulated by changes in intracellular calcium concentration [(Ca2+)] by release of calcium from intracellular stores, resulting in priming of dendritic pools for activity-dependent release. This review focuses on our current understanding of the mechanisms of priming and the roles of actin remodeling, voltage-operated calcium channels (VOCCs) and SNARE proteins in the regulation somato-dendritic and axon terminal peptide release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Tobin
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
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George O, Le Moal M, Koob GF. Allostasis and addiction: role of the dopamine and corticotropin-releasing factor systems. Physiol Behav 2012; 106:58-64. [PMID: 22108506 PMCID: PMC3288230 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Allostasis, originally conceptualized to explain persistent morbidity of arousal and autonomic function, is defined as the process of achieving stability through physiological or behavioral change. Two types of biological processes have been proposed to describe the mechanisms underlying allostasis in drug addiction, a within-system adaptation and a between-system adaptation. In the within-system process, the drug elicits an opposing, neutralizing reaction within the same system in which the drug elicits its primary and unconditioned reinforcing actions, while in the between-system process, different neurobiological systems that the one initially activated by the drug are recruited. In this review, we will focus our interest on alterations in the dopaminergic and corticotropin releasing factor systems as within-system and between-system neuroadaptations respectively, that underlie the opponent process to drugs of abuse. We hypothesize that repeated compromised activity in the dopaminergic system and sustained activation of the CRF-CRF1R system with withdrawal episodes may lead to an allostatic load contributing significantly to the transition to drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier George
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Mendez JA, Bourque MJ, Fasano C, Kortleven C, Trudeau LE. Somatodendritic dopamine release requires synaptotagmin 4 and 7 and the participation of voltage-gated calcium channels. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:23928-37. [PMID: 21576241 PMCID: PMC3129174 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.218032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatodendritic (STD) dopamine (DA) release is a key mechanism for the autoregulatory control of DA release in the brain. However, its molecular mechanism remains undetermined. We tested the hypothesis that differential expression of synaptotagmin (Syt) isoforms explains some of the differential properties of terminal and STD DA release. Down-regulation of the dendritically expressed Syt4 and Syt7 severely reduced STD DA release, whereas terminal release required Syt1. Moreover, we found that although mobilization of intracellular Ca(2+) stores is inefficient, Ca(2+) influx through N- and P/Q-type voltage-gated channels is critical to trigger STD DA release. Our findings provide an explanation for the differential Ca(2+) requirement of terminal and STD DA release. In addition, we propose that not all sources of intracellular Ca(2+) are equally efficient to trigger this release mechanism. Our findings have implications for a better understanding of a fundamental cell biological process mediating transcellular signaling in a system critical for diseases such as Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Alfredo Mendez
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Bourque
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Caroline Fasano
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Christian Kortleven
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Louis-Eric Trudeau
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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Kim Y, Park MK, Chung S. Protective effect of urocortin on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced dopaminergic neuronal death. Mol Cells 2010; 30:427-33. [PMID: 20821057 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-010-0132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that the corticotropin releasing hormone (CRF)-related peptide, urocortin, restores key indicators of damage in animal models for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the molecular mechanism for the neuroprotective effect of urocortin is unknown. 1-Methy-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) induces dopaminergic neuronal death. In the present study, MPP(+)-induced neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell death was significantly attenuated by urocortin in a concentration-dependent manner. The protective effect of urocortin involved the activation of CRF receptor type 1, resulting in the increase of cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels. Various cAMP-enhancing reagents mimicked the effect of urocortin, while inhibitors for protein kinase A (PKA) blocked the effect of urocortin, strongly implicating the involvement of cAMP-PKA pathway in the neuroprotective effect of urocortin on MPP(+)-induced cell death. As the downstream of this signal pathway, urocortin promoted phosphorylation of both glycogen synthase kinase 3β and extracellular signal-regulated kinases, which are known to promote cell survival. These neuroprotective signaling pathways of urocortin may serve as potential therapeutic targets for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonjung Kim
- Department of Physiology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 440-746, Korea
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Branco T, Häusser M. The single dendritic branch as a fundamental functional unit in the nervous system. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2010; 20:494-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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